九年低量生物炭还田和钾肥对棕壤土钾素、玉米产量和钾平衡的影响

doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202309.026

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 中国大部分耕地钾不足，而施用生物炭等有机改良剂是提高土壤钾素含量的有效途径。国内外有关低量生物炭长期还田和施钾对棕壤土钾素、作物生产力和土壤钾素平衡的交互作用研究不够充分。本研究开展玉米田间长期定位试验，试验采取两因素随机区组设计，分别为生物炭（C）和钾肥（K）处理，生物炭设置0和2.625 t·hm^-2两水平（分别表示为C₀和C₁），钾肥设置0和60 kg·hm^-2两水平（分别表示为K₀和K₁）。结果表明：生物炭和钾肥对不同土层不同形态钾素的影响不尽相同。在0～20 cm土层，C₁处理的土壤水溶性钾、缓效钾、有效钾和全钾含量较C₀分别显著提高57.14%、17.25%、23.48%和8.31%；相反，C₁处理的土壤速效钾含量较C₀显著降低8.31%；K₁处理土壤速效钾、缓效钾和有效钾的含量较K₀分别显著提高16.61%、16.42%和44.25%；各处理组合中，C₁K₁较C₀K₀处理土壤水溶性钾、缓效钾和有效钾含量分别显著增加72.72%、77.45%和36.19%。在20～40 cm土层，生物炭仅对土壤水溶性钾含量有显著性影响，且与0～20 cm土层表现相反，在K₀和K₁水平下C₁处理的土壤水溶性钾含量较C₀分别显著降低8.65%和42.57%；K₁处理的土壤速效钾、缓效钾和有效钾含量较K₀分别显著增加13.33%、10.84%和19.63%，水溶性钾含量仅在C₁水平下较K₀显著降低40.35%；各处理组合中，C₁K₁较C₀K₀处理土壤水溶性钾显著降低45.51%，有效钾含量显著增加24.26%。生物炭和钾肥均能够显著提高玉米各器官的干重及总干重、各器官的钾素吸收量及总吸收量。生物炭和钾肥均能够显著提高玉米的产量，C₁较C₀增产8.66%，K₁较K₀增产10.10%，C₁K₁较C₀K₀处理玉米产量显著增加19.76%。施用生物炭能够显著提升钾肥吸收利用率，使土壤钾素处于盈余的状态。本研究表明，低量生物炭长期还田和钾肥增加了表层土壤钾素的有效性，提高了玉米干物质累积量和对钾素的吸收，缓解了土壤负钾平衡，提升了玉米田种植的生产力。综合分析表明，生物炭结合钾肥是提高土壤钾素有效性，提升玉米产量的有效施肥管理模式。

关键词: 生物炭, 钾肥, 玉米, 土壤钾素, 产量

Abstract: Potassium is deficient in most of China’s arable lands. The application of organic amendments, such as biochar, is an effective way to increase soil potassium content. The research on the interactions between long-term and annual low amount of biochar returning and potassium application on brown soil potassium, crop productivity, and soil potassium balance is not sufficient. We carried out a long-term field experiment on maize cropland, which followed a two-factor randomized block design with two factors including biochar (C) and potassium fertilizer (K). There were two levels of biochar addition (0 t·hm^-2 and 2.625 t·hm^-2; denoted as C₀ and C₁, respectively), and two potassium fertilizer levels (0 kg·hm^-2 and 60 kg·hm^-2; denoted as K₀ and K₁, respectively). Biochar and potassium fertilizer had different effects on different forms of potassium across soil layers. In 0-20 cm soil layer, the content of water-soluble potassium, slowly available potassium, available potassium, and total potassium in C₁ treatment was significantly increased by 57.14%, 17.25%, 23.48%, and 8.31% compared with C₀. On the contrary, the content of soil readily available potassium in C₁ treatment was 8.31% lower than that in C₀ treatment. The contents of soil readily available potassium, slowly available potassium, and available potassium in K₁ treatment were 16.61%, 16.42%, and 44.25% higher than those in K₀ treatment, respectively. Compared with C₀K₀ treatment, C₁K₁ significantly increased the contents of water-soluble potassium, slowly available potassium, and available potassium by 72.72%, 77.45%, and 36.19%, respectively. Biochar had a significant effect on soil water-soluble potassium content, which was contrary to that in 0-20 cm soil layer. At K₀ and K₁ levels, soil water-soluble potassium content in C₁ was significantly reduced by 8.65% and 42.57% compared with C₀, respectively. The contents of soil readily available potassium, slowly available potassium, and available potassium in K₁ treatment increased by 13.33%, 10.84%, and 19.63%, respectively, compared with K₀. The content of water-soluble potassium only in K₁ treatment decreased by 40.35% compared with K₀ at C₁ level. Compared with C₀K₀ treatment, soil water-soluble potassium content in C₁K₁ was significantly decreased by 45.51%, while available potassium content was significantly increased by 24.26%. Both biochar and potassium fertilizer could significantly increase dry weight of maize organs and total dry weight, and the potassium absorption of different organs and the whole plant. Both biochar and potassium fertilizer could significantly increase maize yield, with 8.66% higher in C₁ than in C₀, 10.10% higher in K₁ than K₀, and 19.76% higher in C₁K₁ than in C₀K₀. The application of biochar could significantly improve the absorption and utilization rate of potassium fertilizer, resulting in surplus in soil potassium. Our results indicated that the long-term return of low amount of biochar and potassium fertilizer application year by year increased potassium availability in the surface soil, improved the dry matter accumulation and potassium absorption of maize, alleviated the negative potassium balance in the soil, and enhanced maize production. The comprehensive analysis showed that the combined application of biochar and potassium fertilizer is an effective fertilization management mode to improve the effectiveness of soil potassium and increase maize yield.

Key words: biochar, potassium fertilizer, maize, soil potassium, yield.

包正荣, 戴皖宁, 苏旭, 陈义轩, 林利, 兰宇, 杨旭, 孟军. 九年低量生物炭还田和钾肥对棕壤土钾素、玉米产量和钾平衡的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2023, 42(9): 2129-2137.

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九年低量生物炭还田和钾肥对棕壤土钾素、玉米产量和钾平衡的影响

Effects of nine-year low amount biochar return and potassium fertilization on potassium, maize yield and potassium balance in brown soil.

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