外生菌根与植物抗重金属胁迫机理

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 外生菌根是外生菌根真菌和植物营养根形成的共生体,能够增加植物对污染胁迫的抵抗能力。本文综述了20多年来国内外研究外生菌根增加植物抗重金属毒害的成果,指出了外生菌根在植物抗重金属毒害中的积极作用,并概括其抗性的主要机理为:外延菌丝的吸收作用;菌根分泌物的调节与螯合作用;菌根菌套或哈蒂氏网吸收过滤有毒金属;菌根菌套的疏水性作用。在研究外生菌根抗重金属毒害机理的基础上,提出了该领域今后的研究前景。

关键词: 红树林, 生物量, 净初级生产力

Abstract: Ectomycorrhizae have been proved to be able to enhance higher plant to grow in the contaminated area.This paper reviewed achievement of studies on the heavy metal resistance of ectomycorrhizae in the last 20 years,and discussed the positive effect of ectomycorrhizae on the resistance of higher plant to heavy metals attribute to the following mechanisms such as sorption on the external mycelium; exudation of chelating substances and adjustment of fungus slime; filtration and sorption of metals in the hyphal sheath or Hartig net; and hydrophobicity of the hyphal sheath.Some suggestions for future research in this field were put forward based on the mentioned mechanisms.

Key words: Mangrove, Biomass, Net primary productivity

中图分类号:

X173

黄艺, 黄志基. 外生菌根与植物抗重金属胁迫机理[J]. 生态学杂志, 2005, (4): 422-427.

HUANG Yi, HUANG Zhiji. Ectomycorrhizae and heavy metals resistance of higher plants[J]. cje, 2005, (4): 422-427.

参考文献

[1] 郭秀珍,毕国昌.1989.林木菌根及应用技术[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1～4.
[2] 姜学艳,黄艺.2003.菌根真菌增加植物抗盐碱胁迫的机理[J].生态环境,12(3):353～356.
[3] 常学秀,段昌群,王焕校.2000.根分泌作用与植物对金属毒害的抗性[J].应用生态学报,11(2):315～320.
[4] 黄艺,陶澍,陈有键,等.2000.外生菌根对欧洲赤松苗(Pinus sylvestris)Cu,Zn积累和分配的影响[J].环境科学,21(2):1～6.
[5] 黄艺,陶澍.2001.过量铜,锌对外生菌根菌牛乳牛肝菌生物量,呼吸和糖酵解酶活性的影响[J].植物生理学报,27(4):303～308.
[6] 廖继佩,林先贵,曹志洪.2003.内外生菌根真菌对重金属的耐受性及机理[J].土壤,35(5):370～377.
[7] 魏树和,周启星.2004.重金属污染土壤植物修复基本原理及强化措施探讨[J].生态学杂志,23(1):65～72.
[8] Aggangan NS, Dell B, Malajczuk N. 1998. Effects of chromium and nickel on growth of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus and formation of ectomycorrhizas on Eucalyptus urophylla S. T [J]. Blake Geoderma, 84:15～27.
[9] Ahonen-Jonnarth U, van Hees PAW, Lundstrom U, et al. 2000.Production of organic acid by mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Pin us sylvestris seedlings exposed to elevates concentrations of aluminium and heavy metals[J]. New Phytol., 146:557～567.
[10] Ajungla T, Sharma GD, Dkhar MS. 2003. Heavy metal toxicity on dehydrogenase activity on rhizospheric soil of ectomycorrhizal pine seedlings in field condition [J]. J. Environ. Biol., 24 (4):461 ～463.
[11] Ashford AE, Peterson CA, Carpenter JL. et al. 1998. Structure and permeability of the fungal sheath in the Pisonia mycorrhiza [J]. Protoplasma, 147:149～161.
[12] Ashford AE, Peterson RL, Dwarte D, et al. 1986. Polyphosphate granules in eucalypt mycorr-hizas: determination by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis[J]. Can .J. Bot., 64:677～687.
[13] Berthelsen CS, Rygiewicz PT. 1995. Ectomycorrhizal heavy metal accumulation as a contributing factor to heavy metal levels in organic surface soils[J]. Sci. Toc. Environ., 170:141～149.
[14] Bradley R, Burt AJ, Read DJ. 1981. Mycorrhizal infection and resistance to heavy metal toxicity in Calluna vulgaris [J]. Nature, 292:335 ～337.
[15] Bradley R, Burt A J, Read DJ. 1982. The biology of mycorrhiza in the ericaceae Ⅷ. The role of mycorrhizal infection in heavy metal resistance[J]. New Phytol. , 91:197～209.
[16] Brunner I, Frey B. 2000. Detection and localization of aluminumand heavy metals in ecto-mycorrhizal Norway spruce seedlings [J]. Environ. Poll., 108:121～128.
[17] Brown MT, Wilkins DA. 1985a. Zinc tolerance of mycorrhizal Betula[J]. New Phytol., 99:101～106.
[18] Bucking H, Heyser W. 1994. The effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi on Zn uptake and distribution in seedlings of Pinus sylvestris L.[J]. Plant Soil, 167:203 ～212.
[19] Clegg S, Gobran G. 1995. Effects of aluminium on growth and root reactions of phosphorus stressed Betula pendula seedlings [J]. Plant Soil, 169:173～178.
[20] Colpaert J, Assche J. 1992. Zinc toxicity in ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris [J]. Plant Soil, 143: 201～211.
[21] Colpaert J, Assche J. 1993. The effects of cadmium on ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris L. [J]. New Phytol . , 123:325～333.
[22] Colpaert JV, Vanassche JA. 1987. Heavy metal tolerance in some ectomycorrhizal fungi[J]. Funct. Ecol., 1:415 ～421.
[23] Denny H, Ridge I. 1995. Fungal slime and its role in the mycorrhizal amelioration of zinc toxicity to higher plants[J]. New Phytol., 130:251 ～257.
[24] Denny HJ, Wilkins DA. 1987. Zinc tolerance in Betula spp. Ⅰ.Effect of external concentration of Zinc on growth and uptake [J]. New Phytol., 106: 517～524.
[25] Denny HJ, Wilkins DA. 1987b. Zinc tolerance in Betula spp. Ⅳ.The mechanismofecto-mycorrhizal amelioration of zinc toxicity [J]. New Phytol., 106: 545～553.
[26] Galli U, Meier M, Brunold C. 1993. Effects of cadmium on nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal Norway Spruce seedlings and its ectomycorrhizal fungus Lacaria Bk and Br-sulfate reduction, thiols and distribution of the heavy metal[J]. New Phytol., 125:837～843.
[27] Griffiths RP, Baham JE, Caldwell BA. 1994. Soil solution chemistry of ectomycorrhizal mats in forest soil [J]. Soil Biol.Biochem., 26: 331～337.
[28] Hartley J, Caimey JWG, Freestone P, et al . 1999. The effects of multiple metal contamination on ectomycorrhizal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris ) seedlings[J]. Environ. Pollut. , 106:413～424.
[29] Harley JL. 1969. The Biology of Mycorrhiza [M]. London:Leonard Hill, 3138.
[30] Hartley-Whitaker J, Cairney JWG, Meharg AA. 2000. Sensitivity to Cd or Zn of host and symbiont of ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) seedlings[J]. Plant Soil, 218(1～2):31～42.
[31] Hudson HJ. 1986. Fungal Biology[M]. London:Edward Arnold,183～184.
[32] Jackson RM, Mason PA. 1984. Mycorrhiza[M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1～3.
[33] Jentschke G, Fritz E, Marschner P, et al. 1997. Mycorrhizal colonization and lead distribution in root tissues of Norway spruce seedlings[J]. Z P flanzenernahr Bodenkd , 160:317～321.
[34] Jentschke G, Godbold DL. 2000. Metal toxicity and ectomycorrhizas[J]. Physiol. Plantarum, 109:107～116.
[35] Jones Md, Hutchinson TC. 1986. The effect of mycorrhizal infection on the response of Betula papyrifera to nickel and copper[J]. New Phytol., 102: 429～442.
[36] Katia K, Van T. 2001. Ectomycorrhizal protection of Pinus sylvestris against copper toxicity[J]. New Phytol., 150:203～213.
[37] Kulaev IS, Vagabov M. 1983. Polyphosphate metabolism in microorganisms[J]. Adv. Microbiol. Physiol., 24: 83～158.
[38] Ledin M, Krantz-Rulcker C, Allard B. 1999. Microorganisms as metal sorbents: comparison with other soil constituents in multicompartment systems [J]. Soil Biol. Biochem., 31:1639 ～1648.
[39] Leyval C, Berthelin J. 1993. Rhizodeposition and net release of soluble organic compounds by pine and beech seedlings inoculates with rhizobacteria and ectomycorrhizal fungi [J]. Biol. Fertil.Soils, 15: 259～267.
[40] Marschner P, Godbold DL, Jentschke G. 1996. Dynamics of lead accumulation in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Norway spruce (Picea abies(L. )Karst) [J]. Plant Soil, 178:239～245.
[41] Marschner P, Jentschke G, Godbold DL. 1998. Cation exchange capacity and lead sorption in ecto-mycorrhizal fungi [J]. Plant Soil, 205: 93～98.
[42] Martin F, Rubini P, Cote R, et al. 1994a. Aluminium polyphosphate complexes in the mycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor: A 27Al-nuclear magnetic resonance study [J]. Planta,194: 241～246.
[43] Orlovich DA, Ashford AE. 1993. Polyphosphate granules are an artefact of specimen preparation in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius [J]. Protoplasma, 173:91～102.
[44] Paul CF, Tam A. 1995. Heavy metal tolerance by ectomycorrhizal fungi and metal amelioration by Pisolithus tinctorius [J]. Mycorrhiza, 5(3): 181～187.
[45] Perotto S, Martino E. 2001. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance in mycorrhizal fungi: what perspectives for bioremediation? [J]. Minerva Biotechnol., 13(1) :55～63.
[46] Rigou L, Mignard E, Plassard C. Et al. 1995. Influence of ectomycorrhizal infection on the rhizosphere pH around roots of maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster Soland in Ait. ) [J]. New Phytol.,130:141～147.
[47] Sun YP, Unestam T, Lucas SD. et al. 1999. Exudation-reabsorption in a mycorrhizal fungus, the dynamic interface for interaction with soil and other microorganism[J]. Mycorrhiza, 9:137 ～144.
[48] Thomas O, Eberhard F, Andrea P. 2002. Charactsrisation of anti-oxidative systems in the mycorthiza-building basidiomycete Paxillus involutus (Bartsch) Fr. and its reaction to cadmium[J]. Microbiol.Ecol., 42:359～366.
[49] Turnan K, Przybylowicz WJ, Mesjasz-Przybylowicz J. 2001. Heavymetal distribution in Suillus luteus mycorrhizas-as revealed by microPIXE analysis[J]. Nucl . Instrum. Meth . B, 181:649～658.