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我国东北地区自然植被保护现状及保护优先区分析

蒲真,张芳玲,古元阳,梁晓玉,邢韶华*   

  1. (北京林业大学自然保护区学院, 北京 100083)
  • 出版日期:2019-09-10 发布日期:2019-09-10

Conservation status and priority conservation areas of natural vegetation in northeast China.

PU Zhen, ZHANG Fang-ling, GU Yuan-yang, LIANG Xiao-yu, XING Shao-hua*   

  1. (School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China).
  • Online:2019-09-10 Published:2019-09-10

摘要: 以我国东北地区陆域国家级自然保护区、植被类型和海拔信息作为基础数据,采用叠加分析的方法,分析了自然保护区分布和植被分布与海拔的关系,以期对我国东北地区自然植被从水平空间和垂直空间两个维度上提出保护指导。结果表明:(1)森林生态系统、内陆湿地和野生动物类型的国家级自然保护区是我国东北地区国家级自然保护区的主体。随着海拔的升高,保护区的面积和数量都呈现下降趋势,在中海拔段(600~1000 m)出现了内陆湿地类型向森林生态系统类型自然保护区过渡的现象。(2)高海拔段(>1000 m)的自然植被得到了较好的保护,但中、低海拔段(<1000 m)的自然植被未受到较好的保护,仍然存在保护空缺。(3)一级保护优化区集中在长白山中部和东北部林区、辽河口、通辽东北部和呼伦贝尔高原,二级保护优先区分布在东北山区(大、小兴安岭和长白山地区),特别是大、小兴安岭交接地带,以及大兴安岭南段森林草原过渡区和辽东丘陵地区。(4)栽培作物作为保护区内植被的主要人为干扰来源,未得到足够重视,严重威胁到了东北平原地区内陆湿地类型和野生动物类型的国家级自然保护区。因此,建议在长白山中部林区的一级保护优化区内,设立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系进行保护,其余一级保护优化区可考虑扩大现有保护区或增设新的保护区;而低海拔段受栽培作物干扰严重的地区,应加强管理监督,对于破坏后需恢复的植被地带,可对其破坏后形成的次生天然植被进行保护,以实现区域内生物多样性的保护目标。

关键词: 补播, 休牧, 自由放牧, 典型草原, 物种组成, 功能群特征

Abstract: Based on the data of spatial distribution, vegetation type, and elevation of continental national nature reserves (NNRs) in northeast China, we analyzed the relationships of the distributions of NNRs and vegetation with elevation using means of overlay analysis method. The aim of this study was to provide guidance of natural vegetation conservation in northeast China from both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The results showed that: (1) The main types of the NNRs in northeast China were forests, wetlands, and habitats for conserving wild animals. With the increases of altitude, the area and quantity of nature reserves decreased. The transient phenomenon of NNRs from wetland to forest occurred in the medium altitude range (600-1000 m). (2) Natural vegetations in high altitude range (above 1000 m) were better protected compared with those in medium and low altitude (below 1000 m) ranges where protection gaps still existed. (3) The protected areas at level one priority concentrated in the central and northeastern forest areas of Changbai Mountains, Liaohe River Estuary, and the northeastern part of Tongliao and the Hulunbeier Plateau. The protected areas at level two priority mainly distributed in mountainous regions of northeast China (Greater Khingan Mountains, Lesser Khingan Mountains and Changbai Mountains), especially the junction of the Greater Khingan Mountains and Lesser Khingan Mountains, as well as the transitional areas between grassland and forest in southern Greater Khingan Mountains and Liaodong hilly area. (4) As the main type of human disturbance, cultivated crops did not receive sufficient attention, which seriously threatened inland wetland and wildlife type NNRs in Northeast China Plain. Therefore, we suggested establishing natural protected areas system based on national parks in level one priority protected areas in the central forest areas of Changbai Mountains, enlarging current NNRs and establishing new nature reserves. In the remaining level one priority protected areas in the low altitude range where natural vegetation was seriously damaged by cultivated crops, management supervision should be strengthened. Secondary natural vegetation restored after disturbance could be protected to achieve the goal of regional biodiversity conservation.

Key words: reseeding, non-grazing, free-grazing, typical steppe, species composition, functional group characteristics.