Table of Content

10 June 2025, Volume 44 Issue 6

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Behavioral responses of Coccinella septempunctata to Cnidium monnieri and its volatiles infested by Semiaphis heraclei.

ZHU Xiaobing, SONG Zeyu, JIANG Xin, WEI Qiantong, SHAN Shulian, XIAO Xinru, CHEN Fajun

2025, 44(6):  1671-1771.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.026

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Coccinella septempunctata, from Coccinellidae family of Coleoptera, is a natural predator of aphids, whitefly, and other major agricultural pests and thus plays an important role in biological control of these pests. In this study, we identified the volatile components (VOCs) of the Chinese herbal plant of snake-bed grass Cnidium monnieri infested by the aphid Semiaphis heraclei using dynamic head-space adsorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The behavioral response of C. septempunctata to the snake-bed grass after aphid infestation and six kinds of VOCs differentially released by the plants were observed by Y-tube olfactometer, in order to explore the role of these VOCs in attracting predator C. septempunctata. The results showed that: (1) Compared with the control, C. septempunctata adults preferred healthy and aphid-infested plants, but there was no significant difference in attracting C. septempunctata adults between the healthy plants and those infested by aphids. (2) A total of 33 kinds of VOCs were all detected in the healthy plants, infested plants with and without S. heraclei aphids after the infestation, which were classified into eight classes: alkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, aldehydes, and phenols. (3) Aphid infestation significantly enhanced the relative contents of n-heptane, n-undecane, n-dodecane, p-xylene, 2-ethylhexanol and p-ethylacetophenone, and reduced the relative contents of tetradecane, heptadecane, α-pinene, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate and 4-ethylbenzaldehyde in the VOCs from C. monnieri plants with and without aphids after the infestation. (4) 10 μL·mL^-1 p-xylene exhibited a significant attraction to both male and female adults of C. septempunctata, with the selection rate of 76.7% and 73.3% respectively. 10 μL·mL^-1 p-ethylacetophenone had a significant attraction to male adults of C. septempunctata with a selection rate of 70.0%. Our results indicated that p-xylene, n-heptane, and p-ethylacetophenone in the VOCs from C. monnieri can be used to make the attractants for C. septempunctata in fields to improve the biocontrol effect of natural enemies.





Repellent and contact effects of extracts of five invasive plant species on red imported fire ants Solenopsis invicta.

YAO Jie, SHI Huilu, NONG Aining, QIAN Zhikai, DENG Zhiyong, DENG Yecheng, LUO Haiyu

2025, 44(6):  1772-1780.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.021

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The development of plant-derived repellents for red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) plays an important role in breaking through the limitations of chemical synthetic agents in controlling S. invicta. We evaluated the repellent and contact activities of ethyl acetate extracts of five invasive plant species against S. invicta. The results showed that the extracts of the examined five species exhibited significant repellent activities using filter paper and sand-digging methods. In the membrane assay, the repellent grades of the five extracts against S. invicta were greater than or equal to level IV at 180 min, with the highest repellency grade of V observed for Praxelis clematidea and Solidago canadensis. In the sand-digging assay, the minimum repellent effective doses (MRED) of the extracts from the five species ranged from 0.01563 to 0.125 mg·g^-1. P. clematidea and S. canadensis showed the strongest repellent effects, with MRED of 0.01563 mg·g^-1 and 0.03125 mg·g^-1, respectively, equivalent to the positive control DEET with MRED of 0.0125 mg·g^-1, following by Cuphea hyssopifolia, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and Bougainvillea glabra with MRED all at 0.125 mg·g^-1. The extracts also displayed contact activity against S. invicta. After 72 h treatment, P. clematidea, C. hyssopifolia, and A. philoxeroides showed high toxicity, with LC₅₀ values of 0.1, 0.15, and 0.22 mg·cm^-2, respectively, all less than 0.5 mg·cm^-2; while B. glabra and S. canadensis exhibited relatively lower toxicity with LC₅₀ values of 1.06 and 1.20 mg·cm^-2, respectively. Our results indicated the repellent and contact potential of the five invasive plant extracts against S. invicta, especially P. clematidea. This study provides a reference for the use of invasive plants in the control of red imported fire ants.





Characteristics of nectar and pollen plants in Beijing urban green spaces and their influence on plant-pollinator interaction network structure.

TANG Ling, ZHANG Mengyuan, HU Zhaoyan, ZHOU Jing, FAN Shuxin, DONG Li

2025, 44(6):  1781-1792.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.023

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Under the background of biodiversity loss caused by urbanization, insect pollinators worldwide are facing severe survival crisis. Urban green spaces play an important role in maintaining pollinator biodiversity due to their diverse habitats and plant species. Nectar and pollen plants, which serve as the primary food source for pollinators, are essential components of the pollination network. However, there is currently a lack of in-depth understanding of the pollination network structure in urban ecosystems. We attempted to construct a quantitative pollination network in urban green spaces. We analyzed the nectar and pollen plants, pollinating insects and their functional group composition, as well as the structure characteristics of the pollination network at the species and network levels. We described five characteristics of nectar and pollen plants: plant origin, life form, cultivation conditions, invasiveness, and horticultural traits. Additionally, the impacts of nectar and pollen plants with different characteristics on the network structure were also analyzed. We documented a total of 814 types of interactions between 204 nectar and pollen plant species and 141 pollinating insect species, with a total frequency of 4698 interactions. Ten key nectar and pollen plant species were successfully identified. The characteristics of nectar and pollen plants significantly affected the pollination network structure. Native plants, perennial herbs or shrubs, spontaneous plants or low-management intensity plants, and non-horticultural plants played a stronger stabilizing role in the network. This study confirms the effectiveness of using network analysis to make scientific decisions for urban biodiversity conservation. Our findings had important theoretical and practical significance for optimizing the configuration and management of nectar and pollen plants, enhancing the ecological benefits of urban green spaces, and promoting urban biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.





Morphological structure and distribution of hairiness on the hindleg of five species of bee pollinators for Camellia oleifera.

JIA xiaoqi, ZHOU Feng, PAN Jun, ZHAO Yuxia, ZHANG Wei, WANG Kailiang, SHU Jinping

2025, 44(6):  1793-1801.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.022

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Hairiness on the body surface of bee pollinators plays an important role in pollination success by collecting and transporting pollen. However, few studies examined the morphological and distribution characteristics of hairiness of bee pollinators. In this study, five bee pollinator species (Colletes gigas, Andrena camellia, Bombus eximius, Apis cerana, Vespa velutina nigrithorax) for Camellia oleifera were collected and identified. We compared the morphological characteristics of the hindlegs, as well as the morphology, length, quantity, and density of the hairiness in each part of hindlegs of the five pollinator species. The results showed that all the five pollinator species except V. velutina nigrithorax had pollen basket structures in the hindleg, and the hindleg structure of C. gigas was highly similar to A. camellia. The long hair on the hindlegs of the five bees could be divided into five types: long hair with feather branches, long hair with short branches, long hair with long branches at the end, long hair with spiky branches, and cone-shaped long hair without branches. There were significant differences in the number and density of hairiness on the hindleg of the five bee pollinator species. The distribution characteristics of hairiness on different parts of the hindleg of the same species were significantly different. The differences in the hairiness characteristics of the hindleg further confirmed that C. gigas, A. camellia, and B. eximius were suitable pollinators for C. oleifera. By clarifying the differences in the morphological characteristics of the hairiness on the hindleg of different bee pollinators and their relationship with pollination function, this study provides theoretical reference for the protection and utilization of bee pollinators for C. oleifera.





Effects of sublethal concentration of imidacloprid on the predation ability of Orius similis to Frankliniella occidentalis.

LI Yiru, HU Ying, ZHANG Bo, YANG Nian, LI Jiacan, ZHANG Jinlong, CHEN Guohua, CHEN Ting, ZHANG Xiaoming

2025, 44(6):  1802-1811.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.009

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To clarify the effects of sublethal concentration of imidacloprid on the ability of Orius similis to control Frankliniella occidentalis, the stomach toxicity method was used to treat O. similis, which was then fed F. occidentalis treated with two imidacloprid concentrations (LC₁₀ and LC₂₀) and water. The predation rate of O. similis on F. occidentalis under different treatments was measured. The functional response model was applied to explore the effects of imidacloprid on predation and prey searching ability. The results showed that the predation rate of O. similis on F. occidentalis was 18.4 individuals when both were treated with LC₁₀ imidacloprid, which was lower than that of O. similis or F. occidentalis treated with LC₁₀ imidacloprid at 18.6 and 19.4 individuals, respectively. The predation rate of O. similis on F. occidentalis was 20.9 individuals when treated with water. The functional response of O. similis treated with different concentrations of imidacloprid to F. occidentalis treated with the same concentration of imidacloprid, as well as to F. occidentalis treated with water, conformed to the Holling II type. The control efficiency (α/T_h) of adult female O. similis on F. occidentalis treated with both-concentrations of imidacloprid decreased with increasing imidacloprid concentration, with value of 32.38 and 25.65, respectively. Within a certain concentration range, the application of imidacloprid promoted the predation capacity of O. similis. The control efficiency of the 3-rd instar nymphs O. similis on F. occidentalis treated with LC₁₀ imidacloprid was 2.89 days higher than that of F. occidentalis treated with water. Imidacloprid affected the searching capacity of O. similis. The searching effects of adult female O. similis treated with two imidacloprid concentrations on F. occidentalis treated with the same concentration of imidacloprid decreased from 0.73 and 0.60 to 0.60 and 0.52, respectively. Overall, the application of imidacloprid inhibited the searching and predation efficiency of O. similis.





Two mtCOI haplotypes of harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis may differ in predation behaviors.

ZHENG Jie, WANG Yansong, MAO Wanpeng, LI Baoping

2025, 44(6):  1812-1817.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.025

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Predation functional responses are usually examined at the population level. However, one population is usually composed of more than one genotype such as mtCOI haplotypes. Genotypes within a population may differ in phenotypic traits. To date, little is known of predation ecology of genotypes in predacious insects. We compared two dominant mtCOI haplotypes of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis, Haplotype-I and Haplotype-II, for their functional response to aphid prey Megoura japonica. To fit Holling functional response models and estimate predation parameters derived from the model, the predation rates were calculated for both larvae (from 2^nd to 4^th instars) and adults (males and females) of those two haplotypes in response to varying prey densities. Our results showed that the two haplotypes were equivalent in the functional response, following the Holling-II model. However, they differed in some of predation parameters. Compared to Haplotype-II, Haplotype-I male adults had a higher attack (capture) rate, its 3^rd and 4^th instar larvae and female adults had a shorter prey-handling time, and its larvae and adults exhibited a higher search coefficient. These results suggest that Haplotype-I beetles may be more efficient than Haplotype-II ones in predation of aphids. This finding provides evidence for the successful colonization and strong dispersal of Haplotype-I in non-native North American and European ranges by H. axyridis. Furthermore, our study is informative to understanding of predator genotype-prey interaction ecology.





Insect diversity and its correlation with environmental factors in Tianma National Nature Reserve, the Dabie Mountains of western Anhui, China.

GUO Dongxu, SHEN Yagang, PU Faguang, CHENG Yang, YI Houqi, SONG Zuhua, LAN Xia, WAN Xia

2025, 44(6):  1818-1827.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.020

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This study was conducted in Tianma National Nature Reserve of the Dabie Mountains, western Anhui, to explore the relationship between insect diversity and environmental factors in the climatic transition zone. From March to October 2023, insect diversity was investigated across four elevation sections by collecting insects in 16 plots measuring 20 m × 20 m each with the Malaise trapping method. A total of 29942 specimens were collected, belonging to 13 orders, 122 families, and 440 species. Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera were the dominant groups. The Simpson, Shannon, and Margalef indices were the highest at an altitude of 350-650 m and lowest at 1250-1550 m. The Pielou index was the highest at 950-1250 m and lowest at 650-950 m. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) results showed significant differences in insect communities across different elevation sections. There was a declining trend of species richness along the altitudinal gradient (P<0.001), an increasing trend with rising average temperature (P<0.001), and a rise-then-fall trend with the maximum temperature difference (P<0.01). Altitude, mean temperature, and maximum temperature difference were significantly correlated with on insect diversity. Our results enriched the basic data of biodiversity in Dabie Mountains and provided references for monitoring and protecting insect diversity in the climatic transition zone from the north subtropical to south warm temperate zone.





Research progress on individual and social cognition in ants.

LI Xiaoran, ZHANG Jinqiu, WANG Cai, GE Jin, ZHANG Chenyang, WEN Chao, XIAO Haijun

2025, 44(6):  1828-1836.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.034

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Ants are social insects with a precise labor division in their colony. They have complex cognitive and collective behaviors, including tool use, spatial navigation, value recognition, associative learning, information transmission, emotional awareness, self-assemblage, and collective transport. When using tools, workers can select tools that match the specific context, and optimize the efficiency of tool use. Workers possess sophisticated navigational abilities, relying on both internal information and external signals such as visual and olfactory cues. Individual worker has the value judgment of different types of information and can form the memory of the information through associative learning. Workers also exhibit behavior as empathy towards their nestmates, often assisting individuals that appear to be in distress. Ants are capable of self-assembling their bodies to benefit their nestmates, balancing energy expenditure to optimize the overall efficiency of the colony. When encountering large foods, many workers can efficiently collaborate to transport the food back to the nest. Ants possess various cognitive abilities, but the neural basis of these abilities remains to be addressed. This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of ant cognitive behaviors, which contribute to a deeper comprehension of animal cognition.





Differences in growth and wood anatomy between healthy and declining Mongolian pine trees in relation to meteorological factors.

LI Yajing, LI Zijing, SUN Shoujia, HU Xiaochuang, GUAN Chongfan, GAO Wanting

2025, 44(6):  1837-1846.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.041

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To understand the effects of long-term drought on the growth of Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) shelterbelts in Zhangbei County, Hebei Province, China, differences of healthy and declining trees in response to meteorological factors were evaluated based on tree-ring widths and wood anatomical traits. The results showed that the tree-ring width and basal area increment of declining trees were significantly different from those of healthy trees (P<0.01). Except for the mean tracheid area of earlywood, the tracheid number, total tracheid area, and mean tracheid area of the earlywood, latewood, and whole wood of declining trees were significantly lower than those of healthy trees (P<0.05). The earlywood of healthy trees was mainly affected by the meteorological factors in the previous year, whereas the earlywood of declining trees was affected by the meteorological factors in the previous year and the current year. The growth and anatomical characteristics of the latewood were more strongly correlated with the meteorological factors in the current year. At the annual scale, the anatomical traits of the earlywood and whole wood of healthy trees were significantly correlated with the meteorological factors in the previous year, whereas those of the latewood were significantly correlated with meteorological factors in the current year (P<0.05). A significant correlation between mean tracheid area and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was detected only for the whole wood of declining trees, indicating a decrease in the responsiveness of the growth and wood anatomy to meteorological factors. The relative contributions of precipitation and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index in the previous year were greater to the growth of healthy Mongolian pine, while the minimum temperature and mean temperature contri-buted more to the growth of declining trees. Relative humidity and maximum temperature contributed more to the anatomical traits of healthy trees, while VPD and minimum temperature contributed more strongly to the anatomical traits of declining trees. The results provide a reference for optimization of the planting layout and structure of Mongolian pine shelterbelts.





Response of radial growth of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica to climate change at different ages on sandy land.

ZHOU Fengyan, WANG Sainan, ZHANG Fan, ZHAO Guojun, LEI Zeyong, HAN Yangang

2025, 44(6):  1847-1856.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.006

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Understanding the relationship between the radial growth of shelterbelts and climate change, especially extreme climate, is crucial for predicting the growth dynamics of shelterbelts under the background of climate change and formulating management measures. We examined the relationships between the radial growth of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and climate change as well as extreme climate, with Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations of 33 (middle-aged forest), 48 (mature forest), and 64 years old (over-mature forest) in Zhanggutai region on the southeastern edge of the Horqin Sandy Land. The results showed that the radial growth of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica at different stand ages responded differently to climate change, with sensitivity to climate change following an order of 33 years old > 64 years old > 48 years old. The radial growth of 33 years old Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica was significantly positively correlated with precipitation and temperature in the previous growing season and autumn, and negatively correlated with extreme temperatures in the previous growing season and autumn, as well as extreme precipitation in the current growing season. The radial growth of 48 years old Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica was significantly positively correlated with temperature in the previous growing season, but negatively correlated with extreme temperatures in the current growing season. The radial growth of 64 years old Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica was significantly positively correlated with temperature in the previous growing season and autumn, but was limited by extreme temperatures in the previous growing season and extreme precipitation at the end of the current growing season. Extreme climate factors had stronger impact on the radial growth of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica than conventional climate factors, a phenomenon being more pronounced in middle-aged and over-mature forests. Therefore, under the background of frequent extreme climates in the future, relevant management measures should be formulated to enhance the adaptability of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica to extreme climates.





Temporal and spatial variations of wind reduction and sand fixation function of ecological barrier zone on the southern edge of Horqin Sandy Land and influencing factors.

ZHU Mengyuan, TIAN Yichen, JIN Lei, TIAN Jiaye, SONG Lining, CUI Jingxuan, ZHENG Xiao, LI Xiufen

2025, 44(6):  1857-1865.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.027

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The northwest of Liaoning Province is a critical area in the battle against desertification in the Horqin Sandy Land. Assessing the wind reduction and sand fixation services is significant for regional ecological security and food security as well as the protection of black soil. In this study, we quantitatively evaluated the temporal and spatial variations of the services of wind reduction and sand fixation in the northwest of Liaoning from 2000 to 2020 based on the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) model and explored its driving factors. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the total amount of sand fixation increased from 13.09×10¹⁰ kg to 14.02×10¹⁰ kg, and the retention rate of sand fixation rose from 78.0% to 82.9%. Highvalue areas of sand fixation were mainly concentrated in the northwest of the study area, with a significant improvement in regional wind reduction and sand fixation capacity over the 20 years. (2) The retention rate of wind reduction and sand fixation across different land use types followed a pattern: woodland > grassland > cropland > other land > construction land > water bodies. Moreover, the wind reduction and sand fixation capacities of each ecosystem were improved during the past 20 years. Combined with land use change analysis, the expansion of woodland areas and the stable and positive development trend of ecosystems were the primary driving forces for the improvement of regional wind reduction and sand fixation capacity. (3) Wind speed was the main driving factor causing changes in the wind reduction and sand fixation service function in the northwest of Liaoning, whereas precipitation had a moderate impact. Over the past 20 years, an increase in vegetation coverage indicated good regional vegetation restoration, which was a key factor in enhancing wind reduction and sand fixation in the sandy control areas of northwestern Liaoning.





Physiological mechanism of low temperature stress inhibiting photosynthesis in Aegiceras corniculatum seedlings.

CHEN Siyi, LI Junjian, YIN Yaxin, SHAN Qiaobo, ZHENG Chunfang

2025, 44(6):  1866-1873.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.028

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We investigated the effects of low-temperature stresses on the photosynthesis of 14-month-old seedlings of Aegiceras corniculatum. These seedlings were subjected to different low-temperature stresses (day/night temperatures of 17 ℃/12 ℃, 12 ℃/7 ℃, 7 ℃/2 ℃, and 5 ℃/-2 ℃) for four days. We examined the impacts of low temperatures on gas exchange parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity, hydrogen peroxide, and endogenous phytohormone content in the leaves, as well as the melatonin synthesis pathway. Results showed that when the temperature exceeded 12 ℃ (day)/7 ℃ (night), the decline in the net photosynthetic rate was primarily attributed to stomatal limitation. However, when the temperature fell below 7 ℃ (day)/2 ℃ (night), the reduction in photosynthesis could be attributed to both stomatal and nonstomatal limitations. Severe low-temperature stress not only diminished net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase, and hormone contents in leaves but also impeded the formation of intermediate products in the melatonin synthesis pathway and the activities of related synthases. Concurrently, severe low-temperature stress elevated intercellular CO₂ concentration and the contents of malonaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide in leaves. The findings suggest that the inhibition of severe low-temperature stress on the photosynthesis of A. corniculatum seedlings is primarily linked to the blockade of endogenous melatonin biosynthesis pathway, oxidative homeostasis, and the imbalance of plant hormones.





Effects of photovoltaic types on culture pond environment and digestive physiology of Apostichopus japonicus during summer.

GUO Shuang, YU Zhenglin, HOU Chaowei, ZHANG Wenjing, PANG Lei, JIANG Tongtong, WANG Han, SHAN Encui, YUAN Xiutang

2025, 44(6):  1874-1882.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.003

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Aquavoltaics represents an innovative model for integrated development that synergizes the practices of aquaculture with photovoltaic energy generation. This model can meet human energy demand and save land resources. However, its impacts on the environment of mariculture ponds and aquaculture organisms reared therein are not fully understood. We employed two distinct configurations of photovoltaic arrays \[(stationary photovoltaic (SPV group) and tracking photovoltaic (TPV group)\] to explore their influences on ecological environment and digestive physiology of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in summer (July to September). The results showed that both photovoltaic systems significantly reduced surface light intensity and water temperature in the ponds. Light intensity and water temperature were decreased by 85.3% and 1.05 ℃ in the SPV ponds, and by 84.6% and 0.76 ℃ in the TPV ponds, respectively. However, differences in light intensity and water temperature were not statistically significant between the two photovoltaic types. The total abundance of phytoplankton was not affected by the presence of photovoltaic types, though specific increases were observed in Cyanophyta in SPV ponds and Pyrrophyta in TPV ponds. The composition and abundance of zooplankton were not influenced by the PV systems. Chlorophyll a concentration showed negligible changes between the photovoltaic types, with a singular exception noted in July. Organic matter content in surface sediments and the activity of digestive enzymes in A. japonicus were stable. Both photovoltaic types can effectively reduce pond water temperatures via shading, but did not affect the composition and abundance of plankton and digestive enzymes of the cultured A. japonicus in the ponds, which has the potential advantage of preventing the mass mortality of A. japonicus caused by extreme high temperature.





Assessment on community structure and biological integrity of macroinvertebrates in Lishui River Basin of Zhangjiajie City.

PENG Zenghui, CHEN Dongsu, SHI Lin, LUO Qinghua, QIU Shuai, FAN Ying, YU Xianghong

2025, 44(6):  1883-1890.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.005

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To assess the eco-health status of the Lishui River Basin of Zhangjiajie City, we conducted two comprehensive investigations of macroinvertebrate community in the spring and autumn of 2023. A total of 105 taxa (species/genus) of macroinvertebrates  were detected in the basin, belonging to 4 phyla, 8 classes and 72 families, with an annual average density of 506 ind·m^-2 and an average biomass of 33.86 g·m^-2. Species number, density, and biomass of macroinvertebrates in autumn were higher than spring. A total of 18 biological metrics were screened by methods of distribution range, discriminant ability, and redundancy. The total taxa, Shannon index, and Hilsenhoff biotic index (HBI) were selected to construct the benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) assessment system of the Lishui River Basin of Zhangjiajie City, with a standard value of health (excellent) of 2.00. 73.8% of the monitoring sites were in “fair” or better eco-health status. The eco-health status in autumn was better than that in spring. The overall eco-health status of the basin was “good”, with the average B-IBI value of the basin was 1.55. The B-IBI assessment system contains abundant information based on the data of macroinvertebrates in spring and autumn, which has stronger comparability and practicability,  setting the stage for ongoing long-term monitoring and evaluation of the Lishui River Basin.





Species composition of amphibians and the environmental interpretation in Sangzhi County, Hunan Province, China.

HOU Dejia, GAO Zhiwei, QIAN Tianyu, XIANG Jianjun, XIAO Nengwen, LIU Gaohui, YANG Daode

2025, 44(6):  1891-1899.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.002

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Exploring species composition of amphibians at different altitudes and in different habitats and the main driving factors is of great significance for the effective management of regional amphibians and the scientific protection of endangered species. Sangzhi County in Hunan Province, dominated by mountain forest ecosystem, located in Wuling Mountain biodiversity conservation priority area, is suitable for research on species composition and environmental factors. Grid method and line-transect method were used to divide Sangzhi County into 51 grids of 10 km × 10 km. Considering accessibility, habitat integrity and randomness, we selected 23 grids in which 2-4 lines per grid of amphibian survey were laid. The transect lines were arranged in the river, mountain streams or forests, while covering the elevations where amphibians are mainly distributed. We conducted three field surveys from July to September 2019 and from June to September 2020. We used principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) to compare the composition of amphibian species at different altitudes and habitats. Meanwhile, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to explore the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of amphibian species. We recorded 30 amphibian species, accounting for 34.88% of the total number of amphibian species in Hunan Province. Among which, five species are listed in the second class of National Key Protected Wild Animal List and four species are the type locality in Sangzhi County. The species composition of amphibians showed spatial variations (P<0.01), which may be related to habitat heterogeneity. The species composition of amphibians was mainly affected by factors related to temperature. The explanation rate of 10 environmental factors for amphibian species composition was 30.7%. The total and net effects of annual temperature variation, isotherm, and mean temperature of coldest quarter reached a significant level, and their explanation rates were 10.5%, 3.4% and 3.0%, respectively, which were the main factors affecting the amphibian species composition. According to the results obtained, the following suggestions are proposed: carrying out supplementary surveys and long-term monitoring of amphibian resources, perfecting amphibian protection measures at high altitudes, and strengthening wildlife publicity and law enforcement.





Spatiotemporal patterns and influencing factors of rodent diversity in the Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve.

QIAN Zesheng, ZHOU Lizhi

2025, 44(6):  1900-1908.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.004

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Rodent community structure is influenced by the environment and responds to environmental changes. To clarify the temporal and spatial variations of rodent diversity and its relationship with environmental factors in Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve, surveys on rodent communities were conducted in different seasons and habitats from August 2022 to July 2023. We examined differences in rodent community structures across different seasons and habitats using α and β diversity, trend extrapolation, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and cluster analysis. The mantel test, redundancy analysis, and variance partitioning analysis were used to decipher the impacts of environmental factors on rodent community structure. A total of 310 rodents were trapped, belonging to one order, two families, five genera, and seven species. The species diversity was highest in autumn. Spatially, rodent diversity followed a “mid-peak pattern”. Diversity indices were higher in shrubbery, tea plantation, and broadleaved forests compared to farmlands and needleleaved forests. However, there were no significant differences in rodent species composition across different seasons (r=0.032, P>0.05), but significant differences across habitats (r=0.464, P<0.01), with two distinct clustering groups of broadleaved forests vs. needleleaved forests, and shrubs vs. tea plantations. The annual range of temperature difference, slope, vegetation height, and distance from human disturbance were the main environmental factors affecting the changes in rodent community structure. Energy, environmental stability, habitat heterogeneity and human disturbance together explained 36.37% of the variation in rodent community. Among them, habitat heterogeneity had the highest explanation degree (28.71%). Our results can provide a reference for the research and management strategy formulation of rodent community diversity in the reserve.





Effects of different phosphorus levels on root morphology and phosphorus uptake of Ormosia henryi seedlings.

XIE Zhihui, XIAO Yaqin, ZHOU Xun, LI Ting, WU Qinxiang, CAO Jiwu, SUN Minhong

2025, 44(6):  1909-1916.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.024

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Phosphorus is one of the essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Root growth of different plants responds differently to phosphorus levels. Ormosia henryi Hemsl. & E. H. Wilson is a rare and endangered plant species with important economic and ecological values. In this study, we explored the responses of two-year-old O. henryi seedlings to different phosphorus levels. Five phosphorus levels of 0 (P0), 0.5 (P1), 1.0 (P2), 2.0 (P3) and 4.0 (P4) mmol·L^-1 were set up with the modified Hoagland nutrient solution. We analyzed the effects of different phosphorus levels on root morphology and phosphorus uptake of O. henryi seedlings. The results showed that: (1) Total root length, total root surface area, total root volume, average root diameter, and root vigor were highest under the P2 treatment and lowest under the P4 treatment. (2) Acid phosphatase activity from root base and middle regions was higher under the P1 treatment, and that from seedling root middle and tip regions was higher under the P2 treatment, which was significantly higher than that of the P0 and high-phosphorus treatments (P3 and P4). (3) The types and total amount of organic acids secreted by the roots were the largest under the P2 treatment, while the types and total amount of organic acids under the P0 and P1 treatments were higher than those under the P3 and P4 treatments. (4) Compared with the P0 treatment, phosphorus application increased the phosphorus uptake of shoots and roots, with the low phosphorus treatment (P1) performed best. In summary, the indicators of root morphology, root activity, acid phosphatase secreted from the middle and tip region of roots, and the type and content of organic acids secreted by roots were all maximized at the phosphorus level of 1.0 mmol·L^-1, which was the optimal phosphorus application level for the growth of O. henryi seedlings in this study. Under low P treatment (0.5 mmol·L^-1), the uptake of P was promoted by increasing root morphological indices, root activity, acid phosphatase activity secreted from the base and middle region roots, and the types and content of organic acids secreted. However, high phosphorus levels (2.0 and 4.0 mmol·L^-1) were not favorable to root growth of Ormosia henryi seedlings. This study provides a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization and efficient utilization of phosphate fertilizer in the seedling stage of O. henryi.





Greenhouse gas emissions under massive granulated organic material incorporation into barren cropland soils.

XIE Ling, WANG Jun, XU Yijun, LIU Wanqing, DUAN Xun, WU Jinshui, CHEN Xiangbi, WANG Zhongcheng

2025, 44(6):  1917-1928.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.031

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Massive organic material input is an effective way to rapidly improve fertility of barren agricultural soil. In this study, we examined the responses of greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon sequestration from two typical barren cropland soils in a red-soil hilly area to the input of massive granulated organic materials. A field experiment was conducted with a control (CK) and three combinations of granulated organic materials (60 t·hm^-2; input by carbon equivalent for each organic material) in upland and paddy fields, i.e., pure straw (G_S), equal proportions of rice straw and organic manure (G_SM), and equal proportions of rice straw, organic manure, biochar (G_SMB); as well as three amounts of straw granules returned to the field, i.e., 30 (G_S30), 60 (G_S60), and 90 t·hm^-2 (G_S90). The results showed that under the same conditions of material input, CO₂ emissions from upland soil were higher than those from paddy soil, whereas CH₄ and N₂O emissions from paddy soil were higher than those from upland soil. Cumulative CO₂ and CH₄ emissions from upland and paddy soils in one year were much lower under the combination of rice straw, organic manure and biochar than under pure straw and the combination of straw and organic manure. CO₂ emissions in upland soils were much higher under pure straw treatment than under the combination of straw and organic manure, but there was no difference between the two treatments in paddy soils. When 30, 60 and 90 t·hm^-2 pure straw granules were returned to the field, the cumulative CO₂ and CH₄ emissions from upland and paddy soils over one year increased with the return amount. Compared to rice paddy, the proportion of input material carbon converted to soil organic carbon was lower in upland, and the proportion converted to greenhouse gases was higher. However, the proportion of material carbon converted to soil organic carbon remained stable in upland soil and decreased in rice paddy when the amount of material input was increased. In summary, when granulated organic materials are returned to the field, the mixture of appropriate amount of biochar can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase soil carbon sequestration in barren croplands. The high-intensity input of organic material granules can be used in uplands. In paddy fields, the input amount should be reduced based on water management of the field, which could reduce greenhouse gas emissions.





Effects of different fertilization modes on community structure and diversity of soil nematodes in a honey peach orchard.

LI Xiongwei, MA Liangliang, ZHOU Zhilin, LIU Qin, YANG Wanjin, WU Xiaodan, PENG Wanxia

2025, 44(6):  1929-1936.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.016

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The community structure of soil nematodes serves as a crucial indicator for the changes in soil environmental conditions and ecosystem functioning. Based on Illumina Miseq sequencing technology, we examined the effects of different fertilization modes on the community structure and diversity of soil nematodes in newly-built honey peach orchards in Chengdu Plain and explored the primary influencing factors. The treatments were conventional management (HCK), the incorporation of rapeseed meal cake fertilizer (HB), planting a green manure crop (Vicia villosa var. glabrescens, HG), application of selenium fertilizer (HX), a combination of green manure and rapeseed meal cake fertilizer (HGB), and a blend of selenium and rapeseed meal cake fertilizers (HXB). The results showed that soil nematode species in the peach orchards encompassed 17 classes, 92 families, and 133 genera, with Colpoda and Acrobeloides being the dominant nematode groups (the average relative abundance was 38.16% and 20.77%, respectively). The selenium fertilizer treatment yielded the highest relative abundance of these dominant groups, whereas green manure treatment exhibited the lowest. The ACE richness index of soil nematodes did not differ among different fertilization modes. Shannon diversity index was significantly higher in green manure treatment (HG) than other treatments, particularly in the green manure + rapeseed meal cake fertilizer treatment (HGB). Additionally, rapeseed meal cake fertilizer (HG), selenium fertilizer (HX), and selenium fertilizer + rapeseed meal cake fertilizer (HXB) treatments exhibited significantly higher Shannon diversity indices than the green manure + rapeseed meal cake fertilizer treatment (HGB). Cluster analysis categorized the soil nematode communities under the six fertilization schemes into two groups: one group comprising rapeseed meal cake fertilizer (HB), green manure (HG), and green manure + rapeseed meal cake fertilizer (HGB), and the other group including other three fertilization schemes. Soil pH and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) content were the primary factors influencing the structure of soil nematode communities in the honey peach orchards. Thus, fertilization modes regulate community composition and diversity of soil nematodes by influencing soil physicochemical properties, especially pH and nitrate nitrogen levels.





The kinetics of nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by Suaeda salsa and Phragmites australis under salt stress.

HUANG Yinglin, SUN Xiaoxuan, GUAN Bo, CUI Wenhui, WANG Guangmei, LIU Xiaoling, YU Junbao

2025, 44(6):  1937-1944. 

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To understand the effects of salinity on nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of Suaeda salsa and Phragmites australis, the uptake characteristics of NH₄⁺-N and H₂PO₄^--P of both species under salt stress were investigated by depletion method. Two levels of NaCl (S. salsa: 0 and 1.5%, P. australis: 0 and 1%), five levels of NH₄⁺-N (0.25, 1, 5, 10, and 15 mmol·L^-1), and six levels of H₂PO₄^--P (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 mmol·L^-1) were established. The concentration of the solution was measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 h to obtain the uptake rate and kinetic characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus by S. salsa and P. australis. The results showed that the uptake of NH₄⁺-N and H₂PO₄^--P by S. salsa fitted the Michaelis-Menten equation. Uptake kinetics of NH₄⁺-N by S. salsa showed a linear response at 1.5% NaCl, but saturated at 0 NaCl. 1.5% NaCl inhibited the uptake of NH₄⁺-N and H₂PO₄^--P by S. salsa. Compared to the 0 NaCl treatment, the maximum absorption rate (V_max) and the Michaelis constant value (K_m) of NH₄⁺-N uptake by S. salsa increased by 157.43% and 1542.99% at 1.5% NaCl, respectively, while the flow rate of NH₄⁺-N in root (α) decreased by 84.35%. Compared to the 0 NaCl treatment, the V_max and α of H₂PO₄^--P decreased by 10.18% and 27.84% at 1.5 % NaCl, and K_m increased by 23.92%. For P. australis, the uptake kinetics of NH₄⁺-N and H₂PO₄^--P could be described by Michaelis-Menten equation. The absorption curves were consistent with the saturation kinetics characteristics. 1% NaCl promoted the uptake of NH₄⁺-N and H₂PO₄^--P. Compared to the 0 NaCl treatment, the V_max of NH₄⁺-N uptake by P. australis increased by 16.65%, K_m decreased by 53.02%, α increased by 147.02% at 1% NaCl. The V_max of H₂PO₄^--P uptake increased by 166.77%, K_m decreased by 28.35%, and α increased by 278.57% at 1% NaCl. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the uptake characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus by S. salsa and P. australis under salt stress differ significantly. This discrepancy may be attributed to their distinct nutrient acquisition strategies. Our results provide a theoretical foundation for investigating vegetation restoration and purification functions in coastal wetlands.





Effects of soil physicochemical properties on plant diversity in a wetland under different intensities of disturbance.

ZOU Yuhan, TANG Xiying, CUI Lijuan, LEI Yinru, LI Huazhe, ZHAO Xinsheng, ZHAI Xiajie, WANG Zecheng, LI Wei

2025, 44(6):  1945-1952.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.035

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Plant species diversity is crucial for maintaining the structure and function of wetlands. Changes of wetland soil may affect vegetation type and biodiversity. To gain a deeper understanding of the current state of plant species diversity in the wetlands of the Hanzhong Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi Province and the effects of soil physicochemical properties on wetland plant diversity under different disturbance intensities, we conducted a field survey of plants and soil during the peak period of plant growth from July to August 2022. The importance value (IV) was used to identify the dominant species in the reserve. Species diversity was assessed using the Patrick abundance index, Pielou evenness index, Shannon index, and Simpson index. Additionally, key soil physicochemical properties, such as total carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, pH, moisture content, and salinity, were measured. The results showed that there were 82 plant species, belonging to 61 genera of 30 families, mainly herbaceous plants. The core area and the buffer zone demonstrated higher diversity values in the Shannon and Simpson indices, while differences in the Pielou index across the entire study area were not significant. Overall, the correlation between plant species diversity and soil physicochemical properties in the sampling sites was weak.





Differences of soil organic carbon components under organic fertilizer substitution and its influence on bacterial community.

LI Yuxin, ZENG Xibai, WEN Jiong, WANG Yanan, ZHANG Yang, TANG Yuefeng, XU Liyang, XU Bingqian, GAO Jinhua

2025, 44(6):  1953-1962.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.036

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The composition and structure of organic carbon are crucial factors influencing soil carbon sequestration and microbial activity. However, few studies have investigated the effects of soil organic carbon composition and structure on soil bacterial community composition under organic substitution. In this study, we conducted a long-term fertilization experiment on river alluvial soil in Yueyang, with seven treatments: no fertilization (CK), mineral NPK fertilizers only (NPK), pig manure substitution for chemical fertilizer in different proportions (30%M₁+NPK, 60%M₁+NPK，M₁), and rapeseed cake fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizer in different proportions (30%M₂+NPK, 60%M₂+NPK). The results showed that, compared to the NPK treatment, the M₁ treatment significantly increased the levels of soluble organic carbon (DOC), readily oxidizable organic carbon (ROC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC). Moreover, the M₁ treatment reduced the proportion of alkoxy carbon within POC, while significantly increased alkyl carbon content, the ratio of alkyl carbon to alkoxy carbon, and the hydrophobic index. These findings suggested that POC was more stable under the M₁ treatment. Compared to the NPK treatment, the 60%M₁+NPK and M₁ treatments significantly enhanced the Chao, Ace and Shannon indices. However, the 30% and 60%M₂+NPK treatments had no significant effect. The MBC content and the proportion of aromatic carbon in POC were positively correlated with bacterial community diversity. Furthermore, both MBC and MAOC content had a substantial impact on bacterial community composition. In conclusion, the M₁ treatment was the optimal fertilization management approach to maintain soil organic carbon stability and promote microbial diversity. Our results provided theoretical support for finding an organic alternative fertilizer model conducive to sustainable agricultural development.





Effect of phosphorus regulators on soil phosphorus availability and maize yield.

WANG Qi, WU Chenran, ZHANG Yulan, CHEN Zhenhua, XU Jiaoyang, JIANG Nan, CHEN Lijun

2025, 44(6):  1963-1970.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.013

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We explored the effects of the application of exogenous phytase and phosphate liberation bacteria in a cropland of maize, with the following treatments, no fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization (F100), and 20% reduced phosphorus fertilization (F80), adding exogenous phytase (F80S1), phosphate liberation bacteria (F80S2), and a combination of exogenous phytase and phosphate liberation bacteria (F80S3) under reduced phosphorus fertilization. The effects of exogenous phytase or phosphate liberation on soil phosphorus availability, soil phosphatase activity, maize yield, and phosphorus uptake were examined. The results showed that compared to solely reducing phosphorus (F80) treatment, the F80S1, F80S2, and F80S3 treatments increased maize yield and phosphorus uptake. In 2021, the F80S1 treatment significantly increased the inorganic phosphorus content in the 0-10 cm soil layer compared to F100 and F80, while the treatments with other phosphorus regulators showed no significant impact on the contents of soil phosphorus fractions. There was a trend of increasing soil available phosphorus content and the ratio of inorganic phosphorus to organic phosphorus (P_i/P_o). Soil phosphatase activity in the phosphorus regulator treatments showed no significant difference compared to F80. In 2022, compared to F80 treatment, F80S1 and F80S3 treatments significantly increased soil available phosphorus and total phosphorus contents in the 0-10 cm soil layer, as well as soil inorganic phosphorus and total phosphorus contents in the 10-20 cm soil layer. F80S1 and F80S3 treatments significantly decreased soil alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase activities in the 0-10 cm soil layer. Results of correlation analysis showed that soil available phosphorus and organic phosphorus contents were significantly negatively correlated with soil phosphatase activity and significantly positively correlated with soil inorganic phosphorus content in the 0-10 cm soil layer. In the 10-20 cm soil layer, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase activities were significantly negatively correlated with soil available phosphorus and organic phosphorus contents, and significantly positively correlated with soil inorganic phosphorus and total phosphorus contents. Soil acid phosphatase activity was positively correlated with soil inorganic phosphorus and total phosphorus contents. In summary, exogenous phytase and phosphate liberation bacteria can effectively increase soil available phosphorus content, thereby promoting maize yield and phosphorus uptake. The combined application of exogenous phytase and phosphate liberation bacteria inoculants is better than the single application.





Effects of oxygenation and nitrogen forms on root biological characteristics and cadmium accumulation in rice.

LIU Hui, WU Songjin, CHEN Xinrui, HE Haibing, YANG Ru

2025, 44(6):  1971-1979.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.007

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Rice plants are positively influenced by oxygen and nitrogen forms. However, little is known about the effects of oxygenation and nitrogen forms on root biological characteristics and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice plants. In this study, two rice cultivars Shenliangyou 1813 (SLY 1813) and Hanyou 73 (HY 73) were planted under external oxygenation and different nitrogen forms, including 100% of ammonium nitrogen, 100% of nitrate nitrogen, and 50% of ammonium nitrogen plus 50% of nitrate nitrogen. The experiment was conducted in hydroponic conditions for two weeks. A Cd concentration of 0.5 mg·L^-1 was applied to the nutrient solution during the experiment. Root biological characteristics such as physiological, morphological, anatomical parameters and Cd accumulation rate of aboveground part at the end of the experiment were measured. The results showed that plant height, aboveground biomass, tillering number, and root biological characteristic parameters (including root activity, root length, root surface area, root volume, number of aerenchyma, number of root vascular bundles, and distance from the epidermis to the pericycle) were significantly increased in aerobic conditions compared with those without oxygenation under all nitrogen forms (P<0.05). Across the treatments of nitrogen forms, ammonium and nitrate mixed nitrogen forms improved the growth performance of shoot and root when compared with single ammonium and nitrate nitrogen treatments in both cultivars. The accumulated Cd content of shoots was the lowest under the combined mode of oxygenation treatment and mixed nitrogen forms, but was the highest in the treatment of single nitrate nitrogen or ammonium nitrogen without oxygenation. Shoot Cd content was significantly negatively correlated with root length, root surface area, root volume, and number of root vascular bundles (P<0.01). These results suggest that improved root growth capacities by applying oxygenation and mixed nitrogen forms could reduce Cd accumulation under Cd stress in rice seedlings. This study would provide guidance for the safe production of rice in Cd-contaminated paddy fields.





Mechanistic insights into seleniumdriven activation of antioxidant enzyme system in bananas against Fusarium wilt pathogen.

LUO Ying, DING Yue, ZHENG Sijun, LIU Kunhua, WANG Chengye, YIN Kesuo, XU Shengtao, REN Zhen, LI Chengyun, LIU Lina

2025, 44(6):  1980-1989.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.018

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Fusarium wilt disease, caused by the virulent tropical race 4 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc TR4), poses a significant threat to the sustainable development of banana production industry. Selenium plays a crucial role in the prevention of Foc TR4 in the widely cultivated banana germplasm, Baxi Jiao. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The disease indices of five banana germplasms (Mbwazirume, Inkira, GCTCV-119, Gros Michel, and Banksii) were evaluated following treatment with 40 mg·L^-1 of selenium and inoculation with Foc TR4. We investigated the total selenium content, antioxidant enzyme activities \[superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)\], and glutathione (GSH) content in tissues at different time points to elucidate the mechanism of selenium-mediated resistance in bananas against Foc TR4. The results showed that selenium addition significantly reduced the disease index across the three germplasms (Mbwazirume, Inkira, and GCTCV-119), with controlling effects ranging from 41.7% to 62.6%. These germplasms had higher selenium content and enrichment coefficients in roots and leaves compared to germplasms with negligible control effects. Selenium enhanced GSH-Px enzyme activity in Mbwazirume and GCTCV-119, either maintaining or increasing GSH content, and contributed to the dynamic equilibrium between GSH-Px activity and GSH content. The POD activity in leaves, after pathogen inoculation, exhibited an initial increase, followed by a decrease, and then a resurgence, reaching peak values on 7th and 56th day after inoculation, respectively. Throughout this process, the peak values of POD activity remained within the normal range of 265.9 to 351.7 μmol·min^-1·g^-1. Furthermore, selenium significantly enhanced the PPO activity directly. This study elucidates the relationship between selenium enrichment ability and the preventive effects across different banana germplasms. The differential regulation of host antioxidant enzymes (GSH-Px, POD, and PPO) may serve as a mechanism by which selenium enhances resistance to Foc TR4. These findings provide a foundation for further exploration of the role of selenium in combating banana wilt disease.





Effects of the addition of selenium-rich nutrient solution on photosynthetic characteristics and mineral element accumulation in coffee (Coffea arabica).

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MA Qiantao, YANG Shibo, ZHANG Manchang, LIU Xinanbei, ZHANG Yunjuan, LI Xiaojiao, LIU Qing, JI Zhanhua, LIU Wan

2025, 44(6):  1990-1999.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.015

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Plants are important medium for human to ingest selenium (Se) from external environment. Coffee (Coffea arabica) has strong ability to accumulate Se. To provide a technical reference for assessment of coffee growth and safe application of Se fertilizer during the production of Se-enriched functional coffee, a field experiment was carried out in Lujiangba, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province. The coffee cultivar ‘Typica’ was used as test material, with Se(IV)-rich nutrient solution containing 0-160 mg·L^-1 Se(IV) being sprayed on leaves during the filling stage of coffee. Photosynthetic characteristics, accumulation of selenium, iron and zinc of micro-elements in coffee, and the relationships among them were examined. The results showed that foliar application of 40-120 mg·L^-1 Se(IV) significantly increased plant height (17.6%-23.2%), the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b (12.6%-42.9% and 23.7%-45.8%), net photosynthetic rate (11.1%-36.7%), stomatal conductance (12.6%-22.9%), and the contents of total Se (19.8-67.8 and 3.1-30.4 times) in coffee leaves and green beans, respectively. Se-enriched green beans contained higher concentrations of total free amino acid (an increase of 12.5%-40.9%), soluble sugar (14.6%-36.5%), soluble protein (16.7%-44.3%), and several minerals, including copper (11.2%-29.9%), zinc (18.5%-70.5%), cobalt (12.8%-66.9%), iron (11.1%-19.2%), and magnesium (15.5%-45.9%). Those indices with higher contents occurred in Se-enriched leaves. However, foliar application of 160 mg·L^-1 Se(IV) inhibited those variables. Therefore, the proper concentration of a Se(IV)-rich nutrient solution (80-120 mg·L^-1 Se(IV)) can significantly increase net photosynthetic rate, contents of free amino acid, soluble sugar, soluble protein, total Se, and mineral elements in coffee leaves and green beans. This agronomic practice could be a promising strategy for production of Se-enriched functional coffee products and for the improvement of nutritional quality in coffee grown in Se-deficient soils.





Effects of foliar and soil conditioners on cadmium accumulation in rice from a typical antimony mining area in Guizhou Province.

ZOU Fangfang, JI Hongwei, XU Xiaohang, LIU Lin, ZENG Jie, HAN Jialiang, QIU Guangle

2025, 44(6):  2000-2010.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.010

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The mining and smelting of antimony ore cause serious pollution of paddy soils in mining areas, with cadmium (Cd) pollution being overlooked. In this study, 21 pairs of rice and rhizosphere soil samples during the rice maturation period were collected from rice fields around an antimony mine in Dushan County, Guizhou Province. Contents of Cd in soil and rice grains were analyzed. Results showed that the mean Cd contents in soil and rice grains were 1.31±3.46 and 0.38±2.82 mg·kg^-1, respectively, with exceedance rates of 66.7% and 14.3%, indicating a significant risk of Cd pollution. A field remediation experiment on three rice cultivars was conducted with three treatments, applying organic fertilizer to the soil, foliar spraying of fulvic acid zinc, and a combination of both. The results showed that organic fertilizer increased soil pH and thereby reduced soil available Cd content and the Cd concentrations in rice grains. Compared to the control group, the organic fertilizer treatment reduced the Cd concentrations in rice grains of Jingliangyou 543 and Guang No. 8 You 199 by 41.7% and 42.0%, respectively, with no significant effect on Jiazaoyou 1792. Foliar application of zinc fulvic acid + organic fertilizer significantly reduced the Cd concentration in Jiazaoyou 1792 grains by 42.5%. Jiazaoyou 1792 exhibited the lowest Cd content in rice grains and the highest yield. After remediation, the health risks associated with consuming rice were reduced; however, the carcinogenic risk (CR) retained above 10^-4. For adults, the non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) of consuming Jiazaoyou 1792 was below 1. For children, HQ was also below 1 when consuming Jiazaoyou 1792 treated with foliar application of zinc fulvic acid + organic fertilizer group. Additionally, the combined treatment achieved the greatest reduction in CR, decreasing by 78.7% and 76.8% for children and adults, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended to grow Jiazaoyou 1792 in the typical karst area and adopt foliar spraying zinc fulvic acid + organic fertilizer to mitigate Cd risks.





Accumulation characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in dominant species of different plant communities in coal gangue dump.

YAN Hedian, SONG Lin, JIANG Xin, HE Chengzhong, YAN Kai, ZHAN Fangdong, LI Bo, LI Yuan

2025, 44(6):  2011-2020.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.040

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Heavy metals in coal gangue piles spread to the adjacent areas under hydro-mechanical coupling action, resulting in fragile surrounding ecological environment. The resultant ecological risk has received wide concerns. To understand the ecological risk of plant communities and soil pollution in coal gangue piles and the accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in dominant plant species in Southwest China, plant communities and soils of coal gangue piles in three regions of Fuyuan County, Yunnan Province were taken as the research objects. We investigated the characteristics of different plant communities and the heavy metal pollution status of soils (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn). Furthermore, the enrichment and translocation characteristics of heavy metals by dominant species were analyzed. Seven dominant species, namely, Elsholtzia fruticosa, Alnus nepalensis, Buddleja officinalis, Coriaria nepalensis, Artemisia caruifolia, Lespedeza cuneata, Saccharum rufipilum, across nine plant communities were investigated. Alnus nepalensis had strong translocation capacity for Zn and Pb (TF_Zn=2.73, TF_Pb=2.50), while Artemisia caruifolia had the strongest enrichment capacity for Cd (BCF_Cd=0.69). The other dominant species had certain enrichment and translocation capacity for heavy metals. Species richness index was significantly positively correlated with soil total potassium content, and negatively correlated with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and As content. The proportions of samples with the contents of  Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Zn in the study area exceeding the background values of corresponding elements in soils in Yunnan Province were 63%， 100%, 100%, 59.3%, 85.2%, 96.3%,  respectively. The ecological risk assessment showed that soil of Saccharum rufipilum community (L1) in Laochang Town was seriously polluted by Hg and As, while the soil of Buddleja officinalis community (H3) in Housuo Town was seriously polluted by Cd. In conclusion, the ecological risks of Hg, Cd, and As in the surface soil were higher than those of other heavy metals, which should be paid attention in future soil environmental risk control. The seven dominant species distributed in the area have certain enrichment and translocation capacity for heavy metals, and can be used for vegetation restoration and ecological restoration of coal gangue piles in the study area.





Mineral phase transformation of amorphous magnesium calcium carbonate and its effect on the partitioning of coexisting arsenic.

CHANG He, KONG Yushuo, ZHAO Xiaoming, CHEN Jia, ZHU Xiaolin, LIN Jinru, SHI Zhongliang, MA Xu, YAO Shuhua

2025, 44(6):  2021-2028.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.033

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The mineral phase transformation of amorphous magnesium-calcium carbonate affects the environmental behavior of the coexisting arsenic (As) in mining environments. However, the mineral phase transformation process of amorphous magnesiumcalcium carbonate and the partitioning behavior of the coexisting arsenic remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of pH condition (7.5 and 9.5), As valence state (As(III) or As(V)), and concentration (1 and 10 mg·L^-1) on the phase changes and arsenic partitioning during arsenic-participated amorphous magnesium-calcium carbonate transformation. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope techniques were used to characterize the solid samples. The results showed that amorphous magnesium-calcium carbonate firstly was transformed into Mg-bearing vaterite (CaCO₃, hexagonal system), then to Mg-bearing CaCO₃·H₂O and calcite (CaCO₃, trigonal system), and finally to aragonite (CaCO₃, orthorhombic system) at different pH conditions and As(III) or As(V) concentrations. The conversion rate of amorphous magnesium-calcium carbonate highly depended on pH conditions, As valence states, and its concentrations. The transformation rate of amorphous magnesium-calcium carbonate at pH 7.5 was higher than that at pH 9.5. The transformation rate decreased with increasing As concentration. The Mg-bearing aragonite and calcite formed at pH 9.5 can immobilize more As(As(III) or As(V)) than those formed at pH 7.5 and showed a better fixation ability for As(V). Our results have implications for understanding the mobility and transformation behavior of arsenic in mining-impacted environments.





Spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of vegetation coverage in different regions of Hunan Province during 2000 to 2022.

XU Faqing, HE Jienan, YANG Hao, SU Yifeng, LI Chunhua

2025, 44(6):  2029-2041.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.014

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Exploring the spatiotemporal variations of vegetation and its response to climate change is crucial for regional ecological protection and sustainable development. We divided Hunan Province into four main geographical regions utilized Landsat image data to construct the green fractional vegetation cover (GFVC) based on the green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI). By using trend analysis, correlation analysis, and lag-effect tests, we examined the spatiotemporal variations of GFVC in different regions of Hunan Province, elucidated the impact mechanisms of temperature and precipitation on GFVC, and disclosed the influence of human activities on vegetation succession. The results showed that: (1) There were significant spatiotemporal variations in GFVC across different regions of Hunan. The Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan region, Dongting Lake region, and south-central Hunan exhibited significant growth of GFVC, with the distribution type being mainly the medium-high vegetation cover. The GFVC in western Hunan did not show significant growth, with the distribution type being primarily high vegetation coverage.  (2) The trend of vegetation succession in all the four regions was generally improving, with degradation trends accounting for a relative low proportion. Among them, the proportion of slight degradation was higher in western Hunan, accounting for 30.0%, while it was lower in the other regions. (3) The vegetation succession trend in all regions was primarily characterized by continuous improvement, particularly in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan region, Dongting Lake region, and south-central Hunan, where the continuous improvement areas accounted for 63.9%, 59.6%, and 69.8%, respectively. In contrast, the area of continuous improvement in western Hunan was relatively lower, accounting for 48.5%. (4) In all regions except western Hunan, GFVC was significantly negatively correlated with precipitation and positively correlated with temperature. There was avarying degree of lag effects between GFVC and climate factors in each region. (5) Human activities significantly stimulated vegetation restoration in Hunan Province, but the environmental threats from urbanization and industrial expansion should not be overlooked. In conclusion, this study revealed the regional heterogeneity of vegetation succession trends in Hunan Province, and clarified the impacts of climate change and human activities, which provides a theoretical basis and data support for formulating region-specific ecological protection strategies.





Spatial and temporal variation and coordination of land use and carbon stocks in the Luan River Basin in recent 20 years.

MEN Baohui, LI Guojiao, SHEN Yaoduo, WANG Hongrui, LI Xuanjin

2025, 44(6):  2042-2054. 

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The Luan River Basin serves as a vital green ecological barrier in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and land use changes affect carbon storage capacity in the basin. Quantitative analysis of the spatial and temporal variations of carbon stocks and conducting dynamic simulation based on the future scenarios are of great significance to maintaining the ecosystem stability and sustainable development. The InVEST and PLUS models were used to assess the land use changes and their impacts on the spatial and temporal variations of carbon stocks in the Luan River Basin under three development scenarios from 2000 to 2020 and 2030. The Moran’s I index was calculated to investigate the spatial aggregation of carbon stocks at the grid scale. The relationship between the land use intensity and carbon stock change was analyzed. The results showed that: (1) grassland and construction land continuously expanded from 2000 to 2020, while arable land, forest land, water bodies, and unused land displayed a decreasing trend. The carbon storage in the Luan River Basin was 38305.9×10⁴, 38074.1×10⁴, and 37984.3×10⁴ t in 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively. The main reason for the decrease was the conversion from high-density-carbon land use types to low-density-carbon ones. Carbon storage exhibited a “low-high-medium” distribution pattern from northwest to southeast. Under the scenarios of natural development, urban development, and ecological conservation, carbon storage was estimated to be 37895.9×10⁴, 37853.1×10⁴, and 38065.8×10⁴ t, respectively. The ecological conservation scenario was beneficial for enhancing the carbon storage capacity. (2) The spatial distribution of carbon storage showed positive autocorrelation and strong clustering characteristics. Highvalue clusters were mainly located in the middle and lower reaches of the basin, while low-value clusters were distributed in the upper reaches. (3) The proportion of coordination types between land use intensity and carbon storage change was as follows: transition type > coordinated development type > imbalance type. The areas with barely coordinated land use and carbon storage change had the highest proportion in all time periods. Our results can provide scientific references for the optimization of land use patterns and the enhancement of ecosystem carbon sink capacity at the watershed scale.





Marine ecosystem value accounting and sustainable development in Liaoning Province.

LI Jinni, YU Xiaoman, LIU Mingda, ZHANG Zhibin, BAO Yuning, ZHONG Hongli

2025, 44(6):  2055-2065.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.029

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Sea is the habitat for marine life and an integral part of human survival and development. Marine ecosystem is an important part of China’s sustainable development. To understand the sustainability of marine ecosystems, we adopted emergy analysis from two aspects, marine ecosystem values and its utility to human beings. Concerning natural capital stock, ecosystem service value, resource consumption and environmental pollution, this study built a comprehensive set of marine ecosystem evaluation index system. Marine ecosystem sustainability in Liaoning Province in 2018 was evaluated. The results showed that: (1) The natural capital stock of marine ecosystem was 1.30E+25 sej and emergy value per unit sea area was 2.03E+14 sej·m^-2, with environmental assets accounting for the largest proportion (58.63%). The emergy monetary value was 3.67E+12 Em＄and emergy monetary value per unit sea area was 57.29 Em＄·m^-2. (2) The emergy monetary value of marine ecosystem services was 1.42E+10 Em＄, which was 2.58 times of the overall market price (5.50E+09 ＄). (3) Comparing the sustainable development index before and after revision (considering ecological economic loss after revision): emergy yield ratio (EYR) was 107, environmental loading ratio (ELR) was 2.97, emergy sustainability indicator (ESI) was 36.10; revised emergy yield ratio (EYR′) was 38.30, revised environmental loading ratio (ELR′) was 3.04, and revised emergy sustainability indicator (ESI′) was 12.60. The lower EYR′ and ESI′ but higher ELR′ indicated that pollution and industry development played a significant role on marine ecosystem sustainability. With the rapid development of marine industry, the problems of marine ecological environment cannot be ignored. Therefore, the relevant policy suggestions were proposed to promote the sustainable development of marine ecosystem in Liaoning Province, including optimizing the pattern of marine spatial development to comprehensively improving the high-quality development of marine economy, protecting marine ecosystem services, paying great attention to their ecological values, and facilitating the marine coordinated development of economy-society-ecology.





Research progress of the responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin in amphibian species.

ZHANG Zhiqiang, ZHOU Liqin, ZHAO Xueqian, GAO Siyi, XU Mei, LI Xiaotong, NI Xuan, LIU Yingying

2025, 44(6):  2066-2073.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.008

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One of the major challenges in amphibian ecological immunology is to screen available immunological parameters suitable for different life history stages of amphibian species, including tadpoles, juveniles, and adults. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is a kind of mitogen, which is commonly used to predict the strength of integrated immune response in vertebrates according to the maximal response value to PHA (PHAmax) and its occurrence time. However, it was employed relatively later in amphibian species. Based on the complex life history of amphibians and the components of their immune system, we introduced the advantages and disadvantages of responsiveness to PHA as an immunological parameter, available injection positions and recommended doses, as well as calculation method, histological and hematological mechanisms for increased thickness of skin tissue. We addressed the relationship between PHA response and immunocompetence in amphibians, including the influence of species identity, gender, developmental stage, microplastics, water level, and temperature on its response pattern and swelling peak in juvenile and adult individuals. Compared to the diversity of amphibians, the application range of responsiveness to PHA as an immunological parameter is extremely limited and needs to be rapidly expanded. For some specific species, the injection dose of PHA solution, the measurement interval setting of swelling response, the optimization of the sampling measurement time point, and the histological basis induced by PHA, as well as suitability for field studies, require further studies. Optimizing the experimental protocols of responsiveness to PHA, then forming a unified methodology within and across amphibian species, are key to introducing this immunological parameter into the field of wild amphibian ecology.





Research progress on denitrifying methane anaerobic oxidation in wetland ecosystems.

ZHU Lingtong, ZHANG Hongjie, ZENG Jin, ZHAO Dayong

2025, 44(6):  2074-2082.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202507.028

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Methane (CH₄) is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 34 times higher than carbon dioxide (CO₂) over a century. Wetlands are important sources of methane, contributing approximately 20%-25% of atmospheric methane. Microbially mediated methane oxidation plays a crucial role in mitigating methane emissions, particularly through the denitrifying methane anaerobic oxidation (DAMO). We reviewed the discovery, research progress and microbial mechanisms of DAMO, as well as the distribution patterns and influencing factors of DAMO relevant microorganisms in wetlands. Moreover, this review explores the inhibitory effects of methane anaerobic oxidation on methane emissions from wetlands, emphasizing its importance in ecosystems and its significance to the global climate change. This review provides valuable insights for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism and ecological significance of methane anaerobic oxidation in wetlands, and serves as a scientific basis for wetland management and greenhouse gas mitigation.





Determination of the ecological conversion efficiency of juvenile Acipenser sinensis under captive breeding conditions based on in situ stomach contents.

LI Yajie, ZHENG Yueping, FENG Guangpeng, ZHU Jiazhi

2025, 44(6):  2083-2088.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.001

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Acipenser sinensis has symbolic significance for ecological protection and restoration of Yangtze River. To explore the ecological conversion efficiency, feeding and growth patterns, we used the stomach contents of A. sinensis to determine the ecological conversion efficiency, and further measured feeding and growth patterns to calculate the gastric emptying model of A. sinensis. The results showed that the feeding rhythm of A. sinensis displayed a fluctuating decline. The gastric emptying rate could be expressed by a square root model y_0.5=2.8415-0.063t. The gastric emptying rate was R_t=0.063 g·(100 g·h)^-1. The average daily feed intake C_d=29.09±17.49 g·(100 g·d)^-1 was obtained according to the Eggers’ formula. The change of body weight over time could be calculated by the equation W_t=3.8873t+16.945 (R²=0.9897), and the equation of average daily growth was G_d=77.20 g·(100 g·d)^-1. Based on the known average daily growth and average daily food intake, the ecological conversion efficiency of A. sinensis was E_g=37.7% with a high level, and feeding was mainly converted to weight growth. These results can provide a reference for the efficient domestication and systematic protection of A. sinensis, and the evaluation of the energy flow of food web.





Diet composition and its seasonal variation for Chinese pangolin based on DNA macro-barcoding technology.

MA Mengjie, LI Jun, DOU Hongliang, WANG Kai, YANG Jinzhen, WANG Jingxin, GUO Ruiping, WANG He, HUA Yan

2025, 44(6):  2089-2095.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.030

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Exploring the dietary habits of wild animals offers crucial insights for evaluating their survival prospects and ecosystem functions. Chinese pangolin, Manis pentadactyla, plays the key role in maintaining ecosystem balance. The analysis of its diet composition can deepen the understanding of the feeding strategy of pangolins and provide data support for species conservation. In this study, the fecal samples of wild Chinese pangolin individuals in wet (from April to September, n=4) and dry seasons (from October to January, n=6) were used to explore the diet composition and its seasonal variation based on high-throughput sequencing and DNA macro-barcoding. The results showed that: (1) A total of 478706 effective sequences and 597 effective OTUs were obtained. 37.35%, 40.54%, 8.54%, 10.39%, and 3.18% OTUs were identified at class, order, family, genus, and species levels, respectively. (2) The diet composition of Chinese pangolin included 14 orders, 17 families, 17 genera, and 18 species. Blattaria were the main food for Chinese pangolin, accounting for 81.11% of sequences. (3) The results of α and β diversity analysis showed no difference in food composition richness between dry and wet seasons, but significant difference in species composition structure. (4) According to the results of heterogyna, Chinese pangolin equally preyed on termites (relative read abundance (RRA) = 32.14%, 40.48%, 44.38%, 44.48%) and ants (RRA = 40.41%, 49.73%, 54.61%, 55.30%) in wet season, while intensively on termites (RRA = 87.95%, 90.07%, 89.88%, 99.95%) in dry season. Furthermore, Odontotermes, and Carebara and Pheidole were the main diet components for Chinese pangolin in dry and wet seasons, respectively. In conclusion, there was seasonal variation of food composition for Chinese pangolin, with termites and ants being the main prey.





Predicting geographical distribution of Lema decempunctata with MaxEnt modeling.

LI Fayi, DUAN Guozhen, FAN Guanghui, LI Jianling

2025, 44(6):  2096-2104.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.019

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Lema decempunctata Gebler is a catastrophic leaf-feeding pest of organic production of goji berry, Lycium barbarum L. Identifying its distribution under climate warming is of significance for the pest monitoring, forecasting, as well as scientific prevention and control. We used the MaxEnt model to predict the current and future potential distribution based on the distribution information of L. decempunctata and environmental factors (climate and soil). The impact of climate change on the distribution of its suitable areas was examined. The results showed that: (1) The average temperature of the driest quarter (bio9) was the dominant environmental factor affecting the distribution of L. decempunctata, and the suitable distribution range was from -15.49 ℃ to 10.60 ℃. (2) Under the current and future climate scenarios, the suitable habitats of the pest were concentrated in East Asian countries, except Mongolia. The suitable area in China was the largest, accounting for more than 70% of global suitable area, followed by Japan, South Korea, and North Korea. In China, the suitable habitats were distributed in almost all provinces, with the moderately and highly suitable areas being concentrated in the north of the Yangtze River. In the 2050s and 2070s, the global total suitable area reached the maximum under RCP 2.6 and 6.0, respectively, and increased by 1.94% and 10.55% compared with the current ones. (3) In the 2050s, 81.92% of the suitable habitats remained unchanged compared with the current condition. In the 2070s, 92.34% of the suitable habitats remained unchanged compared with the 2050s. The expansion and contraction area in the 2050s was higher than that in the 2070s.





Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Tianjin plain area based on improved DRASTIC model.

WU Xiao, ZHENG Lizhi, LI Jun, ZHU Jinglei, XI Xueping, GAO Xuefei

2025, 44(6):  2105-2112.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202506.032

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The plain area of Tianjin could be classified into three parts: piedmont plain, central plain, and coastal plain, which are characterized by abundant groundwater resources. With the development of the society and the exploration of groundwater resources by human beings, groundwater in Tianjin plain has become overloaded. In this study, we used an improved DRASTIC model to evaluate groundwater vulnerability in the Tianjin plain area. Seven indices affecting groundwater vulnerability were selected, the respective weights of which were determined using the analytic hierarchy process. The evaluation was conducted based on the spatial analysis functions of GIS software. The results showed that groundwater vulnerability in the plain area of Tianjin is predominantly categorized as medium and high vulnerability, accounting for 64.01% of the evaluated area. The groundwater vulnerability exhibits a spatial pattern of higher values in the south and lower values in the north. Areas with low and relatively low groundwater vulnerability show distinct zonal distribution, accounting for 27.02% of the total area, mainly distributed in the northern part of the plain area of Tianjin. These areas are characterized by generally deep groundwater levels and thick aquifer layers. Higher vulnerability areas accounted for 8.97% of the evaluated area and are mainly distributed in the northeast of Ninghe District, the six districts of the central city, the southwest of Wuqing District, and the southeast of Binhai New Area. Our results indicate that the overall groundwater vulnerability in the plain area of Tianjin is relatively high and significantly influenced by groundwater depth, aquifer thickness, and the lithology of vadose zone. We present an evaluation method suitable for groundwater vulnerability in coastal plain area. By incorporating aquifer thickness and phreatic water salinity index, the assessment of groundwater vulnerability in the Tianjin plain was optimized. Our results provide a scientific basis for ecological management of groundwater and key zoning strategies for groundwater pollution prevention and control in Tianjin plain area.