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我国过鱼设施建设需求、成果及存在的问题

蔡露1,2,张鹏3,侯轶群2,金瑶2,姚军4,5,黄应平1*   

  1. (1三峡大学三峡库区生态环境教育部工程研究中心, 湖北宜昌 443002; 2水利部中国科学院水工程生态研究所, 水利部水工程生态效应与生态修复重点实验室, 武汉 430079; 3武汉大学水资源与水电工程国家重点实验室, 武汉 430072; 4贵州省水利水电勘测设计研究院, 贵阳 550000; 5贵州省喀斯特地区水资源开发利用工程技术研究中心, 贵阳 550000)
  • 出版日期:2020-01-10 发布日期:2020-01-10

Demand, achievement and issues of fish passage facilities in China.

CAI Lu1,2, ZHANG Peng3, HOU Yi-qun2, JIN Yao2, YAO Jun4,5, HUANG Ying-ping1*   

  1. (1Engineering Research Center of Ecoenvironment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China; 2Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources, Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430079, China; 3State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; 4Guizhou Survey/Design Research Institute for Water Resources and Hydropower, Guiyang 550000, China; 5Engineering Technology Research Center for Water Resources Development in Karst Area of Guizhou, Guiyang 550000, China).
  • Online:2020-01-10 Published:2020-01-10

摘要: 本文首先阐述了水利水电工程对河流连通性的影响以及修建过鱼设施的对策, 然后从河流破碎化程度和鱼类洄游习性的角度分析了国内建设过鱼设施的需求, 介绍了国内建设过鱼设施的成果,最后提出了6点过鱼设施相关问题和建议:(1)利用多指标量化评价的方法, 科学地确定过鱼对象;(2)以复杂流场为背景条件, 贴合实际地推进鱼类上溯行为研究;(3)对过鱼设施加大资金投入, 扩大设施规模, 加大过鱼设施过水流量(至少应为河流流量的1%);(4)为鱼类下行、低水头水工建筑物引起的跌水河段建设过鱼设施;(5)扩大过鱼效果评估的覆盖面, 提高监测时长和频率, 提出有广泛适用性的监测评估方法;(6)栖息地修复、增殖放流、生态调度、分层取水等多手段联动, 确保鱼类通过过鱼设施后仍然能够生存。

关键词: 植被演替, 细根生物量, 死根现存量, 土壤

Abstract: We summarized the effects of water resources and hydropower engineering on river connectivity and the strategies in construction of fish passage facilities. We further analyzed demands for facilities construction in China from the aspects of river fragmentation and fish migration, and introduced the achievements of facilities construction in China. We had recommendations on six issues of fish passage facilities: (1) Scientifically select target fish species using quantitative and multifactorial methods. (2) Conduct experiments on fish swimming behaviors under more natural conditions, using large swim channels and more complex flow patterns. (3) Invest in large fishways with high flows (>1% river flow) to attract and pass more fish. (4) Build facilities that could assist downstream passage of fish and allow fish to pass low head hydraulic structures. (5) Expand data collection by increasing the number of monitoring sites and the duration and frequency of monitoring. (6) Work cooperatively on fish habitat restoration, breed/release programs, ecological operation of dams, and stratified water intakes to improve fish passage facilities and fish stocks.

Key words: fine root biomass, soil, fine root necromass., vegetation succession