干旱砾漠区露天采煤对周边土壤性状及细菌群落的影响

doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202508.029

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 西部干旱脆弱区煤炭开采对区域地形地貌、水文循环和土壤植被等产生了较大影响，但关于该区露天采煤对开采区及其周边土壤性状和细菌群落的影响范围和程度研究仍有待深入。本文对比了干旱砾漠区露天开采区及距开采工作面不同距离周边土壤理化性质、细菌α多样性及群落组成特征，并揭示了植被、土壤理化性质和细菌群落之间的关系。结果表明：（1）露天排土场土壤容重和可溶性盐高于未干扰区（距开采区5000 m以外），而土壤含水量、pH、有机质、总氮和速效养分则均低于未干扰区；与未干扰区相比，开采区外围0～2000 m内土壤含水量、容重、总氮、有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾均有所下降，特别是开采区外围0～500 m内土壤性状损害较为严重；而距开采区2000～3000 m土壤养分含量增加，至3000 m以外总氮、速效磷和速效钾与未干扰区无明显差异。（2）露天采煤并未引起排土场及开采区周边细菌α多样性变化，但排土场和开采区外围0～2000 m细菌群落组成发生改变。与未干扰区相比，排土场放线菌门和绿弯菌门丰度分别下降了6%和21%，但变形菌门丰度上升了24%；而开采区外围0～500 m放线菌门和绿弯菌门丰度分别上升了36%和16%，变形菌门丰度则下降了58%；与未干扰区相比，开采区外围500～2000 m土壤放线菌门和绿弯菌门丰度分别上升了19%和8%，变形菌门丰度下降了35%；距开采区2000～5000 m土壤细菌群落丰度与未干扰区无明显差异。（3）露天煤炭开采区影响土壤细菌群落组成的主要环境因子在排土场和外围0～500 m是土壤容重和含水量，在外围500～2000 m是有机质和速效氮，而在受采煤干扰较小的开采区外围2000～5000 m则是植被盖度。从土壤细菌组成看，影响放线菌门和绿弯菌门丰度的主要因子为土壤容重和有机质，而土壤含水量、总氮和植被盖度与变形菌门丰度呈正相关。

关键词: 露天采煤, 土壤理化性质, 土壤细菌群落, 干旱砾漠区, 生态因子

Abstract: Coal mining has great impacts on regional topography, hydrological cycle, soil and vegetation in arid and fragile areas in western China. However, we know less about the influencing scope and extent of open-pit mining on soil properties and bacterial community in the mining area and surrounding environment. In this study, we compared the soil physicochemical properties, bacterial α diversity and bacterial community composition in open-pit mining area and the surrounding areas with different distances from the mining workplace in arid gravel desert area. We further analyzed the relationship among vegetation, soil physicochemical properties, and bacterial communities. The results showed that: (1) Soil bulk density and soluble salts on the dump site were higher than that in the undisturbed area (5000 m away from the mining area), while soil water content, pH, organic matter, total N, and available nutrients were lower than that in the undisturbed area. Compared with the undisturbed area, soil water content, soil bulk density, organic matter, total N, and available N, P and K all decreased within 0-2000 m around the mining area. Soil properties were seriously damaged within the range of 0-500 m around the mining area. Soil nutrients increased at 2000-3000 m around the mining area. There was no significant difference in total N and available N and K beyond 3000 m compared with the undisturbed area. (2) Open-pit coal mining did not affect α diversity of soil bacterial community around the dump site and mining area, but altered bacterial community composition on the dump site and within 0-2000 m around the mining area. Compared with the undisturbed area, the abundance of Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi decreased by 6% and 21%, respectively, while the abundance of Proteobacteria increased by 24% in the dump site. The abundance of Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi increased by 36% and 16%, respectively, while the abundance of Proteobacteria decreased by 58% within the range of 0-500 m around the mining area. Compared with the undisturbed area, the abundance of Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi increased by 19% and 8%, respectively, while the abundance Proteobacteria decreased by 35% within the range of 500-2000 m around the mining area. There was no significant difference in the abundance of soil bacterial communities between 2000-5000 m around the mining area and the undisturbed area. (3) The main environmental factors affecting soil bacterial community composition on open-pit mining area were soil bulk and water content in the dump site and within the range of 0-500 m around mining area, and were organic matter and available nitrogen within the range of 500-2000 m around mining area. Vegetation coverage was the main environmental factor affecting soil bacterial community composition within the range of 2000-5000 m. Soil bulk and organic matter were the main factors affecting the abundance of Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi, whereas soil water content, total nitrogen, and vegetation cover were positively associated with the abundance of Proteobacteria.

Key words: open-pit coal mining, soil physicochemical property, soil bacterial community, arid gravel area, ecological factor

杜华栋, 刘研, 毕银丽, 刘云龙, 拜梦童. 干旱砾漠区露天采煤对周边土壤性状及细菌群落的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2025, 44(8): 2522-2530.

DU Huadong, LIU Yan, BI Yinli, LIU Yunlong, BAI Mengtong. Effects of open-pit coal mining on properties and bacterial community of surrounding soil in arid gravel desert area.[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2025, 44(8): 2522-2530.

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干旱砾漠区露天采煤对周边土壤性状及细菌群落的影响

Effects of open-pit coal mining on properties and bacterial community of surrounding soil in arid gravel desert area.

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