The spatiotemporal pattern of bird community diversity and similarity is the theoretical basis of understanding the environmental adaptation mechanism of birds. In the conservation area of Zhangye National Wetland Park, the heterogeneity of bird community structure and diversity in winter and spring was studied with transect method. The results showed that there were significant differences in bird abundance and bird richness among months (P<0.05). The bird abundance increased first and then decreased, while the richness decreased first and then increased, with the highest values appearing in March and November, respectively. There were significant differences in the abundance and richness of the resident, migratory and passing birds among months (P<0.05). The peak values of abundance and richness of the 3 types of bird species didn’t occur simultaneously. With the monthly replacement, Shannon diversity index of birds increased firstly and then decreased, while Pielou evenness index showed an opposite trend. The variation trends of Simpson dominance index and Pielou evenness index were basically similar. There were differences in the community similarity of birds in different months, the highest (0.923) value was between January and February while the lowest one was between November and April (0.348). The different peaks of bird abundance and richness distribution on time scales and the difference of similarity coefficient among the communities in the wetland park were closely related to the migrating rhythm of bird population, food resource, and wetland habitat, which reflected the adaptability of birds to environmental screening.