秸秆带状覆盖度对黄土高原冬小麦产量及土壤水热分布特征的影响

doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202508.017

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为探明玉米秸秆带状覆盖对黄土高原冬小麦农田土壤水热和产量的影响规律，寻求适宜该地区冬小麦种植的秸秆带状覆盖方式，以冬小麦“康庄974”作为供试材料，设置秸秆带状覆盖种植3行（S3，覆盖度58.8%）、4行（S4，覆盖度50.0%）、5行（S5，覆盖度41.7%）3种秸秆覆盖方式，以地膜覆盖（PM，覆盖度100.0%）和露地无覆盖（CK）作为对照。结果表明：与CK相比，秸秆带状覆盖处理显著增加全生育期0～200 cm全土层土壤含水量14.1%，增幅S3>S4>S5；不同时期增幅以成熟期S3最大，为32.5%，播种期S5最小，为1.8%；不同土层0～20 cm S3增幅最大，为32.8%，180～200 cm S5最小，为4.5%。0～200 cm土层贮水量在成熟期增幅最大，S3、S4和S5分别增加31.1%、21.5%和9.2%；不同土层增幅以180 cm处S4最大，为10.3%，S5最小，为1.1%。PM全生育期0～200 cm土层土壤含水量和贮水量分别提高20.3%和19.7%。秸秆带状覆盖显著降低冬小麦全生育期0～25 cm土壤平均温度1.67～3.14 ℃，土壤总有效积温12.6%～30.8%，S3降温幅度最大，S4次之，S5最小，PM在冬小麦全生育期表现为增温效应。S5增加产量、水分利用效率（WUE）、穗粒数和单位面积穗数分别为9.8%、13.8%、1.8%和22.0%，降低千粒重11.7%；PM提高产量和WUE分别为26.5%和47.9%。因此，综合考虑产量形成、WUE、保墒效果等，S5是黄土高原旱作冬小麦适宜种植覆盖方式。

关键词: 冬小麦, 秸秆带状覆盖, 土壤水分, 土壤温度, 产量

Abstract: This study aimed to explore the impacts of corn straw strip mulching on soil moisture, temperature, and winter wheat yield in farmland located on the Loess Plateau, and to seek an appropriate straw strip mulching technique tailored for winter wheat cultivation in this region. The winter wheat cultivar “Kangzhuang 974” served as the test subject, with straw strip mulching implemented in configurations of 3 rows (S3, 58.8% coverage), 4 rows (S4, 50.0% coverage), and 5 rows (S5, 41.7% coverage). Plastic film mulching (PM, mulching coverage 100.0%) and no mulching (CK) were used as controls. The results showed that, compared to CK, the straw strip mulching treatments significantly boosted soil moisture across the entire 0-200 cm soil profile during the entire growing season by 14.1%, with an order of S3 > S4 > S5. Across different growth stages, S3 exhibited the highest increase during the maturity stage (32.5%), whereas S5 showed the smallest increase during the seeding stage (1.8%). The strongest moisture increase was observed in the 0-20 cm layer for S3 (32.8%), with the least increase found in the 180-200 cm layer for S5 (4.5%). Water storage in the 0-200 cm soil layer peaked at maturity, with S3, S4, and S5 increasing by 31.1%, 21.5%, and 9.2%, respectively. Within soil layers, S4 showed the largest increase at 180 cm (10.3%), while S5 demonstrated the smallest increase (1.1%). Throughout the entire growing season under PM, soil moisture and water storage in the 0-200 cm layer increased by 20.3% and 19.7%, respectively. Straw strip mulching significantly reduced the average soil temperature of 0-25 cm layer during the whole growth period of winter wheat by 1.67-3.14 ℃, and the total effective accumulated soil temperature by 12.6%-30.8%. S3 had the largest cooling range, followed by S4 and S5. PM showed a warming effect during the whole growth period of winter wheat. In terms of yield components, S5 enhanced yield, water use efficiency (WUE), panicle number, and panicle number per unit area by 9.8%, 13.8%, 1.8%, and 22.0%, respectively, but reduced 1000-grain weight by 11.7%. PM increased yield and WUE by 26.5% and 47.9%, respectively. Therefore, considering yield formation, WUE, and moisture retention benefits, S5 is a suitable planting and mulching method for arid winter wheat cultivation on the Loess Plateau.

Key words: winter wheat, straw strip mulching, soil moisture, soil temperature, yield

周萌, 李宝占, 陈蕙, 柴雨葳, 杨永, 张森昱, 王泽义, 常磊, 黄彩霞. 秸秆带状覆盖度对黄土高原冬小麦产量及土壤水热分布特征的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2025, 44(8): 2618-2628.

ZHOU Meng, LI Baozhan, CHEN Hui, CHAI Yuwei, YANG Yong, ZHANG Senyu, WANG Zeyi, CHANG Lei, HUANG Caixia. Effects of straw strip mulching coverage on winter wheat yield and soil water and heat distribution in Loess Plateau.[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2025, 44(8): 2618-2628.

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秸秆带状覆盖度对黄土高原冬小麦产量及土壤水热分布特征的影响

Effects of straw strip mulching coverage on winter wheat yield and soil water and heat distribution in Loess Plateau.

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