北京东灵山大气氮沉降水平及变化特征

doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202312.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 城市人为成因的气态活性氮排放影响空气质量，导致周边的陆地生态系统大气氮输入量持续增加。然而，陆地生态系统大气活性氮特别是溶解态无机氮（DIN）和溶解态有机氮（DON）的同步观测仍然较为缺乏，影响氮沉降生态效应的全面、准确评估。本研究观测了北京东灵山森林生态系统定位研究站2019年6月至2020年1月每周的混合沉降中铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）和总溶解态氮（TDN）浓度，计算了DON浓度和各形态氮的沉降通量，分析了它们的月际和干湿季差异及其变化机制。结果表明：该站点大气沉降中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、DON和TDN体积加权平均浓度分别为1.45±0.04、0.70±0.01、1.81±0.66和3.96±0.65 mg N·L^-1，TDN年沉降通量为25.00 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1，NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、DON年沉降通量和占TDN的比例分别为8.76（35%）、4.38（18%）、11.86（47%），表明该森林站点的大气氮污染程度较高。大气沉降中DIN/DON和NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N平均值分别为1.1和2.0，表明DON是该森林大气氮输入的重要形态，NH₄⁺-N在DIN输入中占主导。NO₃^--N浓度和占比随降水增加而减少，表明NO₃^--N的湿清除效率较高，出现稀释效应，而NH₄^+-N和DON浓度和占比与降水量无显著相关性。各形态氮混合沉降量均随降水量增加而增加，故各形态氮在湿季（6—8月）的平均浓度和沉降通量总体均高于干季（9—1月），表明未来降水增多会使得森林地表的大气氮输入量增加，对于促进森林植物生长有重要意义。本研究全面报道了京津冀地区典型森林大气NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、DON和TDN混合沉降通量，明确了其形态结构和干湿季差异，揭示了高氮沉降地区降水量对大气氮混合沉降通量的影响，研究结果丰富了我国典型高人为氮排放地区的森林大气氮输入数据，为评估人为氮污染的生态环境效应提供信息。

关键词: 森林生态系统, 铵态氮, 硝态氮, 溶解态有机氮, 沉降通量

Abstract: Anthropogenic reactive nitrogen emissions in cities affect air quality and lead to acontinuous increase of atmospheric nitrogen input to surrounding terrestrial ecosystems. However, simultaneous observations of atmospheric reactive nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems, especially dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), are still lacking, affecting the comprehensive and accurate assessment of the ecological effects of nitrogen deposition. In this study, we weekly observed the concentrations of bulk ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) at Dongling Mountain Forest Ecosystem Orientation Research Station in Beijing from June 2019 to January 2020, calculated the DON concentration and the deposition flux of various forms of nitrogen, and analyzed their intermonthly, dry and wet seasonal differences and the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that the volume-weighted average concentrations of NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, DON, and TDN in atmospheric deposition were 1.45±0.04, 0.70±0.01, 1.81±0.66, and 3.96±0.65 mg N·L^-1, respectively. The annual deposition flux of TDN was 25.00 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1. The annual deposition fluxes NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, DON and their proportions in TDN were 8.76 (35%), 4.38 (18%), and 11.86 (47%), respectively, indicating a high degree of nitrogen pollution at this site. The average values of DIN/DON and NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N in atmospheric deposition were 1.1 and 2.0, respectively, indicating that DON was an important form of atmospheric nitrogen input, and NH₄⁺-N was dominant in DIN input. The concentration and percentage in TDN of NO₃^--N decreased with increasing precipitation, indicating that the removal efficiency of NO₃^--N was higher and there was a dilution effect, while the concentration and percentage of NH₄⁺-N and DON had no significant correlation with precipitation. The bulk deposition flux of each form of nitrogen increased with increasing precipitation, so the average concentration and deposition flux of each form of nitrogen in the wet season (June-August) were generally higher than those in the dry season (September-January), indicating that more precipitation in the future would drive the increase of atmospheric nitrogen input into the forest floor, which is of great significance for plant growth. This study comprehensively reports the bulk deposition fluxes of NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, DON, and TDN in a typical forest of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, clarifies their forms and differences between wet and dry season, and reveals the effects of precipitation on atmospheric nitrogen deposition flux in areas with high nitrogen deposition level. Our results enrich the forest atmospheric nitrogen input data in typical high anthropogenic nitrogen emission areas in China, and provide useful information for evaluating the ecological and environmental effects of anthropogenic nitrogen pollution.

Key words: forest ecosystem, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, dissolved organic nitrogen, deposition flux.

刘美娜, 陈志立, 宋韦, 刘学炎. 北京东灵山大气氮沉降水平及变化特征[J]. 生态学杂志, 2023, 42(12): 2987-2997.

LIU Meina, CHEN Zhili, SONG Wei, LIU Xueyan. Deposition levels and dynamics of atmospheric nitrogen at Mt. Dongling of Beijing, China.[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2023, 42(12): 2987-2997.

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北京东灵山大气氮沉降水平及变化特征

Deposition levels and dynamics of atmospheric nitrogen at Mt. Dongling of Beijing, China.

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