Table of Content

10 March 2026, Volume 45 Issue 3

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Effects and regulatory pathways of soil acidification on the cultivation environment and element geochemistry of tea plant.

JIN Tao, HUANG Yun, SHI Jing, WANG Rou, PENG Yishu

2026, 45(3):  705-713.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.006

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Soil acidification is widespread in Chinese tea gardens, emerging as a primary factor affecting soil health of tea garden and the high-quality and high-yield production of tea. We analyzed the current status, mechanisms, causes, and regulatory approaches of soil acidification in tea gardens, as well as its impacts on the cultivation environment of tea plants, tea quality and yield, and the geochemistry of tea plants. Soil acidification can affect the physical and chemical properties, mineral nutrient elements, harmful elements, and microorganisms in the soil. It might hinder the absorption of mineral nutrients and promote the accumulation of harmful elements in tea plants, thereby affecting tea plant growth and ultimately reducing the yield and quality of tea, as well as raising the health risks associated with harmful elements in tea products. Future research on soil acidification should focus on strengthening tea plant variety breeding, tea cultivation management measures, and the biogeochemical cycles of mineral nutrients and harmful elements.





Characteristics and influencing factors of soil organic carbon and carbon-fixing microorganisms in different rock tea-producing regions.

LIAO Yiyang, WANG Lin, XU Hongda, LI Xiande, SHEN Changhua, WANG Jiana, WU Chunmei, HOU Li, WU Qimeng, ZHANG Yongxun, WANG Weiqi

2026, 45(3):  714-723.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.029

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The rock tea-producing regions have diverse soil types and significant variations in terrain. Understanding the contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its active components, as well as the characteristics of carbon-fixing microorganisms in the soils across different rock tea-producing regions can reveal the dynamics in SOC and its influencing factors, offering a theoretical foundation for optimizing rock tea cultivation. In this study, we measured the contents of SOC and its active components, as well as the relative abundance and diversity of carbon-fixing bacterial communities in Zhengyan tea, Banyan tea, and Zhou tea producing regions in Wuyi Mountain, Fujian Province. The results showed that: (1) The contents of SOC active components varied significantly across rock tea-producing regions, with the highest contents in the Banyan tea region, followed by the Zhou tea region, and the lowest in the Zhengyan  tea region. In the Banyan and Zhou tea regions, the upper soil layers exhibited higher contents of easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) than the lower layers, while in the Zhengyan and Banyan tea regions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was significantly higher in the lower soil layer (P<0.05). (2) SOC and its active components in Wuyi Mountain rock tea-producing regions were closely correlated with soil physical and chemical factors. Total phosphorus content (TP) and soil water content (WC) had significant positive impacts on the contents of SOC, DOC, MBC, and EOC (P<0.05), while total potassium content (TK) had a significant negative impact (P<0.05). (3) Nitrobacter was the most abundant in the Zhengyan and Banyan tea regions, while Thioalkalivibrio dominated in the Zhou tea region. (4) The relative abundance of soil carbon-fixing bacteria was mainly affected by soil physicochemical factors, which in turn affected SOC accumulation. Soil pH was significantly positively correlated with Thioalkalivibrio and Mycobacterium (P<0.05). Soil TP was significantly positively correlated with Pseudonocardia (P<0.01). Soil electrical conductivity and bulk density were significantly negatively correlated with Nitrobacter (P<0.05). In addition, Mycobacterium was the major genus affecting the content of DOC and MBC (P<0.05). In summary, SOC content and relative abundance of carbon-fixing microorganisms vary across different rock tea-producing regions and are influenced by environmental factors. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing high-carbon sequestration tea gardens.





Effects of green manure intercropping on soil aggregates and organic carbon in tea garden.

WANG Lixian, JIANG Xinfeng, ZHANG Jiangen, XU Huifang, SHUANG Qiaoyun, LI Shunjiang, LI Chen, CAO Huihua, ZHANG Chunyun, CAI Xiang, WAN Yajing, HUANG Guoqin

2026, 45(3):  724-732.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.007

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We examined the impacts of intercropping of tea trees with green manure on soil aggregates and organic carbon content (SOC) in tea garden with a two-year field experiment. Three treatments of tea tree intercropping with ryegrass (T1), rape (T2) and alfalfa (T3) were established, with the traditionally managed clean tea garden as the control (CK). We investigated the percentage of soil water-stable aggregates, SOC content in aggregates of different particle sizes and the stability indexes of soil aggregates (R_0.25, MWD and GMD) under different treatments. We analyzed the relationship between SOC and soil aggregate stability using the structural equation model (SEM), aiming to provide a scientific basis for improving soil quality. The results showed the proportion of aggregates with > 0.25 mm particle size and SOC content within them increased after two years of planting green manure. As soil depth increased, the SOC content of soil aggregates across various particle sizes exhibited a decreasing trend. Intercropping with green manure effectively increased the SOC content of soil aggregates with different particle sizes. In the 0-15 cm soil layer, the SOC content of 0.25-0.5 mm and 2-3 mm aggregates in T3 treatment was significantly increased by 15.56% and 26.77%, respectively (P<0.05). In the 15-30 cm soil layer, the SOC content of soil aggregates across each particle size in T1 and T3 treatments significantly differed from that in CK (P<0.05). In the 30-45 cm soil layer, the SOC content of soil aggregates across each particle size of T3 treatment were significantly increased by 4.30%-37.44% (P<0.05). The SEM analysis revealed that SOC could positively influence both formation and stability of soil aggregates. The application of leguminous green manure had stronger positive effects on the stability of soil aggregates and the enhancement of SOC content in aggregates. The intercropping mode of tea tree with green manure effectively improved the percentage content and stability of water-stable aggregates in tea garden soil, and increased the SOC content in aggregates of each particle size. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application and promotion of tea garden intercropping green manure technology to improve soil quality.





The responses of soil fertility and tea yield in tea plantations under long-term different fertilization strategies.

WANG Yufei, WU Lintu, YE Chunfu, YANG Jing, YUAN Guoyin, CHENG Chen, DING Fenghua

2026, 45(3):  733-741.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.012

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To evaluate the effects of long-term conventional fertilization and formulated fertilization strategies on soil fertility and tea yield of tea plantations, we conducted field experiments in Shigu Village (SG) of Xiangxi Town and Shang’an Village (SA) of Xinxiang Town in Songyang County, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province during 2013-2024. Soil properties were monitored, including soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and readily and slowly available potassium. The correlations between soil properties and tea yield were analyzed. Soil fertility and tea yield under formulated fertilization were compared with those under conventional fertilization. The results showed that: (1) long-term formulated fertilization significantly improved soil fertility by increasing the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and slowly available potassium, while conventional fertilization increased the contents of available phosphorus and readily available potassium but significantly intensified soil acidification. (2) Conventional fertilization resulted in slightly higher tea yield than formulated fertilization by 4.9% and 7.1% in SG and SA, respectively. However, the sustainable yield index (SYI) of formulated fertilization was 0.83 and 0.71 in SG and SA, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of conventional fertilization. In addition, the low interannual coefficient of variation (CV) indicated that formulated fertilization led to higher stability and sustainability in agricultural production. (3) Principal component analysis revealed significant positive correlations between tea yield and soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and slowly available potassium. The implementation of formulated fertilization better promotes medium to long-term nutrient balance and sustained supply, thereby enhancing the stability of soil fertility and production efficiency in tea plantations. These findings provide a scientific basis for optimizing fertilization strategies and achieving sustainable management of tea plantation ecosystems in the mountainous regions of southern Zhejiang.





Effects of light intensity and light quality on volatile and non-volatile quality components of fresh tea leaves.

LIU Yue, LIU Xuemei, YAN Di’ao, ZHANG Mengxue, GUO Hao, YI Zhigang

2026, 45(3):  742-751.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.036

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Fresh leaf quality of tea can be improved under the intercropping mode in tea gardens, partly due to the changes in light intensity and light quality received by tea trees. To explore the effects of shading and light quality treatments on photosynthesis and tea quality in tea plants, we established an experiment in an artificial climate chamber with five light treatments: white light (CK), blue light (BL), red light (RL), 60% shade (60-S) and 90% shade (90-S). We examined the effects of light intensity and light quality variations on tea quality. The results showed that short-term red light treatment enhanced net photosynthetic rate and the contents of free amino acids and water extracts in leaves, while the contents of photosynthetic pigments, free amino acids and caffeine increased under blue light treatment. In addition, short-term red and blue light treatments promoted the relative contents of aromas such as (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol and trans-2-hexenal in leaves. Short-term shading treatment was beneficial for increasing the contents of photosynthetic pigments, free amino acids and water extracts, while decreasing the contents of tea polyphenols and flavonoids, and enhancing the relative contents of aroma components such as 2-ethylhexanol, methyl salicylate and β-pinene. Proper shading, which reduces light intensity and alters light quality, can therefore improve tea quality.





Nutrient and energy dynamics during the decomposition of plant residues in ecological tea plantations.

ZHAO Yangyang, YANG Rui, LIU Shaqian, GAO Xu, SONG Kai

2026, 45(3):  752-759.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.010

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The pruning residues of Camellia sinensis and the litter of associated tree species are crucial components of tea gardens, the decomposition processes of which are closely related to soil nutrients and thus play a significant role in regulating nutrient cycling and energy flow. Using the litterbag decomposition method, we investigated the nutrient changes and energy flow processes during the decomposition of pruning residues from Camellia sinensis and associated tree species, including Cinnamomum glanduliferum, Betula luminifera, Cunninghamia lanceolata, and Pinus massoniana, in the central Guizhou ecological tea garden. The results showed that the decomposition rate of broadleaf tree species residues was significantly higher than that of coniferous species, with an order of Betula luminifera > Cinnamomum glanduliferum > tea pruning residues > Pinus massoniana > Cunninghamia lanceolata. The total carbon, total nitrogen, and calorific value of plant residues showed direct release. Total phosphorus exhibited direct release in Betula luminifera but accumulation patterns in Cinnamomum glanduliferum and Pinus massoniana. Total potassium demonstrated direct release in broadleaf species and Cunninghamia lanceolata, but showed accumulation in the later stages of decomposition (360 days) in Pinus massoniana. The lignin content generally showed net accumulation. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between the release of calorific value and the release of total carbon, total nitrogen, and total potassium during decomposition (P<0.05). Among the five residues, Betula luminifera exhibited the highest decomposition rate, with the best performance in nutrient return and energy release. Nutrient release significantly influenced the release of calorific value, particularly carbon and nitrogen elements. The findings reveal the characteristics of material cycling and energy flow in the tea gardens, providing scientific evidence for the plant configuration and the rational utilization of plant residues in ecological tea gardens in mountainous areas of Guizhou.





Precise forecasting for frost damage of tea trees based on multi-source data.

LIU Ruina, YU Weiguo, SUN Rui, WANG Xiaodong, SUN Xiubang, CAO Wen, LIU Hongmin

2026, 45(3):  760-766.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.009

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Tea gardens are predominantly located in low mountain and hilly areas with complex terrain and variable weather conditions, making the prediction and early warning of frost damage quite difficult. To enhance the accuracy of frost damage prediction for tea trees under such complex terrain conditions, we utilized the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform and multi-temporal Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 optical imagery. An accurate extraction of tea planting information was performed using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier resulting in a spatial distribution map of tea plantation with a 10 m resolution for Xuancheng City, Anhui Province, China, in 2023. Then, a precise prediction method for tea frost damage was developed by integrating numerical weather prediction products, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Xuancheng City and meteorological prediction grade indicators for tea frost damage. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology and ANUSPLIN, an analysis of a frost damage event that occurred in Xuancheng City on March 13, 2023 was conducted. The results showed that the tea plantation area in 2023 was 28012 hm² in Xuancheng City, with 81% distributed at altitudes between 100 and 500 m. Compared with the data from the Anhui Provincial Bureau of Statistics, the relative error was 2.23%. The effectiveness of refined forecast for frost damage was 10 days and the spatial resolution was 100 m. Based on the current planting zone, the precise frost damage forecast revealed that 76.2% of tea gardens in Xuancheng experienced frost damage on March 13, 2023. Among these, the areas affected by mild, moderate, and severe frost damage were 17564, 3586, and 196 hm², accounting for 62.7%, 12.8%, and 0.7% of the total tea garden area, respectively. The prediction accuracy for tea frost damage (with a grade difference ≤1) reached 83.4%, 83.3%, 87%, and 90% for forecasts made 7, 5, 3, and 1 days in advance, respectively. This study realizes refined and quantitative prediction of tea frost damage at the municipal level, demonstrating high value for practical applications.





Soil moisture and carbon sequestration characteristics of different planted forests in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

LI Wenjia, WANG Fan, CHEN Chunan, MEI Zhongqi, SHI Shengwei

2026, 45(3):  767-776.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.021

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We measured soil moisture, soil organic carbon fractions and carbon storage within 1 m depth in Picea crassifolia plantations (with stand ages of 13, 35, 80, and 100 years, denoted as 13P, 35P, 80P, and 100P respectively) and high-density Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation (with a stand age of 39 years, denoted as 39L) with similar site conditions in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The aim of this study was to provide scientific basis for assessing carbon sequestration and ecological benefits of typical plantations. The results showed that the average soil moisture in the 0-80 cm layer of Picea crassifolia plantations showed the following order: 13P (30.99%) < 35P (33.85%) < 80P (38.61%) < 100P (41.74%). Soil moisture at 60-100 cm depth under the 39L was significantly lower than that in 35P (P<0.05), indicating that water depletion occurred in deep soil layers. With increasing stand ages, the contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) in Picea crassifolia plantation increased significantly (P<0.05), mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) showed no significant changes, and the SOC stability decreased. The SOC stability of topsoil in 39L was higher than that of 35P, but the active organic carbon content was significantly lower than that of 35P. Correlation analysis revealed different driving mechanisms for SOC accumulation and stability after afforestation at the surface versus deep soil layers. Afforestation with Picea crassifolia had a high carbon sequestration capacity in biomass, soils, and litter layer, which can play a role of carbon sink for a relatively long time. After 39 years of afforestation with high-density plantations of Larix principis-rupprechtii, biomass carbon storage exceeded that of 100-year-old Picea crassifolia plantations (100P). It is recommended to adopt thinning and tending to achieve sustainable carbon sink function.





Short-term responses of soil bacterial communities in bamboo-fir mixed forests to the management and regulation of Moso bamboo expansion.

LOU Qinfei, ZHANG Shujie, HUANG Yichen, ZHOU Xiumei, WANG Nan, BAI Shangbin

2026, 45(3):  777-784.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.040

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Ecological regulation, which controls invasive plants by shifting interspecific relationships, demonstrates potential in addressing ecological challenges caused by the expansion of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). However, the effects of regulatory measures on soil bacterial communities remain poorly understood. To clarify how different regulatory measures affect the composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities under Moso bamboo expansion, we established management experiments in Moso bamboo invasion zones within Anji County, Zhejiang Province, China. There were three interventions in the experimental design, including clear-cutting, site preparation and replanting, with bamboo-fir mixed forest serving as the control (CK). High-throughput sequencing was applied to assess structural and functional alterations in soil bacterial communities. The results showed that all regulatory measures induced an upward trend in ɑ-diversity indices of soil bacterial communities in the bamboo-fir mixed forest. Among the treatments, the clear cutting of bamboo, full site preparation, replanting broad-leaved tree species (CFB) exhibited the highest Shannon index and the lowest Simpson index. β-diversity analysis revealed the lowest structural similarity in soil bacterial communities between the CFB and CK. Regulatory measures involving site preparation and replanting significantly altered the relative abundance of soil microbiota. In CK, dominant bacterial phyla included Proteobacteria (36.52%), Acidobacteria (22.89%), Actinobacteria (18.46%), Chloroflexi (4.08%), and WPS-2 (3.10%). Following regulatory treatments, the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria significantly decreased (P<0.05). The lowest abundance of Proteobacteria (28.83%) was observed in the clear cutting of bamboo, hole-like site preparation, replanting coniferous tree species (CHC), while clear cutting of bamboo, full site preparation, replanting coniferous tree species (CFC) exhibited the lowest Acidobacteria abundance (18.74%). The relative abundance of Actinobacteria in the CFB was the lowest, accounting for 15.67%. Chloroflexi exhibited universal increases across all treatments. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) identified Chthoniobacteraceae in the CFB and f_norank_o_norank_c_Acidimicrobiia in the clear cutting of bamboo, hole-like site preparation, replanting broad-leaved tree species (CHB) as key discriminators with significant abundance shifts. In conclusion, our results indicate that different regulatory measures in Moso bamboo expansion areas affect the composition of soil bacterial communities, with strongest effect on the relative abundance of dominant soil bacterial groups. The study provides important data references for further exploring the impacts of Moso bamboo expansion regulation methods on soil microbe-mediated ecological processes, and facilitates understanding of the role of stand regulatory management.





Foliar spraying regulates the composition and function of fungal community in the rhizosphere soil of Angelica sinensis.

DU Xiaoxue, YANG Tao, XIE Tianpeng, ZHAO Jiang

2026, 45(3):  785-793.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.041

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The rhizosphere soil fungal community comprises both biocontrol fungi and pathogenic fungi. Understanding its composition and functions helps reveal the mechanisms underlying plant diseases and provides new insights for the green control of continuous cropping obstacles. In this study, continuous cropping of Angelica sinensis was used as the research subject, with four treatments: salicylic acid group (S.RH), methyl jasmonate group (M.RH), composite microbial agent group (DK.RH), and control group (C.RH). Disease incidence and yield were assessed with conventional methods. The contents of endogenous plant hormones, including auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, melatonin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, were detected via high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The diversity of rhizosphere soil fungi was evaluated using Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing, and the composition, diversity, species differences, function and correlation prediction of soil fungal communities were analyzed. The results showed that both salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate treatments reduced the incidence of root rot and yield. Compared with the control, the methyl jasmonate treatment decreased root rot incidence by 43.6% and the average weight per hundred plant individuals by 17.4%, while the salicylic acid treatment reduced root rot incidence by 46.2% and the average weight per hundred plant individuals by 20.6%. The composite microbial agent treatment reduced the endogenous levels of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in plants, while increased the abscisic acid content. The log₂FC value of methyl salicylate glucoside was negative infinity (-Inf). The log_2-FC values for 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid, jasmonoyl isoleucine, and jasmonic acid were -1.25, -2.02, and -2.10, respectively, whereas those for abscisic acid, abscisic aldehyde, and abscisic acid glucosyl ester were 1.49, -Inf, and 1.03, respectively. Both salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate treatments promoted the enrichment of Trichoderma fungi, with salicylic acid additionally enhancing the enrichment of mycorrhizal fungi. In contrast, the composite microbial agent treatment led to the enrichment of Fusarium and Rhizoctonia fungi in the rhizosphere soil, whereas the control group primarily exhibited enrichment of Aspergillus fumigatus and Cladosporium cladosporioides. In conclusion, foliar spraying can modulate the composition of rhizosphere microbial communities and disease incidence by regulating endogenous hormone levels, particularly through altering the balance among abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid.





Effects of different cover cropping patterns on soil nutrients, microbial community structure and functional taxa in vineyards.

CAO Min, FAN Jin, LI Ming

2026, 45(3):  794-802.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.042

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We assessed the effects of cover crops on soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structure composition and function in winemaking vineyards (‘Chardonnay’ grapes) in the eastern foothills of Helan Mountains. There were three cover cropping modes, namely, clear tillage, natural grassing, and planting Vicia villosa. Soil microbial community characteristics were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that compared with clear tillage, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and total phosphorous contents were significantly increased in the grassing treatments. The best effect was found in Vicia villosa treatment, with the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and total phosphorous being 8.76 g·kg^-1, 1.16 g·kg^-1, 26.13 mg·kg^-1 and 0.58 g·kg^-1, respectively. The grassing treatments increased the   activities of soil peroxidase, cellulase, and amylase. In contrast to clean tillage, the grassing treatments significantly increased the Shannon and Chao1 indices of soil bacterial community, whereas no significant differences were observed for the fungal community. The results of microbial community composition analysis showed that Proteobacteria (25.78%-30.46%), Actinobacteriota (14.12%-16.15%), and Bacteroidota (9.37%-15.91%) were the dominant bacterial phyla, and Ascomycota (68.77%-88.20%) was the dominant fungal phylum. Intergroup community difference analysis (LEfSe) showed that the three groups of soil samples obtained a total of 65 significantly different bacterial taxa and 38 significantly different fungal taxa. Tax4Fun functional prediction obtained a total of six first-level functional layers, which showed the high functional richness of bacteria, and the soil bacterial community was functionally active in metabolism, genetic information processing, and environmental information processing. FunGuild analysis showed that planting Vicia villosa facilitated the colonization of soil saprotroph, pathotroph-saprotroph and pathotroph-saprotroph-symbiotroph fungi. In conclusion, cover crops enhance soil fertility and enzyme activities, and optimize the structure and function of microbial communities, which is conducive to the improvement of soil ecological environment in vineyards.





Diversity and assembly mechanisms of bacterial community in the wetland soil of Fenhe River.

GUO Min, LI Xiaohui, LI Qi, ZHU Dawei, YANG Huiting, LI Li, XIE Junyu, LI Lina

2026, 45(3):  803-812.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.013

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Bacterial community succession in river ecosystems exhibits obvious habitat dependence. In this study, we examined the succession characteristics, potential ecological function, co-occurrence network, and assembly mechanisms of bacterial community in different reaches of the Fenhe River main stream. The results showed that bacterial abundance and  α-diversity in the upper and middle reaches were significantly higher than those in the lower reaches (P<0.05). Phyla of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were dominant, which could be widely involved in the biogeochemical cycles of diverse elements in the wetland soil, such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and variable-valence metals (iron and manganese). Bacterial community composition and potential functions exhibited significant distance-decay patterns across different regions (P<0.01). Stochastic processes dominated bacterial community assembly, particularly in the middle reaches. Connections among bacterial taxa in the middle reaches were relatively weak, whereas the complexity and stability of co-occurrence networks in the upper and lower reaches increased with the enhancement of deterministic processes. In general, the diversity and co-occurrence network of bacterial community showed obvious spatial heterogeneity in the wetland soil of Fenhe River, which was mainly regulated by stochastic processes.





Dynamics of soil methane uptake along vegetation succession.

ZHENG Liang, LUO Yanxia, CHEN Hao, XIAO Kongcao, ZHAO Jie, DUAN Pengpeng, LI Dejun

2026, 45(3):  813-819.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.032

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Vegetation succession is an important way to increase carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of vegetation succession on CH₄ fluxes. In this study, soil CH₄ fluxes were measured with the static box method in five different ecosystems in the karst mountains of southwest China, including a grassland, a shrubland, a 15-year-old secondary forest, a 25-year-old secondary forest, and a 50-year-old secondary forest. The results showed that the annual flux of soil CH₄ uptake first increased and then decreased with the succession process, and the annual flux of soil CH₄ uptake was 1.23±0.23, 1.63±0.09, 1.95±0.29, 2.35±0.26, and 1.88±0.20 kg C·hm^-2·a^-1 in the five ecosystems, respectively. Soil CH₄ uptake flux was significantly positively correlated with soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, soluble carbon, exchangeable Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ (P<0.05), while significantly negatively correlated with soil bulk density and soil temperature (P<0.05). Our results indicated that soil properties (higher soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, soluble carbon, exchangeable Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) were the key driving factors for CH₄ uptake fluxes during vegetation succession, which is beneficial to quantitative evaluation of CH₄ reservoir in karst ecosystems in southwest China.





Effects of crawfish powder application on soil bulk density and nutrients.

LIANG Yugang, LI Yujiao, KUANG Wei, ZHAO Yang, DAI Li, LUO Xianfu, FANG Baohua

2026, 45(3):  820-826.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.014

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We investigated the effects of applying crayfish by-products on soil physicochemical properties based on a field experiment with treatments including no fertilization (N0), chemical fertilizer application (N12), and different application rates of crayfish powder (X200, X250 and X300). We analyzed the changes in soil bulk density, pH, organic matter and nutrient contents under different treatments. The results showed that there was no significant difference in soil bulk density of the 0-20 cm soil plough layer between the N0 and N12 treatments in two years of the trial, while the soil bulk density in X200, X250 and X300 were 7%, 8.4% and 8.5% lower than that in the N12 treatment respectively. Soil pH in the N0 treatment was the highest in two years, while there were minor differences among the N12, X200, X250, and X300 treatments. In two years of the trial, the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus in the X200, X250 and X300 treatments did not show significant differences compared with the N12 treatment, while the soil available potassium content showed a significant decreasing trend in the later growth stage of rice. Compared with the N0 treatment, the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus in the N12, X200, X250 and X300 treatments significantly increased in two years, among which the increase ranges of soil organic matter were 4.9%-17.3%, 5.5%-14.6%, 4.6%-16% and 6.8%-14.5% respectively; soil total potassium content did not show significant differences. Except for the N12 treatment, soil available potassium content in the X200, X250 and X300 treatments significantly decreased in the later growth stage of rice. In conclusion, applying crayfish powder can reduce soil bulk density, increase soil organic matter content and soil nutrient contents (except available potassium), thus contributing to improving soil structure and fertility.





Variability of methane and carbon dioxide emission potentials in peatlands of Changbai Mountain under different depths, microtopography, and elevation conditions.

ZHEN Ruoyi, ZHANG Guohao, ZHANG Keying, WANG Hongyan, YU Zhiguo

2026, 45(3):  827-935.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.031

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Although northern peatlands are significant sources of atmospheric methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), the spatial patterns of these emissions in the context of climate change remain poorly understood. In this study, peat cores were collected from different altitudes and microtopographies in peatlands of Changbai Mountain. Through an anaerobic incubation experiment, we combined gas monitoring with peat physicochemical properties to investigate how depth, microtopography, and altitude influenced the emission potentials of CH₄ and CO₂. The results showed that both CH₄ and CO₂ emissions decreased toward deeper peat. CH₄ and CO₂ emissions from the surface peat (0-5 cm) were 8.13±4.14 mg·g^-1 and 28.7±13.3 mg·g^-1 dry peat, respectively. CH₄ emissions from surface peat were 1.8-5.6 times higher than in subsurface peat (5-20 cm) and 1.6-9.6 times higher than in deep peat (20-40 cm). Similarly, CO₂ emissions of surface peat were 1.5-3.8 times higher than that in subsurface peat and 1.2-4.9 times higher than that in deep peat. Meanwhile, both elevation and microtopography had significant effects (P<0.05) on CH₄ and CO₂ emissions from surface peat. High-elevation peatlands and hummocks had higher CH₄ and CO₂ emission potentials. The cumulative CH₄ and CO₂ emissions were significantly positively correlated with soil pH and water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) content (pH: R²=0.43-0.52, P<0.05; WEOC: R²=0.64-0.72, P<0.05), and were significantly negatively correlated with the specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA₂₅₄) of soluble organic matter and the ratio of carbon-to-nitrogen content of organic matter (SUVA₂₅₄: R²=0.44-0.47, P<0.05; C/N: R²=0.74-0.79, P<0.05). Our results indicate that the spatial variability of carbon emission potential in peatlands is influenced by pH and the availability of organic carbon. These findings identify the key factors driving carbon emissions of peatlands and improve our understanding of carbon loss potential across different spatial scales, particularly in the context of climate change.





Population age structure and quantitative dynamics of dominant species in spruce-fir water conservation forests in the Taohe River Basin, Northwest China.

WANG Yifei, CHEN Guopeng, WA Jinming, SHEN Jianbo, XIAN Junren, WAN Jiaojiao, WANG Zhixing

2026, 45(3):  836-845. 

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We examined the current status and predicted future dynamics of the populations of Picea asperata, P. purpurea, and Abies fargesii var. faxoniana in the spruce-fir forests in the Taohe National Nature Reserve, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the conservation and management of spruce-fir forests in water source conservation areas of the upper reaches of the Yellow River. We employed population structure diversity analysis, survival curve construction, survival function analysis, Logistic model fitting, population dynamic analysis, and potential community dynamic structure simulation to elucidate age structure and dynamic characteristics of these populations. Results showed that the age structures of P. asperata, P. purpurea, and A. fargesii var. faxoniana populations exhibited a pyramid shape, characterized by smaller at the top and larger at the bottom. All the examined populations had positive growth indices greater than zero, indicating they were currently growing populations. P. purpurea and A. fargesii var. faxoniana populations showed relatively weak buffering capacity against disturbances during their growth. Based on calculations involving individual numbers and basal area, we found that P. asperata population possessed both maximum environmental carrying capacity and maximum growth rate while occupying an absolute dominant position currently. Both P. purpurea and A. fargesii var. faxoniana populations demonstrated greater growth potential than P. asperata population. All existing communities as well as simulated potential communities displayed a growing structural pattern. The mixed communities exhibited the lowest growth rates while potential single-species communities dominated by P. purpurea showed the highest growth rates. Differences in characteristics and growth rates among three dominant species within current communities pose certain survival risks, and may affect the succession direction. Appropriate artificial intervention measures should be implemented to optimize population structures, which would help enhance resilience against future external disturbances.





Growth dynamics and trait responses of understory woody plants during the restoration of secondary Pinus massoniana forests in southern Anhui.

LIU Jie, YU Qian, LIU Lei, WU Dan, MENG Chen

2026, 45(3):  846-853.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.019

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Using a space-for-time substitution approach, we examined leaf traits, wood density, and growth rates of dominant woody species in the understory of Pinus massoniana forests at 10-, 20-30-, and 50-year restoration stages in the Guniujiang Nature Reserve, Anhui Province. We found that: (1) Plant functional traits varied significantly among restoration stages. Early-stage forests (10 years) were characterized by higher leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, higher growth rates, and lower wood density, whereas late-stage forests (50 years) exhibited longer leaf lifespans and higher wood density. (2) The co-occurring species Eurya muricata and Loropetalum chinense showed gradual increases in specific leaf area and decreases in leaf thickness across the restoration chronosequence. (3) The biomass increment of understory woody species was significantly positively correlated with leaf nitrogen content per unit mass (N_mass), leaf phosphorus content per unit mass (P_mass), total leaf nitrogen content (TN), and total leaf phosphorus content (TP), while the relative growth rate of basal diameter (RGB) was significantly negatively correlated with wood density. Together, these findings underscore the importance of functional trait dynamics of understory species during forest succession.





Photosynthetic capacity and light energy allocation characteristics of Amorphophallus xiei under relay intercropping conditions.

MA Suyun, YAN Suo, ZHU Houwei, XU Susu, LI Lihua, XU Wenguo, XIE Shiqing, CHEN Junwen, CUN Zhu

2026, 45(3):  854-865.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.024

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To explore the adaptation strategies of Amorphophallus xiei to light intensity changes, we analyzed the photosynthetic characteristics, photosynthetic induction characteristics, fluorescence characteristics, and energy allocation of A. xiei under relay intercropping conditions in rubber plantations of different ages (3-year-old, with understory light transmittance of 65%-75%, high light; 5-year-old, with understory light transmittance of 30%-45%, medium light; 8-year-old, with understory light transmittance of 10%-15%, low light). The results showed that under the 8-year-old rubber plantation, A. xiei was characterized by lower light saturation point (LSP) and light compensation point (LCP), but higher apparent quantum yield (AQY) and maximum carboxylation rate (V_cmax). The time required to reach 50% and 90% of the maximum net photosynthetic rate after dark-adapted light induction (t_50%A, t_90%A) was relatively short, and the percentages to maximum net photosynthetic rate at 1, 5, and 10 minutes of induction (IS_{1 min}, IS_{5 min}, IS_{10 min}) were relatively high. In addition, a higher initial stomatal conductance (G_s-initial) was observed in A. xiei under the 8-year-old plantation, with G_s-initial being negatively correlated with the time required to reach 30% of the maximum net photosynthetic rate after dark-adapted light induction (t_30%A), t_50%A and t_90%A. The maximum net photosynthetic rate (A_max) under the 5-year-old plantation was higher than that under the other two aged plantations, along with a higher CO₂ compensation point (Γ^*) and maximum electron transfer rate (J_max). Meanwhile, the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and apparent electron transfer rate (ETR) of chlorophyll fluorescence were higher. t_30%A was relatively short under the 3-year-old plantation, while t_50%A and t_90%A were relatively shorter under both 5- and 8-year-old plantations. A larger proportion of light energy was allocated to non-photochemical quenching (Ф_NPQ) under 5- and 8-year-old plantations. When exposed to an instantaneous high light intensity of 1500 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, the proportion of light energy allocated to fluorescence dissipation (Ф_f,D) increased rapidly but slightly, then decreased and gradually stabilized. The highest Ф_f,D value was recorded under the 3-year-old plantation. It was demonstrated that the light adaptation strategies of A. xiei under the rubber plantation varied with light intensity. Under low light (transmittance 10%-15%) and medium light (transmittance 30%-45%) conditions, photosynthesis was stronger, the photosynthetic induction rate was faster, and A. xiei maintained a relatively high carboxylation capacity to utilize light energy. Meanwhile, a stronger thermal dissipation capacity of A. xiei protected itself from photoinhibition. In contrast, photoinhibition was identified as the main reason why A. xiei could not grow normally under high light stress (transmittance 65%-75%).





Effects of silicon on resistance to stem rust, non-structural carbohydrate metabolism and endogenous hormone content of oat.

LI Yinghao, YANG Ao, LIU Jinghui, MI Junzhen, TIAN Lu

2026, 45(3):  866-873.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.004

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To elucidate the physiological mechanisms by which silicon enhances oat resistance to stem rust, a pot experiment was conducted using the stem rust-susceptible oat cultivar “Bayou 1”. There were four treatments: no silicon application + no inoculation with stem rust fungus (CK), silicon application + no inoculation (+Si-P), no silicon application + inoculation (-Si+P), and silicon application + inoculation (+Si+P). We examined the effects of applying 1.5 mmol·L^-1 silicon on the disease progression, non-structural carbohydrate metabolism, and endogenous hormone levels in oat leaves. The results showed that: (1) Silicon application effectively delayed the progression of stem rust and significantly alleviated disease symptoms. (2) Stem rust infection initially increased and then decreased the levels of auxin, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid in oat leaves, peaking on the third day after inoculation, while salicylic acid content continued to rise. Silicon application significantly increased the levels of auxin, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid in the leaves. (3) After inoculation with stem rust fungus, the sucrose and starch content in oat leaves first increased and then decreased, whereas glucose and fructose content exhibited a “decrease-increase-decrease” trend. Under silicon treatment, sucrose, glucose, and fructose content significantly increased, while starch content significantly decreased. (4) Following inoculation, the activities of sucrose synthase and  sucrose phosphate synthase showed a “increase-decrease-increase” pattern, while the activities of  acid invertase, and starch hydrolase in leaves all showed a “decrease-increase-decrease” pattern. Silicon application significantly enhanced the activities of sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase, and starch hydrolase but significantly reduced acid invertase activity. In conclusion, under stem rust infection, silicon application significantly improved the non-structural carbohydrate metabolism capacity and endogenous hormone synthesis in oat leaves, thereby effectively enhancing oat resistance to stem rust. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for novel disease control strategies against oat stem rust.





Effects of landscape composition and configuration on the taxonomic and functional diversity of carabid beetles in plantation forest habitats.

CHENG Wanrong, AI Luhui, WANG Zixin, JIAN Xingyan, LI Long, LI Xiang

2026, 45(3):  874-883.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.002

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Afforestation has extensively replaced the original land use types, leading to changes in landscape structure. This study aimed to explore the relationship between carabid beetle diversity and landscape composition and configuration in tree plantations in Ansai, Shaanxi. A total of 20 plots were selected based on the proportions of four types of landscape composition. Carabid beetles were sampled, and landscape metrics were calculated at five scales (100-1000 m) in the circular landscapes around the plots. We analyzed the relationships of landscape metrics with carabid beetle abundance, richness, Shannon diversity, functional richness, functional divergence, and Rao’s quadratic entropy. We found no significant differences in carabid beetle diversity among the different plot types. At all scales, the total patch area of woodland was not significantly correlated with carabid beetle abundance and richness. However, the total patch area of woodland and farmland positively influenced Shannon diversity and functional diversity of carabid beetles. The total patch area of shrubland negatively affected abundance and positively affected diversity. The woodland patch shape index showed a negative correlation with carabid beetle abundance and functional diversity at multiple scales. Woodland patch connectivity promoted the abundance of dominant species. The connectivity of farmland and grassland patches had a positive effect on Shannon diversity at the 250 m scale, while the influence direction of grassland patch connectivity reversed at the 750 m scale. Based on the goal of enhancing landscape heterogeneity and biodiversity in tree plantations, the following conservation strategies are proposed: (1) Future land management plans should include a welldesigned landscape composition scheme. Woodland area should be maintained or increased to improve the heterogeneity of forest stand structure, and planted shrublands should also be considered and managed. (2) Complex woodland patch shapes should be modified to reduce edge areas, with vegetati on structure mimicking natural edges, and human disturbances near woodland edges should be controlled. (3) Measures to enhance the connectivity of woodland patches should be considered to facilitate dispersal.





Distribution of earthworm ecological groups and the effects of their casts on soil properties across different land-use types.

MA Kai, HUANG Caide, GUO Ming, HUANG Jie, SUN Xiaoran, WANG Mingjian, QIAO Yuhui

2026, 45(3):  884-892.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.018

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To elucidate the effects of varying land-use types on the spatial distribution of earthworm ecological groups in a typical organic farm in Shunyi, Beijing, we investigated the distribution characteristics of earthworm populations across four land use types (vegetable fields, woodlands, orchards, and grasslands). We further analyzed the effects of different earthworm ecological groups on soil physicochemical properties through their casts. The results showed that the earthworm densities per unit area across land use types were 57 individuals·m^-2 in orchards, 54 individuals·m^-2 in vegetable fields, 37 individuals·m^-2 in woodlands, and 19 individuals·m^-2 in grasslands. Land use type significantly influenced the distribution of earthworm ecological groups. Vegetable fields and grasslands were dominated by endogeic earthworms (Amynthas hupeiensis), accounting for 46.30% and 47.00%, respectively. Orchards and woodlands were dominated by anecic earthworms (Amynthas carnosus, Metaphire tschiliensis), with proportions of 52.60% and 43.24%, respectively. Epigeic earthworms (Drawida japonica, Drawida gisti gisti) did not exhibit dominance in any of the four land-use types. Soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus content, and human disturbance were the main factors shaping the distribution of earthworm ecological groups. In woodlands, the three ecological groups of earthworms exhibited a more balanced distribution than in the other three land use types, with clear ecological niche separation. Earthworm casts had the greatest effect on woodland soil properties, increasing cation exchange capacity, total nitrogen, and soil organic matter by 19.79%, 154.43%, and 373.14%, respectively (P≤0.05). Endogeic earthworms exerted the strongest influence on the formation of large soil aggregates (d>2 mm), with their effects on soil properties being higher than those of the other ecological groups. By elucidating the effects of different land use types on earthworm ecological groups and the impacts of their ecological group-specific casts on soil physicochemical properties, this study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing land management practices and the utilization of soil biological resources.





Habitat selection and farmland utilization of northeast sika deer in agroforestry ecotones in autumn.

LI Peizheng, WAN Zhongjun, ZONG Cheng, CHENG Kun

2026, 45(3):  893-901.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.033

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Habitat selection and use is a key issue in wildlife conservation and habitat restoration, especially in special ecosystems such as agroforestry ecotones. To understand the bedding habitat selection, the destruction of fraying on forest, and farmland habitat use of northeast sika deer (Cervus nippon hortulorum) in agroforestry ecotones, we investigated the habitat factors of sika deer bedding, fraying, and the farmland use intensity in the Xiandongshan National Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang Province. The results showed that sika deer preferred to rest in forests with tall trees and more open areas. For the selection of forest type of bedding habitat, they avoided the artificial Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest and poplar (Populus) forest, and randomly used other forests. The factors influencing the selection of bedding habitats were mainly vegetation type and spatial structure factors, followed by human disturbance and concealment factors. Their fraying habitats were mostly far away from disturbances and in secluded environments. For the selection of fraying tree species, sika deer preferred to larch (Larix gmelinii) and maple (Acer pictum), but avoided Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica), Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica), and birch (Betula platyphylla). The farmland utilization by sika deer had certain spatial characteristics. The farmlands located in the central area of the reserve were used most frequently due to the high accessibility, while the farmlands in the east and south parts had relatively lower utilization rate, and the fence had a certain barrier effect on sika deer. The main factor influencing the farmland use by sika deer was the presence of fences, followed by the distance from the forest. The crop type had the least influence on the utilization intensity. This study revealed the habitat selection and utilization of sika deer in agroforestry ecotones from the perspectives of bedding and fraying habitat selection and farmland habitat utilization. It contributes to a deeper understanding of the environmental adaptation of wildlife in ecotones, providing scientific evidence to further promote research on the mechanisms of coexistence between humans and wildlife.



Migration routes of Buteo japonicus wintering in central and eastern China by satellite tracking.

JIA Ru, XU Hongying, ZHAN Chao, ZHANG Yanjun, ZHANG Guangyu, DENG Dajun, ZHANG Guogang

2026, 45(3):  902-910.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.028

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There is limited research on the eastern buzzard (Buteo japonicus), a second-level national protected bird in China. Understanding its migration routes is of great significance for the conservation of its population and related habitats. Migration routes of six eastern buzzards rescued in Hebei and Henan were obtained by satellite tracking during 2016-2019. The home range of eastern buzzards in wintering and summering grounds was calculated in R by kernel density analysis method. The results showed that eastern buzzards were found in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains of Heilongjiang and Daxing’an Mountains of Inner Mongolia in China, as well as in the Central Siberian Plateau, the Jieya River Plain and the Bureya Mountains of Russia in summer. It was a typical daytime migratory species, with the peak of migration between 09:00 and 14:00. There were many short-term stopover sites. Eastern buzzards mainly used trees, grassland, and farmland, with the utilization rate differing across seasons. Trees were mostly used, followed by grassland and farmland during the spring and fall migration stopover, while trees and farmland were mostly used during the summering and wintering periods, respectively. By revealing the detailed migration routes of wintering eastern buzzards in the central and eastern China for the first time, our results provide detailed information for the conservation of eastern buzzard populations in China.





Identification of key waterbird species and analysis of population trends in the Liaohe River estuary wetland.

DONG Haozheng, DUAN Houlang, YU Xiubo

2026, 45(3):  911-920.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.030

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The Liaohe River estuary wetland, a crucial waterbird habitat along the East Asia-Australasia Flyway, has mainly been studied for regional waterbird distribution and changes in habitat area and quality. However, studies on the identification, seasonal distribution, and long-term population trends of keystone species are scarce. Using waterbird monitoring data between 2010 and 2023, criterion in wetlands of international importance, and the TRIM model (Trends and Indices for Monitoring data), we identified keystone species and their important sites of seasonal distribution, and analyzed long-term population trends. A total of 133 species from 9 orders and 18 families were recorded, with Charadriiformes being the most numerous. Fifty-four keystone species met the criterion in wetlands of international importance, distributed across 188 important sites. There were significant seasonal differences in the habitat distribution and occurrence frequency of different waterbird species. Important stopover sites were identified, including Nanxiao River, Delta Reservoir, Jiuhuzui, Erjiegou Bridge, Sandao River, and Tanhai Station. Some sites were also served as breeding grounds for gull species and wintering grounds for cranes and geese. From 2010 to 2023, the number of habitats meeting the criterion in wetlands of international importance significantly increased. Total population size of all the species showed an increasing trend, but the population of species like Greater White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons), Siberian Crane (Leucogeranus leucogeranus), Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis), and Grey Plover (Pluvialis squatarola) exhibited declines. Our results indicated that increasing waterbird numbers could lead to insufficient resource carrying capacity in the Liaohe River estuary wetland if the protected areas were not expanded.





Impacts of the combined application of organic materials on the community structure of soil meso-micro arthropods in a dryland maize field.

WANG Yiru, CHEN Yuting, ZHANG Yazhi, SUN Dongbao, YANG Zhenxing, XING Kun, ZHAO Fei

2026, 45(3):  921-929.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.043

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To clarify the impact of the long-term application of organic material on the diversity and community structure of soil meso-micro arthropods in dryland spring maize fields, we adopted the Tullgren funnel method to investigate the number and community diversity of meso-micro arthropods in the soil with five-year continuous combined application of organic materials. There were eight treatments in the experiment, including no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilizer alone (F), chemical fertilizer combined with one and two times the amount of straw (FS and F2S), cattle manure (FM and F2M), and swine manure (FC and F2C). The results showed that Oribatida and Prostigmata were the dominant taxa across all treatments. Combined application of organic materials increased the density of Acariformes, Parasiformes, and Collembola. Soil arthropod density under the straw-amended treatments was 1.1-3.2 times that of the other treatments (P<0.001), while species diversity and evenness were decreased. The evenness was 10.6%-14.5% higher under cattle manure treatment than under the other treatments (P<0.01). Principal co-ordinate analysis indicated that community composition under straw treatments markedly differed from other treatments. Community changes in the straw, cattle, and swine manure treatments were primarily driven by species turnover. These findings elucidated the response patterns of soil arthropods to organic material application in dryland maize fields, offering valuable insights into optimizing fertilization practice and sustaining soil environmental stability.





Fish dietary habits and trophic structure in Henan section of the middle route of South-North Water Diversion Project.

REN Haiping, WANG Nenghan, XING Mingxing, SUN Heying, ZHOU Wenjuan, WANG Yingcai, TANG Jianfeng

2026, 45(3):  930-940.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.035

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To explore the feeding characteristics and trophic structure of fish in the middle route of South-North Water Diversion Project (MSNWDP), we analyzed food composition, isotope characteristics, trophic level, niche breadth, niche overlap, and organic carbon sources of the main fishes in Henan section of the MSNWDP through stomach content analysis and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope techniques. The results showed that fishes in Henan section mainly relied on endogenous carbon sources, with planktonic algae being the most important endogenous carbon source and terrestrial insects being important sources of exogenous carbon. The trophic level of fish ranged from 2.00 to 3.59 based on stomach content analysis, and ranged from 2.66 to 4.39 based on δ15N stable isotopes, indicating that the length of food chain was relatively long. The results of ecological niche spatial structure analysis showed that omnivorous fish had the widest niche breadth, while other types of fish had the narrow niche breadth. There were some differences in the results of niche overlap between stomach contents and isotope analysis, which may be related to the technical characteristics of the two methods. The total area (TA) of the convex hull, corrected standard ellipse area (SEA), δ¹³C range (CR), and the mean distance to the centroid (CD) of the main fish species were relatively small. The mean nearest neighbor distance (MNND) and the standard deviation of nearest neighbor distance (SDNND) were relatively high, indicating that food diversity and trophic redundancy were small and the ecosystem stability was low. This study could provide technical supports for fish resources regulation and aquatic ecosystem management of the MSNWDP.





The variation in bird diversity and functional composition in urban forests along a disturbance gradient.

ZHUANG Xiaochun, WU Haolin, LIU Qian, WEN Rui, QUAN Qing, ZHANG Qiang, SHEN Yong

2026, 45(3):  941-951.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.023

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Urbanization is one of the primary causes of biodiversity loss, presenting a major challenge to human’s efforts to maintain species diversity. However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding how disturbance intensity associated with urbanization affects bird community, particularly in terms of functional composition and diversity. We carried out bird surveys in the urban forests of Longyandong Forest Farm in Guangzhou, a megacity in southern China, and analyzed diversity and trait distribution patterns, aiming to examine shifts in bird community structure and trait-associated ecological strategies under varying disturbance intensities. The results showed that bird species richness and composition did not differ significantly across disturbance levels, and functional richness increased significantly with rising disturbance intensity. Functional dispersion peaked at the intermediate disturbance intensity, showing a unimodal relationship, and was associated with the lowest functional redundancy. At intermediate disturbance levels, functional dominance in terms of body size and weight was significantly higher than that in both low- and high-disturbance forests, showing a unimodal pattern. In contrast, functional dominance related to clutch size decreased significantly with increasing disturbance intensity. Our findings elucidate how the ecological strategies of birds shift along a gradient of disturbance intensity in urban forests, which provides important support for guiding bird conservation and the maintenance of their functional composition during urbanization, particularly in the planning, construction and management of urban green spaces, and the ecological restoration of habitats.





Mammal diversity in Beijing Baihua Mountain National Nature Reserve based on camera traps.

YANG Nan, ZHANG Lei, LIU Lujing, YANG Jun, CHEN Xingyu, ZHANG Xiaochen, GUO Haofan, WANG Siyu, LIU Gang

2026, 45(3):  952-959.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.025

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To understand the species composition and diversity of mammals in the Baihua Mountain National Nature Reserve, Beijing, a total of 57 infrared cameras were deployed from January 2023 to June 2024. Independent and effective camera working days were accumulated to be 10682 days. A total of 16 species were observed, belonging to 7 orders and 12 families. They accounted for 25.39% of the 63 mammal species in Beijing. Five species are listed as the second class national protected species, including leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). Chinese goral and leopard cat appeared in 32 (53.14%) and 30 (52.63%) cameras, respectively. Rhesus macaque was only photographed by one infrared camera, and this individual was suspected to be human-released escapee. In terms of relative species richness, the top five species were Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), David’s rock squirrel (Sciurotamias davidianus), hog badger (Arctonyx collaris), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus). According to capture rate (CR), there were significant differences among different areas of Baihua Mountain Nature Reserve (P<0.01), with the Qingshui area having the highest richness (CR=14.44). Different altitudes showed significant different species diversity (P<0.01), with high and low altitudes having higher richness than the middle one. Species diversity varied significantly among different habitats (P<0.01), with the highest species richness being observed in coniferous forest habitats (CR=42.99). There was no significant difference in species richness among different months. By using the infrared camera technology, this study provided abundant data of mammal resources and species diversity, and explored the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of mammals, which provides scientific support for wildlife conservation and management strategies in the mountain forests in Beijing.





Effects of ecological restoration on macrobenthos in salt marsh wetland of the Yellow River Delta.

HAN Junqing, BI Xiaoli, WU Nan, XIE Baohua, HAN Guangxuan, SONG Weimin, WANG Xiaojie

2026, 45(3):  960-967.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.011

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To understand the effects of ecological restoration on macrobenthos, a monitoring survey was carried out in a restored coastal wetland in the Yellow River Delta, China. Four macrobenthic sampling surveys were conducted before and after the restoration, and changes in the benthic community were analyzed. A total of 40 macrobenthic species were recorded, belonging to 4 phyla, 7 orders and 25 families, with Crustaceans and Polychaetes being the dominant species. After one year of restoration, the benthic fauna increased from 10 species to 23 species, with average density and biomass showing 166.7% and 1033.8% increases, respectively. The species richness index and Shannon diversity index also exhibited significant increases. There were significant spatial differences in the benthic density and biomass of the benthos. The average density followed the order: mid-tidal flats > high-tidal flats > low-tidal flats, while average biomass followed: high-tidal flats > mid-tidal flats > low-tidal flats. The microtopographic construction and vegetation restoration during the ecological restoration effectively improved habitat quality, thereby facilitating the recovery and reconstruction of the benthic community. This study provides scientific support for ecological restoration strategies and the implementation of restoration projects in coastal wetlands.





Resistance of Brassica oleracea var. capitata to Myzus persicae mediated by JMC-01

YAN Xiaoxi, TIAN Haoran, LI Jinpeng, HONG Bo, JIA Yanxia

2026, 45(3):  968-976.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.005

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Lecanicillium lecanii (JMC-01) can form symbionts after colonizing cabbage plants to defend against Myzus persicae. We tested the toxicity of JMC-01 and JMC-01-cabbage symbionts to Myzus persicae by leaf spraying method and observed the infection of JMC-01 to Myzus persicae. We further analyzed the defense-related pathway changes of cabbage plants after colonization by JMC-01 by transcriptomic sequencing. JMC-01 showed 75% virulence against adult aphids at five days post-infection, while the JMC-01-cabbage symbiont induced 58.67% and 66.67% mortality in adults and 1st-instar nymphs, respectively. Nymphal mortality was significantly higher than that of adult aphids. The infection patterns of mycelial in Myzus persicae depended on the inoculation method, either through direct spraying with JMC-01 spore suspension or via feeding on colonized leaves. Direct application of spore suspension demonstrated superior infection efficacy and mortality rates against Myzus persicae. Furthermore, cabbage plants inoculated with JMC-01 exhibited altered defense-related gene expression, with a total of 989 differentially expressed genes being identified. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses revealed significant alterations in defense-related pathways, including hydrolytic enzyme activity acting on glycosyl bonds, cell wall metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna proteins, glucosinolate biosynthesis, MAPK signaling-plant pathway, and sulfur metabolism. Lecanicillium lecanii (JMC-01) can enhance plant resistance through endophytic colonization, with significant potential for application in biological control systems.





Potential impacts of climate change on habitat suitability of Chroogomphus rutilus in Inner Mongolia.

DONG Jinyang, JIANG Haiyan, YANG Nan, WU Yunju, ZHANG Jianhua, DANG Hailong, WANG Zhiping

2026, 45(3):  977-986.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.022

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Chroogomphus rutilus is a large edible and medicinal fungus of significant economic value. We utilized the Biomod2 ensemble model to predict the distribution of C. rutilus for the present and future periods (the 2050s and 2070s) under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios (SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585). Among the ten individual models integrated into the Biomod2 ensemble, the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBOOST) model yielded the highest values for both the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the true skill statistic (TSS), indicating that it was the optimal model. Conversely, the surface range envelope (SRE) modelhad the lowest scores. The final ensemble model achieved an ROC value of 0.993 and a TSS value of 0.972, demonstrating high predictive accuracy and reliable simulation outcomes. Precipitation of the wettest quarter was identified as the primary variable influencing the distribution of C. rutilus. The response curves of environmental variables indicated that the species preferred humid and warm growing conditions. Currently, the suitable habitats of C. rutilus are primarily located in Hulunbuir City, Hinggan League, Tongliao City, Chifeng City, and Xilingol League, covering a total area of 40.363×10⁴ km². Under future climate scenarios, its suitable habitat in Hulunbuir City is projected to expand, with a migratory trend towards the southwest, particularly under medium to high emission scenarios (SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585). Furthermore, dynamic niche modeling suggests that as the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions increases, the niche stability of C. rutilus will decrease, potentially leading to significant shifts in its core suitable habitats.





Prediction of potential distribution area of the unique medicinal plant  Xanthopappus subacaulis in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau based on MaxEnt model and ArcGIS.

CAIRANG Zhaxi, LIU Yuping, SU Xu, ZHENG Yinghui, GAO Xuanlin, FENG Xu, WEI Kaiyue, YANG Ping, SUN Chenglin

2026, 45(3):  987-995.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.001

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To explore the potential suitable distribution area of Xanthopappus subacaulis and to clarify the suitable environmental factors, we constructed the relationship model between the distribution of X. subacaulis and environmental factors based on the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS software. We simulated and verified the potential distribution of X. subacaulis in China for different periods of the Last Interglacial (LIG), Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), Mid-Holocene (MH), the current climate conditions, and different future Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the protection and rational development and utilization of X. subacaulis. The results showed that: (1) altitude and mean temperature of the warmest quarter were the two most important environmental factors determining X. subacaulis distribution. The total suitable distribution area of X. subacaulis was mainly distributed in eastern Qinghai, southwest Gansu, north and west Sichuan, and east Xizang. (2) Under the climatic context of the LIG, the distribution of X. subacaulis was large-scale and continuous in the northwest of China. However, the whole distribution area mainly decreased towards the vicinity of Qinghai Lake under the climatic background of the LGM. Under the climatic context of the MH, the suitable distribution areas of X. subacaulis were consistent with those of the LGM, except that the highly suitable areas had significantly decreased compared to that of the LGM. (3) Under different CO₂ emission scenarios, the potential suitable habitats of X. subacaulis in 2050 and 2070 show significant differences in distribution patterns. However, the core distribution areas remain relatively stable across these two periods. The entire distribution area of X. subacaulis shows a trend of expansion towards the northeast of Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province. The Qinghai Lake area is projected to be the core expansion zone. However, intensive human activities and insufficient protection coverage in these regions would pose ecological conservation challenges. It is recommended to prioritizing the establishment of new protected areas in expansion hotspots and developing germplasm resource banks for X. subacaulis to reconcile resource utilization and ecological conservation.





The dynamic variation and driving mechanism of vegetation photosynthesis in the alpine canyon area of Southwest China.

NI Mengmeng, WU Xiuqin, XIN Zhiming, LIU Yanan

2026, 45(3):  996-1005.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.027

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The alpine canyon regions of Southwest China serve as a vital ecological security barrier for the country. Photosynthesis plays a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem equilibrium. Understanding the characteristics of vegetation photosynthetic dynamics and their driving mechanisms holds significant practical value for assessing ecosystem health and addressing climate change challenges. We utilized GOSIF data to analyze spatiotemporal variations of vegetation photosynthesis through Sen+MK trend analysis, coefficient of variation, and Hurst index. We further employed geographical detector techniques to investigate the mechanisms underlying spatial differentiation. The results showed that: (1) From 2001 to 2020, the solarinduced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) in the alpine canyon area of Southwest China showed a slow and fluctuating upward trend, with a spatial pattern of “high in the south and low in the north”. As the altitude decreased, the SIF showed an increasing trend. (2) The spatial distribution of the overall trend of SIF showed significant heterogeneity, with an increasing proportion of 64.82%, mainly distributed in the northern part of Yunnan Province, as well as Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province. (3) The SIF exhibited good overall stability, while regions distributed at altitudes above 4500 meters showed relatively low stability. The Hurst index was slightly lower than 0.5, indicating that the variation trend of SIF would be generally stable with small fluctuations in the future, and the spatial distribution of its future variation trend is basically consistent with the current spatial pattern of SIF variation trend. (4) The dominant factors driving the spatial differentiation of photosynthetic dynamics were elevation, temperature, evapotranspiration, and precipitation. Compared to single-factor analysis results, the interaction effects revealed that extreme climatic factors exhibited higher levels of influence. These findings provided references for ecosystem conservation and climate change research in the alpine canyon regions of Southwest China.





Spatiotemporal variation and driving factors of NDVI in the Three-North Shelterbelt Project Region from 2001 to 2023.

YANG Jiaming, CAO Yanping, LI Jialin

2026, 45(3):  1006-1015.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.003

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The Three-North Shelterbelt Project Region is one of the most severely desertified areas in China and a key focus of national ecological restoration initiatives. Understanding vegetation dynamics in this region is of great significance for evaluating the restoration effectiveness and guiding ecological management. We analyzed the spatiotemporal variations from 2001 to 2023 and future trajectory of vegetation NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) across the Three-North Region using univariate linear regression and the Hurst index. In addition, the Optimal Geographic Detector (OPGD) was employed to assess the influence of climatic, topographic, and anthropogenic factors on NDVI changes. The results showed that: (1) NDVI in this region increased significantly from 2001 to 2023, with an average rate of 0.0016 a^-1 (P<0.05). Spatially, NDVI exhibited a clear northwest-to-southeast gradient, transitioning from low to medium to high values, reflecting pronounced regional variations. (2) Approximately 59.62% of the study area experienced a significant greening trend. The Helan Mountains roughly marked a boundary, with weaker NDVI increases in the west and more pronounced trends in the east. The fastest NDVI increases were observed in the eastern regions, particularly around the Daxing’anling-Yanshan Mountains and the Loess Plateau. (3) Climatic factors, especially moisture-related variables such as precipitation and actual evapotranspiration, had the strongest explanatory power for NDVI variations. Human activities ranked the second but exhibited a growing synergistic effect when interacting with moisture conditions. (4) The relative importance of driving factors varied across subregions. From northwest to southeast, dominant drivers shifted from human activity in arid zones, to moisture conditions in transitional areas, and to combined effects of moisture and topography in the more humid southeastern regions.





Essential features and implementation pathways of territorial ecological restoration under carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.

HONG Mengjia, CHENG Jia, HUANG Zhihao, XU Hanliang, DENG Jingsong, YU Zhoulu

2026, 45(3):  1016-1023.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.044

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Territorial ecological restoration is an important way to achieve the coordinated ecological security and low-carbon development. The synergistic mechanism with the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals is of key significance to the optimization of territorial space governance path. We systematically analyzed the essential features of ecological restoration of territorial space and the feedback logic with the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. It unraveled the coupling relationship from the three dimensions of goals overlap, system intertwining and dynamic interaction. It also revealed that the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals drive the lowcarbon transformation of ecological restoration projects through the dual mechanisms of carbon quota constraints and carbon market incentives. Meanwhile, the territorial ecological restoration remarkably enhanced the regional carbon sequestration and sink capacity by optimizing carbon cycle path, improving the carbon land structure and reconstructing the carbon value system. Based on such understanding, we proposed to build a planning and control system with “time-space” linkage, an engineering implementation system with “early-late” connection, and a carbon sink support system with “internal-external” coordination. This work puts forward prospects for deepening the research on cross-system mechanisms such as land-sea carbon flux transmission and urban-rural gradient carbon metabolism. It also promotes the full chain connection of territorial ecological restoration from theory to practice, providing scientific support for the realization of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.





Portable detection of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment: A review.

NI Haohua, LIAN Meihua, YANG Chengbo, WANG Shuping, LIU Huijun, LI Zhiheng

2026, 45(3):  1024-1031.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.037

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As antibiotic pollution continues to worsen, the dispersal capacity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has significantly increased, further enhancing their spread in both environmental and clinical settings and posing a serious threat to public health. Due to the susceptibility of ARGs to degradation, preserving the integrity and biological activity of environmental samples is challenging. It is critically needed to explore potential in-situ detection technologies for environmental ARGs. We review traditional detection methods for ARGs and compare the characteristics of isothermal amplification techniques (ITA), aiming to select an efficient ITA mode and explore its potential application in portable ARGs detection. We further introduce signal transduction systems compatible with ARGs detection, analyze the types and characteristics of biosensors, focusing on the material composition, structural features, and surface functional modifications of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), elucidate their applications in nucleic acid detection, and prospect their future development in ARGs detection.





Selection of influencing factors for forest farm fire risk level zoning based on PCA.

SUN Shufa, JIANG Shan, YANG Xu, ZHAO Peng, ZHANG Xuan, HU Xinyu

2026, 45(3):  1032-1041.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.026

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Forest fires, due to their frequent occurrence and unpredictability, pose a severe threat to forest ecological security and regional sustainable development. Scientific and rational delineation of fire risk grade zones has become a core way to enhance disaster prevention and control capabilities. Taking the Qierqi Forest Farm in Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province as the research object, we collected vector data and remote sensing data of the forest farm. We classified all the 34 forest fire-influencing factors into four categories: topographic factors, vegetation factors, climatic factors, and human factors. The principal component analysis (PCA) function in ArcGIS 10.8 software was used to conduct analysis of the influencing factors. Based on the principal component contribution rate and the principal component factor loading matrix in the analysis results, 15 factors with low internal correlation but strong correlation with fire factors were selected. The Super Decision 3.0 software was used to construct a factor network model to determine the factor weights. On this basis, the weighted superposition evaluation method was used to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the forest fire risk level. According to the natural break point method, the forest fire risk level was divided into five grades: high, medium-high, medium, medium-low, and low, accounting for 15.1%, 29.3%, 24.5%, 18.9%, and 12.2% of the study area, respectively. The zoning results were verified by historical fire data. The results showed that the distribution of historical fire points was highly consistent with the fire risk levels. By superimposing and comparing with the traditional analytic hierarchy process, the reliability and effectiveness of PCA in superimposing after the selection of fire risk factors were confirmed. Our results can provide scientific basis for the early warning of forest fires, the planning and allocation of fire-fighting resources in the forest farm, which is of great significance for improving the forest fire prevention and control capabilities of the forest farm and ensuring the safety of forest resources.





Correlation between seasonal distribution characteristics of Sus scrofa habitat and human activities based on infrared camera information.

CHEN Yangyang, WANG Cheng, CHEN Yifei, YONG Fan, DING Jingjing, QIAN Mengzhen, GONG Guanqing, ZHANG Zihan, LI Jing

2026, 45(3):  1042-1056.  doi:10.13292/j.1000-4890.202603.034

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With the concept of ecological environment protection deeply ingrained in society, the habitat of wild boars (Sus scrofa) has continuously ameliorated in recent years. Consequently, the populations of wild boars are increasing at a rapid pace. Due to the absence of large predators, the rapid expansion of wild boar populations has induced the occurrence of human-wild boar conflicts. Nevertheless, the research regarding the seasonality of human-wild boar interactions within conflict zones remains insufficient. In this study, we conduct continuous monitoring via infrared cameras in 25 districts/counties of Zhejiang Province. With the assistance of sampling point and sampling line surveys, a total of 852 wild boar location data were recorded from 2019 to 2022. A total of 13 habitat identification indicators reflecting both natural and anthropogenic factors were constructed, and the MaxEnt model was applied to analyze the seasonal distribution pattern of suitable habitat for wild boar and to explore its influencing factors. Eventually, the Human Footprint Index Method and spatial autocorrelation analysis were used to uncover the hotspots of human-wild boar conflicts. The results showed that: (1) The potential habitat area spanned 9184.2 km² in spring, primarily distributed in Lishui City and Taishun County (Wenzhou City). In summer, suitable habitats for wild boars were mainly concentrated in Kaihua County (Quzhou City) and Pan’an County (Jinhua City), with a total area of the moderately and highly suitable habitats reaching a peak of 18300.93 km². Autumn witnessed a reduction of potential habitats to 7957.06 km², with moderately and highly suitable habitats located in Kaihua County (Quzhou City) and Longquan City (Lishui City). There was a significant expansion of non-suitable habitat areas in winter, reaching 73859.72 km². (2) Altitude, average annual precipitation, and distance to farmland were the dominant factors influencing the distribution of potential wild boar habitats, with secondary factors being human population density and vegetation coverage. The spatial distribution of human activity intensity in the study area was characterized by “high in the north, east and along the coast, and low in the south, west, and inland”. (3) The proportion of H-H clusters was lower in spring (0.87%) and summer (0.99%) compared to autumn (1.62%) and winter (1.06%), suggesting a relatively less pronounced spatial overlap in spring and summer. Autumn was the period with the high overlapping between human activity space and the living space of wild boars.