施氮量对干旱年探墒沟播旱地小麦土壤水分利用和产量的影响

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为明确旱地小麦不同播种方式的抗旱稳产效应，于2018—2019年（干旱年型）在山西闻喜旱地小麦试验基地开展旱地小麦不同播种方式（探墒沟播、宽幅条播和常规条播）与不同施氮量（150 kg·hm^-2、210 kg·hm^-2）对土壤水分、产量形成和水分利用效率影响的研究。结果表明：与常规条播相比，探墒沟播和宽幅条播提高了旱地小麦越冬、拔节期0～200 cm土壤蓄水量，显著提高了总耗水量10～19 mm，增加了花后5～35 d千粒重、穗长、小穗数和可孕小穗占比，提高了穗数5%～17%、穗粒数2%～6%、千粒重5%～8%，显著提高了产量12%～31%、水分利用效率9%～25%，尤其探墒沟播；施氮量150 kg·hm^-2较210kg·hm^-2，降低了播种-开花期土壤耗水量，显著提高了花后土壤耗水量，显著提高了穗数、产量和水分利用效率；此外，与常规条播相比，探墒沟播和宽幅条播耗水的增产量达30～46 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1，施氮量150 kg·hm^-2较210 kg·hm^-2耗水的增产量为25～45 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。总之，干旱年型，旱地麦田采用探墒沟播，有利于蓄积土壤水分至拔节期，减少生育前期耗水，增加生育中后期耗水；有利于增加有效分蘖数，进而提高穗数，优化穗部性状，实现增产增效，且配施氮肥150 kg·hm^-2效果更好。

关键词: 旱地小麦, 探墒沟播, 施氮量, 土壤水分, 产量

Abstract: To clarify the drought resistance and stable yield effect of different sowing methods, we examined the effects of different sowing methods (furrow sowing, wide space sowing, and drilling sowing) and different nitrogen application rates (N150: 150 kg·hm^-2; N210: 210 kg·hm^-2) on soil water content, yield formation, and water use efficiency in dryland wheat based on a field experiment in Wenxi County Dryland Wheat Experimental Base in Shanxi Province during 2018-2019 (drought year). The results showed that under furrow sowing and wide space sowing, 0-200 cm soil water storage of wintering and jointing stages was increased, total water consumption was significantly increased by 10-19 mm; 1000grain weight of 5-35 days after anthesis, spike length, spikelet number, and percentage of fertile spikelets were increased; spike number was increased by 5%-17%, grains per spike was increased by 2%-6% and 1000grain weight by 5%-8%, which ultimately significantly increased yield by 12%-31% and water use efficiency by 9%-25%. Furrow sowing performed better than wide space sowing. In addition, compared with N210, N150 reduced water consumption from sowing to anthesis stage but increased that after anthesis; it also significantly increased spike number, yield, and water use efficiency. Compared with drilling sowing, the yield-increase effect of water consumption for furrow sowing and wide space sowing was 30-46 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1. Compared to N210, the yield-increase effect of water consumption for N150 reached 25-45 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1. In conclusion, in the drought year, furrow sowing in dryland wheat fields is conducive to accumulate soil water to jointing stage, reducing water consumption in the early growth stage and increasing water consumption in the mid-late growth stages, which would increase effective tiller number, mainly by increasing spike number and optimizing spike traits to increase yield and efficiency. Such effect is better under N150.

Key words: dryland wheat, furrow sowing, nitrogen application rate, soil moisture, yield.

王志鑫, 孙敏, 任爱霞, 林文, 赵庆玲, 张蓉蓉, 李蕾, 郝瑞煊, 韩旭阳, 高志强. 施氮量对干旱年探墒沟播旱地小麦土壤水分利用和产量的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2021, 40(11): 3598-3607.

WANG Zhi-xin, SUN Min, REN Ai-xia, LIN Wen, ZHAO Qing-ling, ZHANG Rong-rong, LI Lei, HAO Rui-xuan, HAN Xu-yang, GAO Zhi-qiang. Effects of nitrogen application rate on soil water use and yield of dryland wheat under furrow sowing in drought year.[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2021, 40(11): 3598-3607.

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施氮量对干旱年探墒沟播旱地小麦土壤水分利用和产量的影响

Effects of nitrogen application rate on soil water use and yield of dryland wheat under furrow sowing in drought year.

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