Table of Content

10 November 2014, Volume 33 Issue 11

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Carbon storage of evergreen broad-leaved forest and orchard ecosystems in Guangzhou.

HU Yan-ting, GUAN Dong-sheng**, WANG Hao, SUN Li

2014, 33(11):  2873-2879. 

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This paper reports the characteristics of ecosystem carbon storage and its distribution in mature evergreen broad-leaved forest and orchard, and the effects of transformation from forest to orchard on the ecosystem carbon stock. The ecosystem carbon storage in evergreen broad-leaved forest and orchard was 241.91 and 161.47 t·hm^-2, while the vegetation carbon storage was 136.40 and 77.20 t·hm^-2, and soil carbon storage (0-100 cm) was 103.99 and 83.12 t·hm^-2 respectively. The difference in soil carbon storage between evergreen broad-leaved forest and orchard mainly centralized in the surface soil. The proportions of carbon storage in the upper 40 cm soil to that in the whole soil in evergreen broad-leaved forest and orchard were 67% and 56%, respectively. The carbon storage of vegetation was higher than that of soil and litter in evergreen broad-leaved forest. The vegetation carbon storage was very close to soil carbon storage in orchard. After the conversion of evergreen broad-leaved forest to orchard, an 80.44t·hm^-2 decrease of ecosystem carbon storage was found; from the viewpoint of both amount and proportion, the degree of the carbon storage loss was higher in vegetation than in soil. Ecosystem carbon storage in mature evergreen broad-leaved forest in Guangzhou was close to that in evergreen broadleaved forest in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve that stands for the climax zonal vegetation. Protecting evergreen broad-leaved forest will be beneficial to maintain the higher regional carbon storage.

Quality assessment and diurnal/seasonal variation of net ecosystem carbon flux data from a Stipa krylovii steppe in Inner Mongolia.

WU Rong-sheng1, SUN Xiao-long1, GU Run-yuan2,3**, WULAN Bater1, MA Yao-ming4

2014, 33(11):  2880-2888. 

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Using turbulent data from Xilinhot National Climatological Observatory (Inner Mongolia) during March of 2010 and February of 2011, we analyzed the diurnal/seasonal variation of the net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) of a Stipa krylovii steppe, after data assessment and control. The results showed that the power spectrum and cospectrum in the inertial subrange could be expressed by the power law, and the power exponents were -2/3 and -4/3, respectively. 74% of the dataset could be classified as highquality data for further basic research, while 8% should be removed. At the diurnal scale, the NEE in the steppe showed distinctly different temporal patterns of single and double peaks, with stronger uptake in the morning. At the seasonal scale, the S. krylovii steppe was very low in carbon exchange during the cold winter, turned to be a weak sink when the temperature gradually rose in the spring, and reached its maximum in the June, the early summer. The steppe was constrained in carbon assimilation by the droughts in the months of July and August, and declined to be a weak sink when the steppe faded in the autumn. The annual cumulative carbon flux over the S. krylovii steppe in Inner Mongolia was -348 g CO₂·m^-2·a^-1. The net ecosystem exchange reached its maximum and minimum in June (daytime) and July (night), respectively. This research provided an enhanced understanding of carbon exchanges during the growing and nongrowing seasons in a temperate steppe, and would benefit the land surface process models and biogeochemical models on parameterizing and validation.

Concentration variations of atmospheric particulate matters in street greenbelts under typical weather conditions in spring.

WANG Xiao-lei, WANG Cheng**, GU Lin, WANG Yan-ying, WANG Qian

2014, 33(11):  2889-2896. 

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Taking Heliekou Leisure Square in Wuxi City as an object, the diurnal concentration variation of atmospheric particulate matters with four diameters in street greenbelts were measured under typical weather conditions in spring. Meanwhile, the influence factors including micro-meteorological factors and traffic flow were also observed. The results indicated that: (1) The daily mean concentrations of TSP, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁ in street greenbelts under different weather conditions were in order of sunny < cloudy < overcast. The particulate matter concentrations of the four diameters on overcast days were significantly higher than on cloudy and sunny days, and the concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁ on cloudy days were significantly higher than on sunny days. The increment percentages of PM_2.5 and PM₁ on cloudy and overcast days were far higher than that of the TSP and PM₁₀. (2) During the observation period, atmospheric particulate matter showed obvious diurnal variation under different weather conditions. It was consistent on sunny and cloudy days. Particulate matter concentration of the four diameters all presented one peak at 7:00 and one valley at 13:00-15:00, and it was higher in morning than in afternoon. On overcast days, it showed an increasing trend with time advancing for the four diameters. Daily variation of ratios of finer particles and atmospheric particulate matter concentration was consistent on sunny days, while that of both cloudy and overcast days was contrary. (3) The particulate matter concentrations all exceeded the secondclass concentration limits of China’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards except PM_2.5 concentration on sunny days. (4) 2.5-10 μm particle was the main pollutant on sunny days, being on a slight pollution level, while TSP, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were the main pollutants on cloudy and overcast days, being on a serious pollution. TSP pollution was mainly consisted of particle size <10 μm, PM₁₀ mainly of particle size <2.5 μm, PM_2.5 mainly of 1-2.5 μm. (5) Air relative humidity was the most important factor under humid environment in the studied region. On sunny days, the particulate matter concentrations of the four diameters were significantly negatively correlated with wind speed, air temperature, and light intensity, and significantly positively correlated with relative humidity and traffic flow. On cloudy days, they were significantly positively correlated with relative humidity, but significantly negatively correlated with relative humidity on overcast days.

Assessment of the effect of PM_2.5 reduction by plain afforestation project in Beijing based on dry deposition model.

CHEN Long, LIU Chun-lan**, PAN Tao, CHEN Cao-cao, LI Zheng, WANG Hai-hua, PEI Sha, SUN Li

2014, 33(11):  2897-2904. 

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Based on a dry deposition model, we evaluated the PM_2.5 particles reduction effect of plain afforestation project in Beijing. The results showed that 451 t PM_2.5 particles had been reduced by the trees planted in Beijing plain areas in 2012. Among these trees, broadleaf forest contributed 57% of the total reduction. The reduction effect was variable in different seasons, with 50% of reduction happening in spring. The plain afforestation project had made the annual average PM_2.5 concentration in the afforestation area decreased by 0.57 μg·m^-3 that has achieved 2% of the target from “Beijing Clean Air Action Plan (2013-2017)”. The plain afforestation has played an important role in the urban pollution management. Considering that there is no effective way to control the PM_2.5 pollution, we recommend continuing carrying out the plain afforestation project in appropriate circumstances.

 

Niche characteristics of an artificial Pinus tabuliformis forest in Manghe National Nature Reserve of Shanxi.

LI Yan-fen1, TIE Jun2,3**, ZHANG Gui-ping2,3, GUO Hua1

2014, 33(11):  2905-2912. 

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Using the formulas of Levins niche breadth, Pianka niche overlap and the niche similarity, we analyzed the niche characteristics of 8 trees, 12 shrubs and 10 herbs within a Pinus tabuliformis forest in Manghe National Nature Reserves of Shanxi Province. The results showed that in the tree layer, niche breadth of P. tabuliformis (1.673) was the greatest, followed by P. armandii (0.737) and Platycladus orientalis (0.570). Species with larger niche breadth were Vitex negundo var. heterophylla (1.150) and Rosa xanthina (1.020) in the shrub layer, and Carex chinensis (1.520) and Artemisia giraldii (1.200) in the herb layer. Different degrees of overlap existed among the various layers with a gradual increase from the overstory to the understory. In the overstory, there were 2 pairs of populations with niche overlap being higher than 0.5, accounting for 7.14% of total pairs. There were 9 pairs of populations with niche overlap being higher than 0.5 in the shrub layer, accounting for 13.64% of total pairs, and there were 7 pairs of populations with niche overlap being higher than 0.5 in the herb layer, accounting for 15.56% of total pairs. All in all, species with larger niche breadth had stronger resource utilization capabilities, and their niche similarity and niche overlap were greater than other populations.

Dynamic patterns of species diversity in gaps of Larix principisrupprechtii plantation in Pangquangou in Shanxi Province, China.

XU Qiang, BI Run-cheng**, ZHANG Qin-di, MIAO Yan-ming, QIN Jin, LIU Xiao-ning

2014, 33(11):  2913-2920. 

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The vegetation characteristics and disturbance regime of 40 Larix principisrupprechtii canopy gaps and 40 non-gaps were studied by using the line transect method in Pangquangou National Nature Reserve of Shanxi. In total, 72 species of seed plants, belonging to 53 genera and 22 families were recorded. The species diversity of canopy gaps and nongaps, gaps of various areas, gaps in different stages of development were analyzed through R language. The results showed that: (1) The flora genus and dominant species changed obviously in canopy gaps compared with that in non-gaps. The regeneration of L. principisrupprechtii belonged to the way of canopy gaps. (2) Shannon index (H), Pielou evenness index (J), Patrick richness index (S), ecological dominance (λ) and comprehensive diversity index (Z) in canopy gaps were significantly greater than those in non-gaps (P<0.05). (3) The distribution of H, J and Z followed a unimodal curve with the increase of canopy gap size, and H, J and Z achieved the maximums when the canopy gap sizes were 240-320 m2. (4) In the first 10 years after the formation of gaps in L. principisrupprechtii plantation, the values of H and Z in the tree and shrub layers were low. After approximately 20 years, both H and Z reached their maximums. The H value in the shrub layer achieved its maximum between 10-20 years. (5) H, J, S, λ and Z indexes showed significant differences among different gap sizes and at different developmental stages.

Leaching of dissolved organic carbon from decomposing litter during the snow cover period at an alpine timberline ectone in Western Sichuan, China.

DENG Chang-chun, CHEN Ya-mei, HE Run-lian, LIU Yang**, ZHANG Jian, SONG Xiao-yan, LI Jian-ping

2014, 33(11):  2921-2929. 

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Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in plant litter is one of the main sources of soil DOC, and the DOC leaching process of plant litter plays an important role in the ecosystem C cycle. Alpine timberline ecotone responses sensitively to climate change in the terrestrial ecosystem. Differences in decomposition microenvironment caused by different vegetation zones may affect DOC leaching from litter at alpine timberline ectone, which further have important impacts on C cycle in alpine ecosystem. In this study, field litterbag technology was taken to investigate the potential effects of three decomposition habitats on the DOC leaching from decomposing litter of 12 plant species at an alpine timberline ectone of Miyaluo, western Sichuan, China between October 2012 and May 2013. The results showed that: 1) the initial concentrations of DOC in litter of the 12 plant species ranged from 22.78 to 178.8 g·kg^-1, and showed a significant difference among species; 2) after a snow-covered season (182 d), litter DOC leaching loss rate was in the range of 18.92% and 62.33%, which responded differently to decomposition habitats; 3) decomposition habitats had significant effects on the litter DOC leaching loss, and the litter DOC leaching loss rate in the coniferous forest habitat was higher than that in the timberline and the alpine meadow; 4) snow cover was the most important factor controlling litter DOC leaching during winter at the alpine timberline ecotone. Our results suggested that the differences in snow distribution contributed to the spatial variability of leaching of DOC from decomposing litter, and the thicker snow cover favored more leaching of DOC from decomposing litter during the snow cover period at the alpine timberline ectone.

Distribution and affecting factors of soil organic carbon of terraced fields in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia. 

LI Long, YAO Yun-feng**, QIN Fu-cang

2014, 33(11):  2930-2935. 

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A study was conducted to analyze the distribution of soil organic carbon of terraced fields and the effects of topographic factors and human activities in Aohan, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that the soil organic carbon content was the range of 0.87-10.25 g·kg^-1 within 1 m depth of terraced area and averaged at 5.91 g·kg^-1. There were significant differences in soil organic carbon content among different layers; the organic carbon content decreased with increasing the soil depth. The average content of soil organic carbon was 7.54 g·kg^-1 in surface layer (0-20 cm), being 1.32 times and 1.67 times of that in the middle (20-60 cm) and bottom (60-100 cm) layers, respectively. The effects of slope position on soil organic carbon were in order of upper slope < middle slope < lower slope, and the effects of slope direction were in order of shady slope > semi-shady slope > semi-sunny slope > sunny slope.  Effects of human activities on soil organic carbon content of terraced fields were mainly embodied in the different cultivation and management measures; straw returning and no-till methods helped improve soil organic carbon content.

Carbon release from brown limestone and red soils in response to addition of Fe(OH)₃ and CaCO₃.

XIAO Mou-liang1,2, CHEN Xiang-bi1,3, LI Yang1,3, HE Xun-yang1,3, SHEN Yan4, SU Yi-rong1,3**

2014, 33(11):  2936-2942. 

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To clarify the effects of minerals on soil organic carbon mineralization in soil evolution, typical brown limestone soil and red soil with both high and low organic carbon contents were collected from a subtropical karst region. An 80-day incubation experiment (25 ℃) by adding either Ca¹⁴CO₃ or Fe(OH)₃ to the test soils was conducted to study the release process of original organic and inorganic carbon. Results showed that the addition of either Ca¹⁴CO₃ or Fe(OH)₃ promoted the carbon release. At the end of the incubation, the accumulatively released amounts of the original carbon (organic and inorganic carbon) were 823.8-1367.2 mg·kg^-1 and 502.5-635.7 mg·kg^-1 after the additions of Ca¹⁴CO₃ and Fe(OH)₃, respectively. This result indicates that the soil evolution from brown limestone soil to red soil in karst region may increase the stability of carbon stock. After adding Ca¹⁴CO₃ and  Fe(OH)₃, the priming effect on soil carbon was strongly related to the original soil carbon content, and this correlation was in the order of red soil with high organic carbon content > red soil and brown limestone soil with low organic carbon content > brown limestone soil with high organic carbon content (P<0.05). During incubation, the variation in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content corresponded to the priming effect on the original carbon, implying that the DOC could be an important indicator of the priming effect for both soils. However, the variation in microbial biomass carbon did not correspond to the priming effect on the original carbon, indicating that the priming effect on the original carbon was probably determined by changes in physical and chemical environments after adding Ca¹⁴CO₃ and Fe(OH)₃, and was rarely contributed by soil microorganisms.


 

Soil ammonia volatilization under different urea combined fertilization treatments.

DONG Yi-hua1**, ZHANG Yu-ge1, SUN Shu-lin2, JIN Dan1, WANG Ying-gang1

2014, 33(11):  2943-2949. 

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With a simulated brown soil column experiment under constant temperature and humidity, using single application of urea as the control, this paper studied the effects of different treatments, including reduced-amount urea, reduced-amount urea combined with corn stalk, reduced-amount urea combined with NBPT urease inhibitor and DMPP nitrification inhibitor, and reducedamount urea combined with corn stalk and inhibitor, on ammonia volatilization characteristics. The correlation of NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, pH and the ammonia volatilization rate was analyzed. The results showed that the ammonia volatilization rate was effectively restrained by different reducedamount urea combined application treatments, with a peak appearing 2-8 days later than the single application of urea. Under the treatment of reducedamount urea combined with corn stalk and inhibitor, the ammonia volatilization rate peak value and the accumulation loss during 18 days of incubation decreased by 74.27% and 43.96%, respectively. The ammonia volatilization rate had a positive correlation with NH₄⁺-N concentration and pH value, and had a negative correlation with NO₃^--N concentration. The treatment of reducedamount urea combined with corn stalk and inhibitor could maintain a high level of NH₄⁺-N (>350 mg·kg^-1) for a long time after peak appearing, and could also effectively reduce the NO₃^--N accumulation in soil.

Soil microbial activity and community functional diversity in cotton field under long-term drip irrigation with saline water.

MIN Wei, HOU Zhen-an**, YE Jun, MA Li-juan, CAO Zhi, LUO Hui-lan

2014, 33(11):  2950-2958. 

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The effect of irrigation water salinity and N application rate on soil microbial populations, soil respiration and soil microbial community functional diversity were investigated in a field experiment. The experiment used a 3×4 factorial design with three irrigation water salinization levels (fresh water, brackish water, or saline water) and four N application rates (0, 240, 360 or 480 kg N·hm^-2). The results showed that bacterial populations increased first and then decreased with increasing the irrigation water salinity, bacterial populations increased with the N application rate, but significantly reduced when excessive N was applied (>240 kg N·hm^-2). Fungi and actinomyces populations were significantly increased with the increase of irrigation water salinity, actinomyces populations decreased with the increase of N application rate. The bacteriatofungi ratio was 29% lower in the brackish water treatment and 86% lower in the saline water treatment than in the fresh water treatment. The highest bacteriatofungi ratio was observed in the 240 kg·hm^-2 treatment. Soil respiration decreased significantly with the increase of irrigation water salinity. Soil respiration in the fresh water treatment was 12% and 33% higher than that in the brackish and saline water treatments, respectively. Soil respiration increased with the increase of N application rate, and 360 and 480 kg N·hm^-2 treatments were 48% and 51% higher than that without N application. AWCD was decreased with increasing the irrigation water salinity, and the AWCD was 3% lower in the brackish water treatment and 13% lower in the saline water treatment than in the fresh water treatment. There were no significant differences in richness, Shannon’s index and evenness among the fresh water, brackish water and saline water treatments. Simpson index was the highest in the saline water treatment, and the highest soil microbial community diversity index was observed in the 240 kg N·hm^-2 treatment. Therefore, soil microorganisms and community functional diversity were affected significantly by saline water irrigation, and N application at proper rates could maintain soil microbial community activity and diversity.

Community structure and species diversity of Hopea reticulata forest in Ganshiling, Hainan Island.

MAO Chao, QI Liang-hua**, LIU Qi-rui, ZHANG Yu

2014, 33(11):  2959-2965. 

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We used the plot investigation method to study the species composition and species diversity of a Hopea reticulata forest in Ganshiling Natural Reserve, Hainan Island. The results showed that: (1) 163 species in 128 genera and 64 families of vascular plants were recognized. A total of 90 tree species belonging to 66 genera and 40 families were identified and 25 species of rattans from 23 genera and 18 families were recorded. The shrubs contained 29 species, 24 genera and 17 families and a total of 21 species of herbs belonging to 20 genera, 14 families were recorded. (2) The proportions of dominant species and constructive species were low. (3) Compared with other tropical communities, the species diversity indexes of this community were relatively lower with the Margalef index of 27.038, Shannon index of 3.647, Simpson index of 0.944, Pielou evenness index of 0.716 and species dominance index of 0.054. (4) The Margalef index and the Shannon index of each layer of the community were in order of tree layer > shrub layer > liana layer > herb layer, and the Simpson index and the Pielou evenness index were in order of tree layer > liana layer > shrub layer > herb layer, while the species dominance index was in order of herb layer > shrub layer > liana layer > tree layer.

Effects of grazing on plant functional group characteristics in Stipa klemenzii desert steppe in China and Mongolia.

BAO Xiu-xia1**, LIAN Yong2, YI Jin3, ZHANG Rui-xia4

2014, 33(11):  2966-2972. 

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In this paper, we studied the characteristics of plant functional groups in Stipa klemenzii desert steppe in China and Mongolia, including community average height, coverage, importance value, species number, diversity and ecological niche. Results showed that the average coverage and importance value of perennial community were lower under the settled grazing than under fourseason nomadic grazing, while the average coverage and importance value of annual community were opposite. The proportions of annual plant and shrub were significantly higher under the settled grazing than under fourseason nomadic grazing. Moreover, xerophytes dominated in the community and the proportion of xerophytes was lower under the fourseason nomadic grazing (77.1%) than under the settled grazing (78.6%). However, compared with the settled grazing, both Shannon and Simpson indexes were higher while Pielou index was lower in life form and ecological functional groups under the fourseason nomadic grazing. There was a significant positive correlation between Shannon and Simpson indexes, and Pielou index had a negative correlation with Shannon and Simpson indexes, respectively. Niche breaths of annual and perennial plants were higher, with a niche overlap of 0.965; niche breaths of xerophytes and mesoxerophytes were 0.999 and 0.987, respectively, with a niche overlap of 0.985.

Effects of sand burial on growth and photosynthesis and water metabolism of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica saplings.

ZHAO Ha-lin1**, LI Jin1, ZHOU Rui-lian2, QU Hao1, YUN Jian-ying1, PAN Cheng-chen1

2014, 33(11):  2973-2979. 

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In order to assess the effects of sand burial on growth properties and photosynthesis and water metabolism of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica saplings, the survival rate, plant height, aboveground biomass, photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r) and water use efficiency (WUE) of 3yearold P. sylvestris var. mongolica saplings with different sand burial depths were measured in the Horqin Sand Land of Inner Mongolia in the spring of 2013. The results showed that the maximum depth of the saplings to withstand sand burial should not exceed 2 cm above the plant height, and all saplings died when the sand burial depth was over 2 cm above the plant height. When the sand burial depth was below 2 cm above the plant height, sand burial promoted the height growth but did not benefit the biomass accumulation of the saplings, and significantly increased P_n, T_r, stomatal conductance (g_s), and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), with a maximum increase of P_n,T_r, g_s, respectively when the sand burial depth was at 50% of the plant height. C_i was the maximum when the sand burial depth was 2 cm above the plant height. Although the sand burial did not result in the decrease of water content in the saplings, WUE of the saplings tended to decline with increase of the sand burial depth, with the lowest WUE when the sand burial depth was 2 cm above the plant height. There was a significant and positive correlation between sapling height and P_n, T_r, between P_n and g_s and C_i, and between WUE and plant water content and T_r. The correlation was not significant between the aboveground biomass and P_n and T_r.

Responses of optimal photosynthesis temperature to changes in ambient temperature for Cinnamomum camphora and Osmanthus fragrans

ZHANG Ci-cheng1, HAN Guang1**, GUAN Hua-de1，2, BAO Cheng-hui1, ZHANG Xin-ping1

2014, 33(11):  2980-2987. 

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As an essential parameter in carbon cycle models, the photosynthetic optimal temperature plays a key role in determining the model accuracy. Thus, it is of great importance to study the response of photosynthetic optimal temperature to changes in environmental temperature. In this study, photosynthetic temperature responses in leaves of Cinnamomum camphora and Osmanthus fragrans were examined by using the Li6400XT photosynthetic analyzer (Li-Cor, Inc., Lincoln, Nebraska, USA) at 10-20 days intervals. Photosynthetic temperature response curves were fitted with an unsymmetrical parabolic curve, and the photosynthetic optimal temperature and maximum photosynthetic rate were calculated from the parameters of the fitted curves. Results showed that photosynthetic temperature response curves of both C. camphora and O. fragrans exhibited a pattern of parabolic curve, and the breadth of the curves had positive correlations with the ambient temperature. For the two species, the relationships between optimal temperature and ambient temperature showed significant linear correlations within a certain temperature range and the optimal temperature increased with the increase of ambient temperature, with C. camphora being more sensitive to changes in the ambient temperature than O. fragrans. The maximum photosynthetic rate was linearly correlated with optimal photosynthetic temperature. Similarly, the maximum photosynthesis rate of C. camphora was more sensitive to changes in the optimum photosynthetic temperature than that of O. fragrans. We concluded that C. camphora had a greater photosynthetic capacity than O. fragrans in terms of their abilities in response to change in ambient temperature.

Effect of dung extracts of yak and Tibetan sheep on seed germination of six plant species in alpine meadow.

XU Chang-lin1**, YU Xiao-jun1, JING Yuan-yuan1, XIAO Hong1, AN Xiao-dong2, YANG Fa-sen2, REN Bao-hu2, ZHOU Rui-juan2

2014, 33(11):  2988-2994. 

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In order to identify the effect of dung extracts of yak and Tibetan sheep on seed germination and seedling growth of six plant species in alpine meadow in the Eastern Qilian Mountains, the dung extracts with different concentrations (0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) were used to treat the seeds and the indices relating germination and seedling growth were measured. The results showed that the effect of dung extracts differed with the change in treatment concentration. Treating with high concentration (from 75% to 100%) extracts of Tibetan sheep dung, the germination percentages of Elymus nutans, Achnatherum inebrians and Pedicularis kansuensis were significantly inhibited. The germination potential of E. nutans was inhibited with the concentration of extracts from 25% to 100% of the yak dung and Tibetan sheep dung, the germination potential of A. inebrians was inhibited with the extracts from 75% to 100% of yak dung and from 50% to 100% of the Tibetan sheep dung. The extract concentrations of Tibetan sheep dung from 25% to 100% and yak dung from 50% to 100% inhibited the seed germination potential of P. kansuensis. The seed germination index of P. kansuensis was significantly inhibited with 100% concentration of Tibetan sheep dung extract. Both Tibetan sheep and yak dung had no effects on the seed germination percentage, germination potential and germination index of Rumex acetosa and O. ochrocephala. 25% of yak dung extract promoted the root growth of E. nutans; 100% of Tibetan sheep dung extracts inhibited the plumule growth of A. inebrians, 100% of the yak and Tibetan sheep dung extract inhibited the plumule growth of P. kansuensis, 75% to 100% of Tibetan sheep extracts inhibited the root growth of A. inebrians and P. kansuensis. The growth of R. acetosa plumule and root was promoted with the concentration of extracts from 25% to 100% of the yak dung and Tibetan sheep dung, while other concentrations had no effect. Collectively, the effects of yak and Tibetan sheep dung extracts on seed germination in alpine meadow have three kinds of action: promotion at low concentration, inhibition or no effect at high concentration, which in turn potentially affects the seedling establishment, interspecific competition and community structure.

Effects of low temperature, weak light and high humidity stresses on the physiological and biochemical indicators of greenhouse tomato during flowering period.

ZHANG Shu-jie1, YANG Zai-qiang2, CHEN Yan-qiu3**, HAN Xiu-jun4, WU Man-li4, ZHAO Xian-li1, LI Guang=xia4

2014, 33(11):  2995-3001. 

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In order to study the physiological mechanism of the effects of low temperature, weak light and high humidity stresses on tomato in winter in Northeast China, a tomato cultivar ‘Liangfen 2’ was selected as experimental material, and four levels of low temperature (5-2-4 ℃; 5-1-3 ℃; 5-0-2 ℃; 5-(-1)-1 ℃), weak light \[0 (2 days)-400 μmol·mol^-1\] and high humidity (70%-95%) were installed in a climatic chamber to study their effects on maximum net photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities. Results showed that the original light conversion efficiency of the PSII and its potential activity were reduced under low temperature, weak light and high humidity stresses. In addition, the maximum net photosynthesis rate (P_max), photochemical maximum efficiency of PSⅡ (F_v/F_m), potential activities of PSⅡ (F_v/F₀) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) decreased with the decline of temperature and the extension of the duration of low temperature. At the same time, nonphotochemical quenching coefficient (qN) increased along with the decline of temperature, while the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased simultaneously. After the temperature recover, P_max, F_v/F_m, F_v/F₀, qP and the content of MDA increased, while nonphotochemical quenching coefficient (qN) and SOD activity decreased. All the physiological and biochemical indicators did not recover to the first day’s level except P_max of treatments 1 and 2. Meanwhile, the physiological and biochemical indicators did not return to CK levels. Our results suggested that temperature below 5 ℃, weak light and high humidity stresses damaged the tomatoes. Therefore, we concluded when temperature declined to 5 ℃ or below 5 ℃ and the duration reached 3 days, as well as the minimum temperature reached 0 ℃, the freezing injury would happen to tomato.

Influence of silicon application and Magnaporthe oryzae infection on organic acids contents in rice plants.

GE Shao-bin, LIU Min, LUO Shi-ming, CAI Kun-zheng**

2014, 33(11):  3002-3009. 

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Two rice near-isogenic lines (NILs) with different resistance to blast, i.e. CO39 (susceptible) and C101LAC(Pi-1) (resistant), were used to investigate the impacts of silicon application on organic acid content of rice plants infected by Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogen of rice blast. In infected leaves, Si application significantly increased oxalic acid and maleic acid contents and reduced fumaric acid and citric acid contents of both rice lines. Malic acid and oxalic acid contents in roots of infected plants for both lines were also increased by Si application. Tartaric acid content in the infected leaves was significantly reduced by Si application in CO39 on the third day after the pathogen infection, but it increased in C101LAC(Pi-1) on the seventh day after the infection. The distribution of organic acids in both lines of rice plants varied: Citric acid was mainly distributed in leaves, malic acid in roots, and maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid and oxalic acid in both leaves and roots. These results suggest that Si application influences plant metabolism and thus enhances the resistance to blast under M. oryzaeinfected conditions.

Effects of sowing date on the growth characteristics and utilization of temperature and illumination of high quality japonica rice Nanjing 9108 in different ecological regions.

ZHU Da-wei2, GUO Bao-wei1,2, ZHANG Hong-cheng1,2**, LIU Guo-tao2, DAI Qi-gen1,2, HUO Zhong-yang1,2, XU Ke1,2, WEI Hai-yan1,2

2014, 33(11):  3010-3017. 

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To provide a theoretical basis of scientific division and layout of japonica rice Nanjing 9108 under ricewheat copping system in different ecological regions of Jiangsu, we studied the growth characteristics and utilization of temperature and illumination of high-quality rice Nanjing 9108 at different sowing dates with mechanical-transplanting in Xinghua (Suzhong, 33°05′ N) of Lixiahe ricegrowing region and Donghai (Subei, 34°34′ N) of Huaibei ricegrowing region. As the sowing date delayed, jointing, heading and maturity stages postponed accordingly and the yield of Nanjing 9108 reduced. As the sowing date delayed 1 d, the growth period shortened 0.5 d and the yield decreased by 59.6 kg·hm^-2. With the increase of latitude, jointing, heading and maturity stages at the same sowing date were delayed correspondingly, while the accumulated temperature and illumination hours decreased. The growth period in Donghai extended 13.4 d compared with that in Xinghua at the same sowing date. Furthermore, the average production in Donghai was 289.7 kg·hm^-2 less than in Xi〖JP2〗nghua. The accumulated temperature and illumination at different sowing dates reduced significantly or very significantly from jointing to mature stages, especially from heading to mature stages. Different ecological regions and sowing dates had great impacts on growth stage, accumulated temperature illumination, and yield production. Sowing on May 21st to June 6th is suitable for high yield of Nanjing 9108 in Lixiahe rice-growing region, and sowing on May 21st to May 26th is appropriate in Huaibei rice-growing region. If rape and barley are previous crops, appropriately early sowing is beneficial for high yield.

Post-breeding habitat characteristics and habitat selection of tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus chinensis).

LI Shi-sen1, WANG Yu1, SHAO Chen1**, PAN Tai-zhong2

2014, 33(11):  3018-3025. 

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To understand the habitat characteristics and habitat selectivity of wild animals is of great significance for the protection of their populations. The habitat characteristics of tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus chinensis), one of the second class national-level protected animals of China were studied at Nanxi River basin, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province in September 2013, and the habitat selection was analyzed by the methods of habitat preference index and principal component analysis. The results indicated that the preferred habitats of tiger frog are terrain with smooth and gentle slopes; the ground substrate types of silt and sand with high relative humidity; the vegetation types of rice and grass with moderate height and coverage; inhabiting area near small water bodies and far from large water bodies with slow flow rate, shallow depth, warmer temperature and good quality; inhabiting area near paddy field, moderately far from roads and far from the residential area. The main factors that affect the habitat selection of tiger frog include slope gradient and position, vegetation height and coverage, the ground substrate type and surface temperature, distance to water bodies, water temperature, water pH and dissolved oxygen content, distances to the croplands and roads.

Seasonal variations of digestive tract length and mass in Lepus capensis.

JIN Tie-zhi1,2, CHANG Gang1, QI Xiao-guang2, WANG Kai-feng1**

2014, 33(11):  3026-3032. 

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In order to study the seasonal variations of the digestive tract of the cape hare (Lepus capensis) from the hilly and gully area of the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi, several indices, such as weight and length of stomach, small intestine, caecum and large intestine of hares captured in four seasons were measured. For almost all indices, the greatest values were observed in winter and the least in summer. No significant difference was found between autumn and winter or between summer and spring; however, significant difference was found between autumn and summer. Pregnant hares had a greater dry mass of stomach as well as a longer caecum than non-pregnant hares. These results indicated that differences in length and weight of digestive tract were related to digestive strategies of hares. In order to maintain a normal physiological function in low temperature environment with high-fiber foods, hare adjusted the morphological structure of its digestive tract. This suggested that the adjustments in the morphological structure of gastrointestinal tract played an important role in the digestive strategies of hare in natural environment which is characterized as drought, little rain (mainly occurring in summer), hard winter and a large diurnal temperature range.

Community and floristic characteristics of Larentiinae from Gansu Province.

MA Xiong1, ZHANG Ya-li2, MA Zheng-xue3**

2014, 33(11):  3033-3042. 

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A total of 1870 specimens of Larentiinae were collected from Gansu Province during 2006 and 2013. A total of 213 species and subspecies in 77 genera were identified, among which the Euphyia, 15 species and subspecies were the new genera recorded in Gansu Province. Seven dominant genera such as Photoscotosia, Dysstroma, Rheumaptera, Xanthorhoe, Stamnodes, Eulithis and Epirrhoe including 58 species were observed, accounting for 9.09% and, 27.23% in total genera and species, respectively. These results showed that the community structure of Larentiinae species in Gansu Province is complicated, and the species diversity is abundant, which shows the tendency that those in the middle (Londong and Gannan of Gansu Province) belong to the high levels and those in the two ends (Dingxi and Hexi of Gansu Province) belong to the relatively lower levels. Such distribution pattern is correlated with the local natural environment and climatic factors. The floristic characteristics of Larentiinae showed that 107 species or subspecies belonged to the Palaearctic Realm, accounting for 50.23% in total collection; 21 belonged to the Oriental Realm, accounting for 9.86%; and other 85 (accounting for 39.91%) exhibited transitional features, i.e., the Palaearctic elements dominated in this study and had the transitional characteristics.

Spatiotemporal variations of soil erosion in  Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone.

WANG Shuo1,2, XIAO Yu1**, XIE Gao-di1, ZHANG Chang-shun1, ZHANG Biao1, LI Na1,2, CHEN Wen-hui1,2

2014, 33(11):  3043-3052. 

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Soil erosion has caused serious ecological and environmental problems in Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone, such as soil loss of productive land, soil nutrient loss, and river silting, which restricts the sustainable development of the economic zone. Based on GIS and RUSLE model, soil erosion in 2000, 2005 and 2010 was calculated, and the spatiotemporal pattern and variation were also analyzed. During the period of 2000 to 2010, the mean modulus and amount of soil erosion showed an increasing trend in ChengduChongqing Economic Zone. Spatially, slightly intense soil erosion occurred on more than 90% of the total land, which implies general situation of the soil erosion of the whole area was not yet serious. However, soil erosion was aggravated from 2000 to 2005 and 2010, caused by the acceleration of urbanization and unreasonable land use. During the period of 2000 to 2010, the transformation of slightly intense soil erosion was not obvious, but the transformation of the other different levels of soil erosion was obvious. More than 50% of slight, middle, intense and extremely intense soil erosion was alleviated to lower levels from 2000 to 2005, however, 70% of low level soil erosion was aggravated from 2005 to 2010. More than 30% of slight, middle, intense and extremely intense soil erosion was aggravated to higher levels from 2000 to 2005, however, only 20% was aggravated from 2005 to 2010. It implies that after the implementation of the reforestation project, the soil and water conservation had been improved in some areas. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should insist on scientific development and sustainable utilization of natural resources, establish a complete ecological compensation framework, maintain the balance between supply and demand of human beings and natural environment, strengthen the comprehensive soil and water conservation, and reduce water loss and soil erosion.

Retrieval of carotenoid contents of Kandelia candel based on hyper-spectral remote sensing data. 

GAO Deng-zhou1,3, ZHANG Wen-long1,3, CHEN Mei-tian1, ZHANG Xin-zhong1, ZENG Cong-sheng2,3**

2014, 33(11):  3053-3059. 

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Carotenoid (Car), the main pigment of green leaves, plays an important role in diagnosing the physiological state of vegetation. The leaves of Kandelia candel were sampled from the Minjiang River estuary in April and July, 2013. In the laboratory, spectral reflectance of leaves (both front and back), and the Car contents (two dimensions: μg·cm^-2 and mg·g^-1) were determined. The common parameters and the best simple ratio spectral index (SR) were used to build the estimation models. The results showed that the spectral reflectance of leaf back was higher than that of leaf front in 350-2350 nm. The relationship between SR calculated from spectral reflectance of leaf back and Car content (μg·cm^-2) was better than other combinations. SR calculated by bands in two zones, including the 520-540 nm and 1000-1100 nm, 700-720 nm and 800-1100 nm had higher correlation coefficient compared with that in other zones. Additionally, most of the parameters calculated by leaf back reflectance had higher correlation coefficients with Car content (μg·cm^-2) than that of leaf front. Consequently, parameters calculated by leaf back reflectance and the Car content in per unit area were selected to establish the estimation and validation models. The model parameters further indicated that the models built by LCI, DD, NDVI_(770,713), NDVI_(773,562), SR_(723,770) and SR_{(1000,700)} could achieve the estimation of Car contents (R²>0.65, RMSE<1.52). The best estimation parameter was SR_(1000,700):R² values of its estimation and validation models were 0.77 and 0.87, and RMSE values were 1.08 and 1.11, respectively. The results impied that hyperspectral remote sensing data could be used to estimate Car contents of K. candel.

Field experiment on phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated soils using Solanum nigrum L.

YIN Yong-chao1,2, JI Pu-hui1,3, SONG Xue-ying4, ZHANG Wei5, DONG Xin-xin6, CAO Xiu-feng1,2, SONG Yu-fang1**

2014, 33(11):  3060-3067. 

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Cadmium (Cd) is one of the main pollution elements in China’s heavy metal contaminated soil. As a research focus and frontier field in remediation of environmental contamination, phytoremediation is a green technology which has various advantages and is incomparable to other traditional soil contamination remediation methods. In this study, taking Solanum nigrum L. as the hyperaccumulator, pilot scale Cd phytoremediation was conducted in a Cdcontaminated crop field, Shenyang for two years. Analysis of Cd content in soil before and after phytoremediation showed that Cd removal was obvious. The average reductions in Cd level in the surface soil were 6.3% in the preliminary trial (PT) in the first year and 16.8% in the repeated trial (RT) in the second year, respectively. In PT and RT, the removal rates of Cd were 50.6% and 49.5% in the 20-40 cm layer, and 73.5% and 53.9% in the 40-60 cm layer, and 80.7% or not detected in the 60-80 cm layer, respectively. Data suggested that the biomass of the S. nigrum correlated significantly with the total Cd content accumulated in plants. The result from these trials showed that suitable soil condition in the field promoted the production of plant biomass to improve the ability of hyperaccumulator S. nigrum for Cd uptake and transporting from soil. Our study indicated that it is suitable to remediate the Cd contamination in Cd mildlytomoderately polluted soil and realize the optimum cycle of agricultural production by phytoremediation technique.

Effect of soil pH on phytoremediation of Sedum alfredii Hance in Cd and Zn contaminated soil.

LIAN Mei-hua1,2, SUN Li-na2**, HU Xiao-min1, TANG Jia-xi3

2014, 33(11):  3068-3074. 

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A pot experiment was designed to study the changes of available Zn and Cd concentrations, characteristic of uptake, accumulation and removal effect by Sedum alfredii Hance under two treatments (T1: Zn 1200 mg·kg^-1 + Cd 20 mg·kg^-1; T2: Zn 300 mg·kg^-1 + Cd 2.0 mg·kg^-1) and at four pH levels (4.0, 5.5, 7.0 and 8.5). The results showed that available Zn and Cd concentrations in soil and the accumulated two metals by S. alfredii significantly increased with decreasing the pH. Under treatment T1, the highest plant dry weight was found at pH 5.5, but was not significantly different from that at the other three pH levels. The highest metal concentrations in shoot and root were at pH 4.0 for both T1 and T2. However, due to Al and Mn toxicity induced by low pH, plant had the lowest biomass at pH 4.0 for T2. The metal removal rate of S. alfredii was highest at pH 5.5, and lowest at pH 8.5 for both treatments. At pH 5.5, S. alfredii removed 16% and 1.33% of total Cd, Zn for T1, and 27%, 1.09% for T2, respectively. Overall, decreasing pH appropriately enhanced the removal efficiencies of Cd and Zn in soil by S. alfredii, and it may be a useful approach to enhance the phytoremediation of Cd and Zn contaminated soils by S. alfredii.

Effect of immobilized Prochlorococcus culture on NH₄⁺-N removal.

MAO Xin-xin, JIANG Xia-min**, QIAN Peng

2014, 33(11):  3075-3080. 

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Immobilization of microalgae Prochlorococcus with sodium alginate embedding was carried to explore the removal effect of NH₄⁺-N from artificial sewage water. Different algae ball densities (0, 100×10⁴, 300×10⁴, 500×10⁴, 700×10⁴, 900×10⁴ cells·ball^-1), different dosages of algae balls (the ratio of algae balls and sewage 4∶1, 3∶1, 2∶1, 1∶1) and algae ball reinforcement with CaCl₂ were applied in the experiment. The results showed that the growth rate of the immobilized algae and its removal ratio of NH₄⁺-N were lower than those of suspended ones. The NH₄⁺-N removal effects of the immobilized algae were dosedependent; however, considering the average removal ratio of algal cell, 700×10⁴ cells·ball^-1 was the best cell density. The algae cells with N-starvation treatment showed much better removal effect than the untreated cells. The more the immobilized algae balls were used, the quicker removal of NH₄⁺-N was. After three days’ cultivation, the removal effect reached up to 100% with the volume ratio of the immobilized algae balls and artificial sewage of 1∶1. With CaCl₂ reinforcement, the algae balls worked longer and assimilated much more NH₄⁺-N.

Ecological regionalization for dry red wine grape varieties based on GIS in northern China.

LI Hong-ying1,2, ZHANG Xiao-yu1,2**, HAN Ying-juan1,2, ZHANG Lei1,2, WANG Jing1,2

2014, 33(11):  3081-3087. 

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The development of wine industry is greatly influenced by the market in China, being not perfect. Planning and regionalization for production areas are one of the main ways to promote ecological development of wine industry. Comprehensively using the methods of fuzzy mathematics, optimization and stepwise division, the ecological regionalization for dry red wine grape varieties in northern China where dry red wine dominates the wine industry was completed with small grid simulation methods, spatial analysis and layer operation supported by GIS. The results showed that the most ecologically suitable areas of dry wine grape varieties distributed in the following areas: the south section of Daxinanling Mountains region, counties in Western Liaoning Corridor region; most areas of Shangdong Peninsula surround the Bohai Gulf, Qinhuangdao districts and most of Liaodong Peninsula; most of Zhangjiakou and Datong in the border areas of Hebei and Shanxi provinces; the areas on the two sides of Helan Mountain and along the Yellow River in the northwestern region of China; areas in the Yili Valley and along the eastern Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang.

GIS-based ecological adaptability regionalization for grape variety Grenache Noir in northern China.

WANG Jing1,2, ZHANG Lei1,2, ZHANG Xiao-yu1,2**, LI Hong-ying1,2, YUAN Hai-yan1,2

2014, 33(11):  3088-3095. 

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Based on the meteorological data on ground surface during 1981-2010, we calculated the indicators of frostfree period, ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature, the lowest average monthly temperature and extreme minimum temperature. In combination with GIS technology, these indicators were introduced to definite the northern boundary of the planting region of Vitis vinifera in northern China. Then, ecological adaptability regionalization for wine grape Grenache Noir was identified by the optimal gathering method in which the indicators of ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature, aridity index, and soil types were adopted. The results showed that the most suitable areas for wine grape Grenache Noir were: the Yishan hilly area and Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong Province; Zunhua, Qianxi, Funing and Qinghuangdao in Heibei Province; Luohe and Yihe River watershed of Henan Province; Northwest of Suizhong in Liaoning Province; Shangluo and Danfeng in Shaanxi Province; Bailongjiang River watershed in Longnan of Gansu Province.

Ecological regionalization for different maturity wine grapes in northern China.

ZHANG Lei1,2, ZHANG Xiao-yu1,2**, LI Hong-ying1,2, WANG Jing1,2, YUAN Hai-yan1,2

2014, 33(11):  3096-3101. 

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Based on previous studies, an ecological zoning index system of different maturity wine grapes in northern China were set up. Using the stepbystep stratification method and set optimization method, the authors studied ecological regionalization of different maturity wine grapes in northern China and made the regionalization map by support of GIS technology. The results showed that, in northern China, ecological area of early, mid and latematurity wine grapes can be divided into 5 categories: the most suitable, suitable, poorly suitable, not suitable and not planting. The most suitable ecological region of different maturity wine grapes were scattered in small areas, and not overlapped. The suitable areas are more widely distributed; although they were slightly overlapped, most of the areas were different. It is almost impossible that a given area is the most suitable ecological region for both early maturing varieties and late maturing varieties or mid maturing varieties. In wine grape industrial layout and raw material base establishment, the special needs of different maturity grapes for ecological factors should be considered, to ensure that the different maturity varieties are grown in the most suitable ecological zone.


 

Ecological regionalization for Cabernet Sauvignon in northern China.

ZHANG Lei1,2, ZHANG Xiao-yu1,2**, DUAN Xiao-feng1,2, LI Hong-ying1,2, HAN Ying-juan1,2, WEI Jian-guo1,2

2014, 33(11):  3102-3106. 

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Based on the previous studies, an ecological zoning index system of Cabernet Sauvignon was established. Using step by step method and optimization method, the authors studied the ecological regionalization of Cabernet Sauvignon in northern China and made a regionalization map by support of GIS technology. The results showed that, in northern China, the ecological region of Cabernet Sauvignon can be divided into five categories: most suitable, suitable, poorly suitable, not suitable and not plantable. The most suitable ecological area of Cabernet Sauvignon, as a midlate maturing variety, was scattered in northern China with small areas, and was mainly distributed in Northwest China. Suitable ecological area was more widely distributed, including Northwest China, Northeast China and central plains, covering the major wine grape producing areas. The raw material base of Cabernet Sauvignon should be firstly established in the most suitable areas and suitable areas, secondly in the poorly suitable region, trying to avoid to  establish in not suitable areas and not plantable areas. The results provided a reference to the wine grape industry development planning and wine grape base layout.

Ecological regionalization of dry white wine grapes in northern China.

ZHANG Xiao-yu1,4**, LI Hong-ying1,4, CHEN Wei-ping2, ZHANG Lei1,4, SU Long3, FAN Jin-long5, CAO Ning1,4

2014, 33(11):  3107-3111. 

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Based on daily climatic data from 376 weather stations in northern China from 1981 to 2010, and combined with wine grape sampling test results and other division indicators, frostfree period, ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature, precipitation in harvesting period, soil type and slope, the set optimization method and GIS technology were applied for ecological zoning of dry white wine grapes in northern China. Then the ecological zoning map of dry white wine grapes in northern China was produced. The distribution range of highquality dry white wine grapes with ecological zones was given. The limiting ecological factors and recommendations of wine grape production were pointed out. The results would provide a reference for regional development of dry white grape wine grape and selection of highquality wine grape varieties for base construction in northern China.


 

Ecological regionalization of wine grape varieties in Ningxia.

ZHANG Xiao-yu1,4**, LI Hong-ying1,4, CHEN Wei-ping2, ZHANG Lei1,4, SU Long3, WANG Jing1,4

2014, 33(11):  3112-3119. 

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Based on data of 24 weather stations in Ningxia from 1981 to 2010, combined with the wine grape sampling test results and other zoning indexes, starting from the concept of highquality ecological zones of viticulture, the frostfree period, ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature, precipitation in harvest period, soil type and slope position were used in highquality ecological regionalization of wine grape varieties in Ningxia by using optimization method and GIS technique. The distribution maps of highquality ecological viticulture of main red varieties and white varieties were suggested for wine grape growers. All red varieties including extremely late ripening variety ‘Grenache’, mid to late ripening variety ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, mid ripening variety ‘Merlot’, and early ripening variety of ‘Pinot Noir’ are suitable for planting in Ningxia, and those varieties had great potential for exploitation. It should be focused on the development in highquality ecological zone of wine grape in the Western Xia imperial tombs region in Yinchuan, Gezi Mountain in Qingtongxia, and the Baima and Shikong mountain areas in Zhongning. Regional planting areas for early and mid ripening varieties, such as ‘Pinot Noir’, ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Riesling’, should be located in the central arid zone and Qingshui River basin.

Ecological suitability regionalization of wine grape with different ripening dates in Ning-xia.

LI Hong-ying1,2, ZHANG Xiao-yu1,2**, WANG Jing1,2, ZHANG Lei1,2, YANG Yang1,2

2014, 33(11):  3120-3126. 

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Development of wine grape industry by refinement has put forward higher requirements for the suitability regionalization. In this paper, combining the methods of assembled superiority and GIS technology, the ecological suitability regionalization of wine grape with different ripening dates were studied with overall consideration of climatic and soil conditions in Ningxia. The results showed that the wine grape could be planted in most of central and northern parts of Ning-xia. Climatic suitable regions for early maturing varieties distributed mainly in the transitional areas between central and northern parts, that for medium maturing varieties located in most of south regions of Yinchuan, and that for late maturing varieties distributed in Yinchuan and most of north areas of Yinchuan. The areas of climatic suitable regions for early, medium and late maturing varieties were 16100, 8500 and 9697 km², while those of the most ecologically suitable regions for early, medium and late maturing varieties were 730, 270 and 38.4 km², respectively. The most ecologically suitable regions were mainly concentrated in the east side of Helan Mountain that was 30 km away from the west of Yinchuan, Dove Mountain and Niushou Mountain in Qingtongxia City, the northern mountain in Zhongning City, and the northern mountains in Shizuishan. The results of this study could provide a basis for utilization of regional advantages of ecological resources during the industrial development of wine grape in Ningxia.

Rainwater resource utilization and ecosystem sustainability in arid agricultural areas: A review on 2013 International Workshop on Arid Agriculture and Ecosystem Sustainability.

WANG Hui-li1, TIAN Tao1, WANG Jian-yong1, Asfa Batool1, ZHAO Xu-zhe1, MO Fei1, Nudrat Aisha Akram2, XIONG You-cai1**

2014, 33(11):  3127-3136. 

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With the increasing occurrence of global climate change, dryland agriculture and ecosystem sustainability have been receiving more attention from the governments and ecologists worldwide. This paper reviewed all the 28 presentations in the International Workshop on Arid Agriculture and Ecosystem Sustainability held at Lanzhou University from 15 to 18 October, 2013. The presentations focused on the workshop theme of “efficient use of water resources and sustainable management of ecosystem”. Major aspects were summarized in this workshop such as opportunities and challenges in dryland agriculture, efficient utilization of rainwater resources, conservation of biodiversity in dry areas, construction of bioinformation system, sustainable ecosystem management, and enhancement of international cooperation among developing countries. Finally, on the basis of stratified feature and distinct theory of ecosystem management, we summarized the progress in agricultural water resources utilization and ecosystem management in dry areas in recent years. A conceptual diagram regarding coupling relationship between ecological conservation and agricultural production was constructed. It was aimed to provide potential theoretical evidence for food security, farmers’ livelihood improvement, sustainable ecosystem management and harmonious socioeconomic development under the background of climate change.

Advances in soil acidification hazards and control techniques.

YU Tian-yi, SUN Xiu-shan, SHI Cheng-ren, WANG Cai-bin**

2014, 33(11):  3137-3143. 

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At present, there exists a large area of soil acidification with wide distribution and high degree of acidification in China. Acidified soil with poor structure, low fertility and high toxic heavy metal contents generally affects crop growth, and thus poses a serious threat to food security and sustainable agricultural development. In this paper, the causes and hazards of soil acidification, acidresistant crop varieties screening and acidresistant mechanisms were discussed, and the acidification prevention measures were proposed. The potential areas and priorities on soil acidification study in China were: (1) to further study the desulfurization technology and aerobic composting technology for reducing emissions of SOx and NOx; (2) to develop and popularize neutral or alkaline fertilizers with low cost, long effectiveness and low environmental harmfulness for improving fertilizer use efficiency and reducing acidification caused by applying acidreleasing fertilizers excessively; (3) to strengthen the research of rhizosphereinduced acidity and screen crop varieties with high acid tolerance and low rhizosphereinduced acidity; (4) to investigate the effects of legumes and cereal crop rotation patterns and crop rotation age on soil acidity, explore simplified intercropping cultivation patterns of legumes and cereal crops to alleviate the problems of soil acidification caused by monoculture legumes.

 

Responses of dioecious plants to climate change: A review on the potential mechanisms.

CHEN Xiao-mei1**, WEI Hui2, LIN Mei-zhen1

2014, 33(11):  3144-3149. 

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Dioecious plants represent an important part of the terrestrial plants and play a relevant role in regulating the ecosystem structure and function. The female and male plants differ significantly from each other in their morphological and physiological characteristics, as well as in their resource allocation strategies. However, their sex-specific responses to climate changes and the potential mechanisms are still less studied up to date. In this paper, we reviewed the sex-specific responses of dioecious plants to climate changes, including global warming, precipitation change, and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Based on literature analysis, we also discussed the mechanisms of such sexspecific responses of dioecious plants to climate changes. Finally, the potentially important study fields for dioecious plants in the context of global climate changes were presented. The review is expected to make a scientific contribution to understanding the stability of structure and function of ecosystems, especially for those ecosystems dominated by dioecious plants, under global change.

 

Selection of foraging habitats by wildlife: A review.

WANG Zheng**, ZHANG Xu-hui

2014, 33(11):  3150-3156. 

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Foraging habitat selection, defined as nonrandom use of potential foraging habitats by animal individuals, is a behavioral strategy that is expected to contribute significantly to the viability and fitness of wildlife. The quality of foraging habitats not only affects the survival and reproduction of wildlife, but also determines the persistence of wildlife population. Foraging habitat selection has long been one of the important topics of animal ecology studies. In this review, we summarized studies conducted over the past several decades, paying particular attention to three aspects including theory background, influencing factors, and temporal and spatial variations. We discussed results from a number of case studies, aiming to uncover the underlying mechanism of foraging habitat selection. We also put forth some perspectives for future studies.

Analysis of sustainable utilization of water resource in Liaoning Province based on ecological footprint model.

ZHOU Yue, XIE Yi**

2014, 33(11):  3157-3163. 

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This paper applied ecological footprint model to investigate water ecological surplus or deficit and water use efficiency in Liaoning Province from spatial and temporal dimensions. Results from temporal dimension study indicated that, during 2000-2012, water resource ecological surplus only occurred in 2010 and were in ecological deficit in the other years, which suggested that water resource utilization was not sustainable during the study period. We also found that water resource ecological footprint per capita was mainly determined by agricultural water footprint, and water resource ecological carrying capacity per capita was significantly positively correlated with rainfall. Results also suggested that water use efficiency has been enhanced continuously, which facilitates to alleviate water resource crisis. Spatial dimension study results demonstrated that all cities in Liaoning Province were under water ecological deficit except Dandong City in 2011. In terms of water use efficiency, the economically developed areas were more efficient than the less developed areas on average. Lower water use efficiency was also found in the agriculturally developed areas where higher ecological deficits existed. Comparative analysis showed that water resource footprint in Liaoning Province was significantly higher than in Hebei, Sichuan and Zhejiang provinces. We suggest that, to promote sustainable water resource utilization, it is important to improve water resource ecological carrying capacity, reduce water ecological footprint and fix regional water imbalance.

Models of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium losses in rock slope matrix-vegetation system.

QIU Li-ping1, LI Shao-cai1, SUN Hai-long2**

2014, 33(11):  3164-3168. 

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Combining a manually simulated rainfall experiment with nutrient loss model, we quantified and forecasted the relationship between nutrient loss of matrix runoff and rainfall frequency and time in a rock slope matrix-vegetation system. Results from the rainfall experiment indicated that the losses of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) showed a negative relationship with rainfall frequency. The relationship between the accumulated nutrient loss and rainfall time followed the power function, and the nutrient loss showed significant differences with rainfall frequency and with rainfall time (P=0.00). These models could be used to forecast the nutrient loss accurately, with the coefficients of determination more than 0.86. The results of the model fitting agreed well with the experimental results, with the relative errors less than 27%. Loss of element K was best predicted in the first rainfall, while Losses of elements N and P were in the last rainfall. Therefore, our mathematical models could be used to describe the changing process of nutrient loss in runoff along with rainfall frequency and time, and provided a theoretical basis for nutrient management in the rock slope matrix-vegetation system.