Table of Content

10 November 2009, Volume 28 Issue 10

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Articles

Seedling regeneration in primary moist evergreen broad-leaved forest and different type secondary vegetations in Ailao Mountains.

2009, 28(10):  1921-1927. 

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By using space-time substitution method, an investigation was made on the species composition, density, and regeneration mode of woody plant seedlings in the primary moist evergreen broad-leaved forests and different type secondary vegetations in Xujiaba region of Ailao Mountains, Yunnan. The woody plant seedlings were of 46 species, including 31 tree species and 15 shrub species. Their density in virgin grassland, secondary Populus bonatii forest, Lithocaupus re-growth forest, and primary forest was 421.9±59.5, 34.4±8.1, 31.6±7.2, and 18.5±6.6 stems·25 m^-2, respectively. With the progress of succession, the proportion of shrubs decreased, while that of trees increased gradually. In the process of succession, the sprouting of shrub species was the dominant regeneration pattern at the early stage (grassland) whereas that of tree species was the major regeneration strategy at the late stage (primary forest), the density of woody plant seedlings decreased gradually, and the life-form and regeneration modes of the seedlings changed.

Litter production and its nutrient fluxes in an age sequence of Eucalyptus plantations.

LIU Wen-Fei, FAN Hou-Bao, GAO Chun-Fen, HUANG Rong-Zhen, SU Bing-Jiang-

2009, 28(10):  1928-1934. 

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The measurements on the litter production and its nutrient fluxes in an age sequence of Eucalyptus grandis×E. urophyllas plantations were studied in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province. The results showed that the annual litter production of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6year old E. grandis×E. urophyllas plantations was 279665, 309810, 4489.13, 4200.72, and 3692.40 kg·hm^-2, respectively, showing an increase with stand age at early stage, but slightly decline after 4yearold. The litter production of 3and 4yearold stands and that of 6yearold stand showed a single peak in early summer (June) and in midspring (April), respectively, while that of 2 and 5yearold stands exhibited one peak in midspring (April) and another peak in summer (June). In the litters, fallen leaves occupied the greatest proportion (84.86%-90.04%), followed by miscellaneous materials (501%-6.70%), branches (2.95%-4.52%), barks (2.64%-3.62%), and fruits (0.30%-0.55%). The nutrient contents in the litters were N>Ca>K>Mg>P, and their annual fluxes in the 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6year old E. grandis×E. urophyllas plantations were 86.01, 90.51, 133.20, 124.98, and 97.56 kg·hm^-2, respectively.

Interspecific associations among main plant populations in communities with Arabidopsis thaliana occurrence in middle part of northern Tianshan Mountains.

TAO Ye;LIU Tong;XU Yan-yan;WANG Dan;JIANG Chengguo

2009, 28(10):  1935-1941. 

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By using interspecific association determination methods, this paper analyzed the characteristics of interspecific associations among the 24 main plant populations in the communities with Arabidopsis thaliana occurrence in middlepart of northern Tianshan Mountains. The variance ratio (VR) of the overall associations among the 24 populations was 1.55, showing a significant positive association. Among the 276 species pairs of the populations, there were 123 pairs showing positive correlation, 150 pairs  negative correlation, and 3 pairs with no correlation. The χ₂ test indicated that there were 61 species pairs showing significant or very significant positive correlation, and 24 speciespairs showing significant or very significant negative correlation. 232 species pairs had the Ochiai values>0 and<0.6, 12 species pairs had the Ochiai values>0.6, and 32 species pairs had their Ochiai values=0, suggesting that most
 of the species pairs had weak or no interspecific association. The detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) indicated that the distances between species on the ordination diagram better reflected the strength of interspecific association. A. thaliana had close relations with and high dependency on droughtresistant species Seriphidium kaschgaricum and Salsola collina, indicating its stronger droughtresistance, and had significant positive associations with its a
djacent species Alyssum desertorum, and with Leptaleum filifolium and Tauscheria lasiocarpa, indicating that these species had similar ecological requirements and habitats. However, the association between A. thaliana and A. pumila was weak, showing a divergence of their habitats. Most of ephemeral cruciferous species had stronger associations among them and with the dominant species in the communities, reflecting the distribution characters of cruciferous species in arid area.

Biomass and its estimation model of rubber plantations in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China.

TANG Jian-Wei, LONG Jia-Beng, CHEN Meng, GUO Xian-Meng, CENG Rong

2009, 28(10):  1942-1948. 

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Aimed to study the dynamics of the biomass and its allocation of the rubber plantations with different stand age in Xishuangbanna of Southwest China, fifteen plots, each with a size of 25 m×40 m, were established at different sites. By using the investigation data of 30 rubber trees with different age and diameter at breast height, the regression model of the biomass relating with D (diameter at breast height, 13 m) and D²H was established, and applied to estimate the biomass of 15 rubber plantations with different stand age, and to analyze the allocation characteristics of the biomass with stand age. The total biomass of the stands increased with stand age, being 23.98 t·hm^-2 in 7yearod stand, 66.90 t·hm^-2 in 13yearold stand, 150.37 t·hm^-2 in 19yearold stand, 171.12 t·hm^-2 in 25yearold stand, and 25021 t·hm^-2 in 47yearold stand. The biomass of trunk occupied the greatest proportion, being 53.61% of the total in 7yearold stand, 57.79% in 13year old stand, .30% in 19yearold stand, 62.27% in 25yearold stand, and67.74% in 47yearold stand. Branch biomass also increased with stand age, from 15.14 % of the total in 7yearold stand to 18.20% in 47yearold stand, while root biomass decreased with stand age, being 25.54%, 20.22%, 16.93%,16.08%, and 12.47% of the total in the five stands, respectively. Leaf biomass contributed small, which also decreased from 3.11% of the total in 7yearold stand to 225% in 47yearold stand. Comparing with that of other forest types, the biomass of the rubber plantations in study area was far lower than that of the tropical seasonal rainforests and tropical monsoon rainforests over limestone, but higher than that of the secondary tropical forests in the same area and of the forest plantations in other tropical regions of China.

Characteristics of base flow in tropical seasonal rainforest catchments in Xishuangbanna of Yunnan Provice, Southwest China.

Go Fu, ZHANG Yi-Beng, LIU Wen-Jie, TANG Jian-Wei, DENG Xiao-Bao

2009, 28(10):  1949-1955. 

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Based on the 1996-2006 daily runoff data of tropicalseasonal rainforest catchments in Xishuangbanna, the annual base flow index (BFI) values of the catchments were calculated, and by using these BFI values to partition the daily runoff data according as the hypothesis of dual water source, the total base flow of these catchments was calculated with the help of BFI software. The annual BFI values of the catchments varied from 0.24 to 0.45, withan average of 0322 and changed less among years, and the monthly BFI values were 0.31-0.34, being higher in dry season than in wet season The variation pattern of the total base flow was similar with that of rainfall, and the former lagged behind the latter. The findings of this study could provide basic data for the research of tropical forest ecohydrological functioningand the management of water resources in tropical area.

Similarity of ornamental plant composition in new residential areas in Yangtze River Delta.

XU Zhi-Hu|SONG Kun|QIN Jun;GAO Kai;HU Yong-Gong

2009, 28(10):  1956-1959. 

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Natural vegetation is homogenized to some extent under the effects of urbanization. Whether the planted vegetation also has the same problem is an issue to be concerned with. By using Jaccard Index (JI), the similarity of ornamental plant composition in 45 new residential areas of 10 cities in Yangtze River delta was investigated at the scales of residential area, city, and province. It was found that this similarity increased significantly along the gradient of residential area  city province, with the JI being 0.45 and 0.50 at the scales of city and province, respectively, but decreased with increasing distance among cities. Owing to the small amounts, native plant species didn’t decrease the similarity among cities, but increased the similarity among provinces. These findings suggested that the ornamental plants in residential areas in Yangtze River delta were poor in species richness, especially of native plants, and presented homogenization trend.

Salttolerance of seed germination and seedling growth of different oat varieties.

WU Dun-Yang;LIU Jing-Hui;Zhai Li-Jian;Li Qian;LI Li-Jun

2009, 28(10):  1960-1965. 

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An observation was made on the seed germination and seedling growth of 36 oat (Avena fatua L.) varieties under NaClNa₂SO₄ stress in Petri dish, aimed to provide theoretical reference for selecting salttolerant oat varieties, cultivating oat on salinealkali soil, and breeding salttolerant species. Salt stress inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth. Low salt concentration (0.4%) favored the growth of test oat cultivars, and promoted the germination and seedling growth of salttolerant varieties. Salt concentration 1.2% was the appropriate salt concentration for the identification of oat salttolerance. The test 36 oat varieties had greater differences in their salttolerance, and could be divided into three types, i.e., tolerant, moderate tolerant,and nontolerant. Different oat varieties and types at their seed germination stage had different salttolerant concentration range, and the salttolerant indices had definite differences in reflecting the salttolerance of oat, among which, germination rate, germination index, simple vigor index, and individual dry mass were more available.

Effects of Cerasus leaf aqueous extracts on the photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of Cerasus sachalinensis.

LV De-Guo;WANG Zhi-Xin|;QIN Si-Jun|;MA Huai-Yu

2009, 28(10):  1966-1970. 

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Cerasus sachalinensis seedlings were used as test materials to study their photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence under effects of seven Cerasus species leaf aqueous extracts. After treated with the aqueous extracts of C.sachalinensis, C. fruticosa, C. pseudocerasus, Colt, and C. avium, the se
edlings leaf chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll a/b ratio, net photosynthetic rate(P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (F_v/F_m), and quantum efficiency of noncyclic electron transport of PSⅡ (Φ_PSⅡ) decreased, while the carotenoid content, F₀, and nonphotochemical quenching coefficient (_qN)  increased, illustrating that the leaf aqueous extracts of these five Cerasus species had negative effects on the photosynthesis of  C. sachalinensis. Among the five aqueous extracts, the extract of C. sachalinensis had more obvious impact, suggesting its stronger autotoxicity. On the contrary, the aqueous extracts of Gisela and C. mahaleb had definite promotion effects on the photosynthesis of C.sachalinensis.

Effects of environmental stress on nitric oxide emission from Hordeum vulgare seedlings.

CHEN Juan;XIAO Qiang;WU Fei-hua;PEI Zhen-ming;ZHENG Hai-lei

2009, 28(10):  1971-1976. 

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By using chemiluminescence technique, this paper studied the nitric oxide (NO) emission from Hordeum vulgare seedlings under high temperature, dro
ught, salt, and heavy metals (cadmium and copper) stresses. Shortterm high temperature stress induced the increase of H. vulgare seedlings NO emission, while longterm high temperature stress dropped the NO emission to the level of the control. Under shortterm drought stress, the NO emission from the seedling streated with high concentration polyethyleneglycol 6000 (25% and 30%) increased significantly, but under longterm drought, the NO emission decreased. Similarly, the NO emission increased under shortterm salt stress, but differed under longterm salt stress, depending on salt concentration, i.e., kept a lower level similar to the control at low salt concentration (≤400 mmol·L^-1) but maintained at a higher level at high salt concentration (≥600 mmol·L^-1). No significant change was observed in the NO emission under shortterm heavy metals (cadmium and copper) stress, but the emission increased significantly under longterm cadmium stress and low concentration copper stress. The results suggested that environmental strinduced the NO emission from H. vulgare seedlings, and the emission ratewas correlated with the stress strength and stress duration.

Characteristics of N, P and K cycling in Scirpus mariqueter wetland ecosystem at Jiuduansha shoal of Yangtze River estuary.

YANG Yong-xing;LIU Chang-e;YANG Yang

2009, 28(10):  1977-1985. 

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An investigation was made on the contents, distribution patterns, and cycling characteristics of N, P and K in Scirpus mariqueter wetland ecosystem at the upper, middle, and lower Jiuduansha shoals of Yangtze River estuary. With the increasing altitude along the gradient lower shoal  middle shoal  upper shoal, the P and K contents in the whole soil profile decreased, while N content had less variation. The total N (TN) content in the soil profile was in the order of middle shoal > lower shoal > upper shoal, total P (TP) and total K (TK) contents were lower shoal > middle shoal > upper shoal, available N (AN) content was middle shoal > lower shoal > upper shoal, and available P (AP) and K (AK) contents were lower shoal > middle shoal > upper shoal. The contents of soil total and available N, P, and K were in the order of TK > TP > TN, and AK > AN > AP, respectively, and decreased with soil depth. N and K were more accumulated in surface soil, and the absorbed amounts of N and K by S. mariqueter at the three shoals were higher than that of P. The absorbed amount of soil nutrients by S. mariqueter at upper and lower shoals was in the order of K > N > P, and that at middle shoal was N > K > P. The S. mariqueter at upper shoal absorbed the highest amount of soil nutrients, followed by that at middle shoal, and at lower shoal. The absorption coefficient of nutrients in S. mariqueter wetland ecosystem at the three shoals was N > P > K, and cycling coefficient was K > N > P. The N at the upper shoal and the K at the middle and lower shoals had the highest utilization coefficient.

Phosphorus removal efficiency of Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland soil in Sanjiang Plain.

LU Wei-wei;|JIANG Ming;LXian-guo;WU Hai-tao|ZOU Yuan-chun

2009, 28(10):  1986-1990. 

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A simulation test was conducted to study the phosphorus (P) removal efficiency of Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland soil in Sanjiang Plain in different plant growth periods and removal stages, and the effects of P input on the P removal efficiency. The P removal efficiency was the highest in the maturing period of C. angustifolia, but no significant difference was observed among different growth periods. When the total phosphorus (TP)  input concentration increased from 10 mg·L^-1 to 20 mg·L^-1, the P removal efficiency enhanced, with the average removal efficiency being 4.56 and -0.71 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 in the early and midlate removal stages, respectively. When the TP input concentration was 20 mg·L^-1, the Premoval efficiency of 0-10, 10-20, and 2040 cm soil layers was 2.27, -0.87, and 0.51 mg·kg^-1·d^-1, respectively, but the difference was not significant.

Dynamics in leaf stomatal conductance of Spartina alterniflora in mangrove habitats.

QIN Ying-ying;GAN Xiao-mei|JIANG Xiao-xiao|LI Jun-wei;WEI Feng;LIANG Shi-chu

2009, 28(10):  1991-1995. 

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The study on the dynamic changes in the leaf stomatal conductance of invasive plant Spartina alterniflora in loamy mangrove habitat from noon (ebbtide) to evening and the relevant environmental factors showed that the leaf stomatal conductance of S. alterniflorawas in the order of upper part > top > lowermid part > lower part, and had a power function relationship with light intensity and leaf temperature but a negative exponential function relationship with time and relative humidity. It was the greatest at 50%-60% relative humidity, and became smaller with the further increase of the humidity. The midpart leaves had the greatest contribution to the accumulation of photosynthates. There existed interactions among diverse environmental factors on the stomatal opening and closure, and thus, the leaf stomatal conductance of S. alterniflora could be viewed as a comprehensive response to environmental parameters.

Distribution patterns and related affecting factors of bacterial and viral abundance in lakes of Guizhou tableland.

LU Ting ;LIANG Xiao-bing ;ZENG Jia ;ZHANG Wei

2009, 28(10):  1996-2001. 

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By using epifluorescence microscopy with SYBR Green I, the vertical distribution patterns of bacterial and viral abundance in Aha Lake and Baihua Lake in Guizhou Province of China were studied, with the effects of water temperature, pH, DO, conductivity, and DOC concentration analyzed. In the two lakes, the DOC concentration ranged from 1.48 to 2.96 mg·L^-1, bacterial abundance was 3.32×10⁶-16.6×10⁶ cells·ml^-1, and viral abundance was 1.87×10⁷-12.5×10⁷ cells·ml^-1. The virus/bacteria ratio (VBR) varied from 4.09 to 12.77, with the mean value in the sequence of Baihua Lake > Aha Lake entrance > central Aha Lake. The bacterial and viral abundance decreased from surface water to bottom water. In the two lakes, bacterial abundance was significantly positively correlated with water temperature, pH, DO, and viral abundance, and negatively correlated with water conductivity. There was a significant positive relationship between bacterial abundance and DOC in Aha Lake, and between viral abundance and DOC in central Aha Lake, but no significant relationships were observed between viral abundance and DOC in Aha Lake entrance, and between bacterial and viral abundance and DOC in Baihua Lake.


Effects of Miscanthus floridulus inhabitation on microbial community structure in mine tailings.

CHEN You-jing;CHEN Jia-yuan;YANG Jing-dan;ZHANG Chong-bang

2009, 28(10):  2002-2008. 

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Five sampling sites of mine tailings inhabited by Miscanthus floridulus with the coverage of 0, 17%, 41%, 71%, and 89% were selected to analyze the ynamics of microbial community structure and its relationships with mine tailings’ physical and chemical properties, heavy metals contents, and plant biomass. With the inhabitation of M. floridulus, the mine tailings’ organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, and available phosphorus contents, ggregate stability, and maximum waterholding capacity increased significantly, but the total and DTPAextractable heavy metals contents  significantly decreased. The principal component analysis indicated that the microbial community structure changed significantly with the inhabitation of M. floridulus. The Grampositive bacterial fatty acids, Gramnegative bacterial fatty acids, fungal fatty acid, actinomycete fatty acid, mycorrhizal fatty acids (16∶1ω5c and 20∶3ω3), algal fatty acids, and microbial community diversity (ShannonWiener index) all increased significantly and had significant positive correlations with the mine tailings’ total nitrogen, NO₃^--N and available phosphorus contents, aggregate stability, and the aboveground and belowground biomass of M. floridulus. Only the Gramnegative bacterial and mycorrizal phospholipid fatty acids were negatively correlated with mine tailings’ DTPAextractable Cu content.

Spatial distribution and species diversity of soil Bacillus spp. in Chengdu suburbs.

GONG Guo-shu ;TANG Zhi-yan ;DENG Xiang-jie;ZHANG Shi-rong;YANG Ji-zhi

2009, 28(10):  2009-2013. 

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y using the approaches of grid and stratum sampling, twenty seven 0-20 cm soil samples located by GPS were collected from Chengdu suburbs to study the spatial distribution and species diversity of Bacillus spp. The isolation, counting, and identification of Bacillus spp. were made with conventional methods, and the spatial variability was performed by the software ArcGIS 90 with geostatistical component. The total number of culturable Bacillus spp. was comparatively high, being 4.30×10³-8.53×10⁵ cfu·g^-1 dry soil, and the Bacillus mainly exhibited strip and partially aggregative spatial distribution patterns. The individuals of soil Bacillus increased gradually from southwest to northeast, and the spatial probability distribution of Bacillus spp. (>1.693×10⁵ cfu·g^-1 dry soil) mainly presented strip or partially aggregative shape, with the probability grade increased gradually from south to north and from west to east. Based on the characteristics of morphology and physiology/biochemistry, 21 Bacillus species from 333 isolates were identified, among which, B. circulans, B. megaterium, B. licheniformis, and B. cereus were the dominant species. The richness index, species diversity index and evenness index were high, being 7.259±1.375, 1.368±0.237 and 0.698±0.115, respectively, but the ecological dominance index was low (0.319±0.094), which suggested that in Chengdu suburbs, soil Bacillus spp. were comparatively abundant and had a relative balance among the species, but the prevalent species were not obvious.

Effects of rainfall intensity and land use on rainfall runoff and storage in Loess hilly region.

LI Guang;HUANG Gao-bao

2009, 28(10):  2014-2019. 

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By using rainfall simulator, an experiment was conducted to quantitatively study the rainfall runoff and storage in Loess Hilly region under effects of different rainfall intensity and land use. Rainfall intensity had significant effects on the rainfall runoff, and there was a negative exponential relationship between rainfall intensity and runoff coefficient. Rainfall intensity also hadsignificant effects on rainfall storage. When the rainfall intensity was 1.97, 2.14, 2.46, 2.94, and 3.75 mm·min^-1, the average storage coefficientof land use was 0.73, 0.62, 0.58, 0.55, and 0.44, respectively. The average runoff coefficient of different rainfall intensities was in the order of forestland>cultivated land>artificial grassland>natural grassland, and the runoff storage coefficient of forestland, natural grassland, artificial grassland, and cultivated land was 0.44, 0.68, 0.66, and 0.55, respectively. In the ecologically fragile Loess hilly region, grassland showed good effects in water and soil conservation, and the canopy, shrub, and litter layers on forestland had significant effects in intercepting, retarding, and reducing rainfall.

Disturbance effects of Rhombomys opinms on desert plant community in Gurbantonggut Desert.

YANG Wei-kang;JIANG Hui-ping;WANG Xue-qin|XU Wen-xuan

2009, 28(10):  2020-2025. 

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In May 2006, an investigation was made on the plant species composition, vegetation coverage, species density, and aboveground biomass at the Rhombomys opinms burrow sites and control sites in Gurbantonggut Desert, aimed to understand the disturbance effects of R. opinms on the plant species composition and vegetation structure in the Desert. MannWhitney U test showed that the plant species number at the burrow sites (16.1) was significantly higher than at control sites (13.8) (Z=2436, P<005), while the subshrub species richness at the burrow sites (0.8) was significantly lesser than that at the control sites (1.9) (Z=3.442, P<0.01). Under the disturbance of R. opinms, the average vegetation coverage at the burrow sites (2.40%±2.30%) was far lesser than that at the control sites (1446%±682％) (Z=3.63, P<0.01, and the aboveground biomass at the burrow sites (6.52 g·m^-2±6.30 g·m^-2) was also lower than that at the control sites (23.3 g·m^-2±12.85 g·m^-2, Z=3.708, P<001). The Simpson Index (0.75±0.10, n=10) and ShannonWiener Index (0.78±0.12, n=10) of the burrow sites were significantly higher than those (0.61±0.16, n=10; 0.60±0.16, n=10) of the control sites (t=2.362, P<0.05; t=2.948, P<0.01). Our results suggested that the burrowing and feeding activities of R. opinms increased the diversity of annul plants and induced the deterioration of subshrubs, and to some extent, the plant community at the burrow sites was characterized by secondary succession.

Learning behavior of Meteorus pulchricornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) during host-for-aging.

YANG De-song;MENG Ling;LI Lu-lu;LI Bao-ping

2009, 28(10):  2026-2031. 

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By using wind tunnel technique, the behavioral response of Meteorus pulchricornis during searching host larvae of Spodoptera exigua as affected by the experiences from immature to adult emergence, and from oviposition were observed. Food plants had obvious effects on host larvae, in which the immature development and adult emergence of M. pulchricornis were accomplished. Soybean plant exercised significant effects on the behavioral response of naive parasitoids, compared to cotton and Chinese cabbage. For the parasitoids with an experience of oviposition once while searching hosts, the effects were dependent on the plant species the host larvae fed with, i.e., a significant response was performed to soybean and Chinese cabbagehost larvae complexes. For those with the experiences of oviposition twice on different plants, the followup behavioral response was dependent both on plant species and on their sequence experienced. When the oviposition experience happened between soybean and Chinese cabbage, the soybeanhost larvae complex was always preferred, regardless of the sequence experienced. However, when the oviposition experience occurred between soybean and cotton, the parasitoid only favored the recently experienced soybeanhost larvae complex. When the oviposition experience was between cotton and Chinese cabbage, the parasitoid only showed significant response to the recently experienced Chinese cabbagehost larvae complex. It is suggested that both the experiences from immature development and adult emergence site and from oviposition can affect the followup behavioral responses, but the effects were depended on the plant species the host larvae fed with.

RAPD analysis on genetic differentiation of Hyphantria cunea populations.

KAN Guo-shi;LI Xue;DING Jian-yun

2009, 28(10):  2032-2036. 

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The genetic diversity and UPMGA clustering of nine Hyphantria cunea geographic populations were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. A total of 191 bands were obtained from 25 effective primers, of which, 158 bands were polymorphic, accounting for 82.72%. The genetic distance index of the populations was 0.2043-0.5108, and the similarity coefficient was 0.4892-0.7957. The nine populations could be divided into three groups, i.e., Liaoning and Shandong group, Beijing and Tianjing group, and American group, suggesting that the genetic differentiation of H. cunea populations was correlated with geographical location.

Isozyme analysis of Triplophysa xiangxiensis population.

HE Gang;HE Li;XU Ying-fang;WANG Xue-guang;LI Xiao-li;ZHANG Zheng

2009, 28(10):  2037-2041. 

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By using vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), the genetic diversity of Triplophysa xiangxiensis (cave fish) population was studied. A total of 26 loci were detected in 7 isozymes (LDH, MDH, ME, EST, ADH, GDH, and G6PDH) of six tissues (muscle, heart, liver, brain, spleen, and kidney), among which, Ldh3, Ldh4, sMdh and mMdh were polymorphic, with the mean proportion of polymorphic loci being 15.38%. The observed heterozygosity was 0.0398, expected heterozygosity was 0.0411, and genetic deviation index (D value) was -0.0316, suggesting that T. xiangxiensis population had a lower genetic diversity and a higher genetic purity.

Effects of  |Ceratophyllum demersum, Bellamya purificata, and their combination on water body’s periphyton content and N and P concentrations.

LAN Ce-jie ;Bei-xin;CHEN Kai-ning;CHEN Ai-qing;JIANG Li-hong

2009, 28(10):  2042-2047. 

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With simulation test, the effects of Ceratophyllum demersum, Bellamya purificata, and their combination on the water body’s periphyton dry mass (PDM) and the contents of Chla, total N (TN), total P (TP), NO₃^--N, and NH₄⁺-N were studied. C. demersum increased the PDW and Chla content by 295.62% (P<0.01) and 32.31% (P<0.05), while B. purificata and its combination with C. demersum decreased the PDW and Chla content by 65.69% (P<0.05) and 70.07% (P<0.05), and 46.19% (P<0.01) and 70.16% (P<0.01), respectively. Averagely, C. demersum, B. purificata, and their combination removed TN by 35.18%, 15.27%, and 20.48%, TP by 53.12%, 8.38% and 41.97%, NO₃^--N by 22.34%, 18.33%, and 10.66%, and NH₄⁺-N by 37.88%, 13.98% and 25.72%, respectively. C. demersum and B. purificata showed antagonism and synergism in removing N and P. Antagonism increased the N and P concentrations to some extent. It was suggested that utilizing submerged macrophytes and snails simultaneously would benefit the improvement of water body quality and the control of eutrophication, and thus, the restor
ation of water ecosystem.

Species composition and diversity of zooplankton in Oujiang River estuary in summer and autumn

GAO Qian;XU Zhao-Li

2009, 28(10):  2048-2055. 

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Based on the survey data of two cruises in June and September 2007, the species composition and biodiversity of zooplankton in Oujiang River estuary were studied, with the effects of water mass on them analyzed. A total of 76 species (excluding larvae and juvenile zooplankton, fish eggs, and larval fish) werecollected, belonging to 41 families, 20 orders, 8 classes, and 7 phyla. Copepoda was most dominant. In this estuary, most of zooplankton species were subtropical species. The species number of offshore species was more than that of neritic species, but neritic species were numerically predominant. The species number was significantly greater in autumn than in summer, which was responsible for the significant difference of ShannonWiener index (H′)  between autumn (2.89)
 and summer (2.23). In summer, the area with the highest biodiversity was located at the waters off Damen Island, where several water masses mixed. The H′ increased gradually from the estuary to the offshore.

Species composition and biodiversity of fish community in Chongming Dongtan of Yangtze River estuary.

ZHANG Chao, PENG BengLIU Jian ZHANG Long-Zhen, FENG An-Peng, HOU Dun-Li, DIAO Feng, LIU Jian-Yi

2009, 28(10):  2056-2062. 

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An investigation on the species composition and biodiversity of fish community in Chongming Dongtan of Yangtze River estuary was made in MayAugust,
2004-2006. A total of 39  species were collected, belonging to 37 genera, 22 families, and 14 orders. The dominant species were Saurogobio dumerili, Lateolabrax maculatus, Cynoglossus gracilis, Coilia ectenes, Liza haematocheila, and Mugil cephalus. Perciformes was most abundant, followed by Cypriniformes. The fish community could be classified into 4 ecological types, i.e., freshwater fish (13 species), estuarine fish (4 species), migratory fish (6 species), and marine fish (16 species). The eigenvalues of species diversity were Margalef’s index (R) being 2.30, ShannonWiener’s index (H′) being 1.95, Wilhm’s index (H″) being 2.17, McNaughton’s indices D_n and D_w being 0.60 and 0.45, respectively, Simpson’s index (C) being
 0.22, and Pielou’s index (J′) being 0.59. In the fish community, small with a mean body weight less than 50 g were the most superior in numbers, the
 capture size of commercial fishes became smaller, and the biodiversity decreased. It’s needed to strengthen the conservation and restoration of key fish species and their important habitats to protect the fish resources in Chongming Dongtan.

Ecological characteristics of meso and microzooplankton in macrojellyfish bloom areas of Southern Yellow Sea.

XIONG Ying;WANG Yun-long;TANG Jian-hua;LIU Pei-ting;ZHONGXia-ming;WU Leixuejiaju

2009, 28(10):  2063-2068. 

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From May to September 2007, a survey was conducted to investigate the species composition, community characteristics, and dominant species of meso a
nd microzooplankton in the macrojellyfish bloom areas of Southern Yellow Sea(121°15′E122°09′E, 31°53′N-32°53′N). Zooplankton net (0.160 mm mesh size) was used to collect the samples from six investigation sites (St.1, St.2, St.3, St.4, St.5, and St.6). A total of 58 species belonging to 11 groups and 5 phyla were identified, among which, Copepod was the most dominant group, consisting of 8086% of the total abundance of zooplankton. The average abundance of the zooplankton was 783.17 ind·m^-3 (ranging 452.23-1241.86 ind·m^-3), with the highest density at St.4, and the mean value of diversity index (H′) was 2.76 (2.44-2.95), being higher at southern part (St.4--St.6) than at northern part (St.1-St.3). Paracalanus parvus was the most dominant species and concentrated at St.4, with the average abundance being 263.76 ind·m^-3 (152.23-451.89 ind·m^-3). The total abundance and gross biomass of the zooplankton in the investigated areas depended on the abundance of P. parvus. There was a significant positive correlation between zooplankton biomass and gross catchper unit effort (CPUE), and a significant negative correlation between macrojellyfish CPUE and gross CPUE, and between macrojellyfish CPUE and Pseudosciaena polyactis CPUE.

Thermal resources change characteristics, its trend prediction, and agricultural adaptation countermeasures in East China.

2009, 28(10):  2069-2075. 

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Based on the 1961-2004 mean daily air temperature data from 27 weatherstations in East China, the change characteristics and trends of the beginning
and ending dates, duration, and accumulative temperature of daily temperature > 0 ℃ in this area were studied. In the study area, the > 0 ℃ accumulative tempe
rature and its duration were increased by 5.18-9.53 ℃·d·a^-1 and 0.22-0.60 d·a^-1, respectively. The beginning date of > 0 ℃ was advanced 0.22-0.46 d·a¹, and the ending date was postponed 0.01-0.14 d·a^-1 (except for Fujian Province). With a 1 ℃ increment in mean annual temperature, the > 0 ℃ accumulative temperature increased by 285-402 ℃·d, and its duration increased by 7-18 d. The accumulative temperature of the daily temperature > 0 ℃ in all seasons showed an increasing trend, except that in Shandong Province which had a decreasing one in summer. In 2070, the accumulative temperature of daily temperature > ℃ would be 6831.4-8585.6 ℃·d, with an increment of 283.5-1803.8 ℃·d. Except Shandong, the provinces in East China would have a mean daily temperature > 0 ℃ in the whole year. In order to adapt these changes, increasing multiple cropping indices, strengthening monitoring forecast of diseases, insect pests and weeds, and enhancing the application of advanced technologies were recommended.

Analysis of agroecosystems in Jilin Province based on emergy theory.

2009, 28(10):  2076-2081. 

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The emergy analysis of the agroecosystems in Jinlin Province indicated that in 1990-2007, there was an increasing trend in the total emergy input, among which, economic system feedback emergy accounted for more than 85%, and the ratio of renewable emergy input to the total emergy was above 80% (labor force em
ergy input accounted for about 60%). There was also an increasing trend in the total output emergy, being from 5.50×10²² sej in 1990 to 13.61×10²² sej in 2007, with an increment of 147%. The output emergy was mainly from planting and pasturage. In the past 17 years, the net emergy output ratio was relatively high, environment load ratio was relatively low, sustainable development emergy index maintained at a higher level and showed an increasing trend (from 2.64 in 1990 to4.98 in 2007), but the industrial assistant emergy input in the social economic feedback emergy of the agroecosystems was in shortage. On the whole, there was agreater potential in the agricultural sustainable development of Jilin Province
.

Impact of YangTai highway on landscape pattern of giant panda’s habitat.

FAN Jun-taoLI Jun-sheng,QUAN Zhan-jun LUO Jian-wuHU Li-le XIAO Neng-wenWU Xiao-p

2009, 28(10):  2082-2087. 

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The habitat of giant panda in Qinling Mountains is segmented by the YangTai highway, a provincialclass highway from Yangxian County to Taibai County, Shaanxi Province, which could impact the communications between giant panda populations. With the remote sensing images from Beijing No. 1 Satellite as the data source, and by using multilayer information extraction method, this habitat before the highway construction was classified into different landscape types, and the classification results were updated under the support of GIS software ArcMap to simulate the landscape pattern after the highway construction. Based on these, the landscape indices of the habitat before and after the highway construction were calculated at patch and landscape scales by using Fragstats. This highway passed through 9.4 km forest patches. At the both sides within the range of 500 m along the highway, about 6.9% of the land areas were converted into construction land, among which, forest land decreased by 0.9%, and the patch fragmentation increased. The Shannon Index and Contagion Index varied most within the range of 300 m, but tended to be declined with increasing distance to the highway, which suggested that the impact of the highway on the landscape pattern decreased with increasing spatial scale. Some suggestions were given on the conservation and management of giant panda’s habitat.

Present status and management strategies of alien invasive plants in Guangdong Province.

2009, 28(10):  2088-2093. 

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In Guangdong Province, there are 93 species of alien invasive plants, belonging to 27 families and 72 genera, of which, 21 species are of Asteraceae, and 81 species are herbal plants, accounting for 226% and 87.1% of the total, respectively. The analysis on their growth and dispersal status in the fields showed that 24 species were at high degree of threat to the local biodiversity, 23 species at medium degree, and 46 species at low degree. Among the 93 species of
alien invasive plants in Guangdong, 76 species were from America, accounting for81.7% of the total. The numbers  and the kinds of the alien invasive plants that cause severe threat to local biodiversity in Guangdong had lesser differences with those in the adjacent districts Hong Kong, Xiamen, and Guangxi, probably because the diffusion among the plant species induced by adjacent geographical location. Some management strategies of the alien invasive plants were suggested.

Agricultural water use in HuangHuaiHai region: Problems and countermeasures.
 

2009, 28(10):  2094-2101. 

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HuangHuaiHai region is one of the core areas in food production and agricultural development of China. Since 1998, its agricultural water use is decreasing, but still occupies more than 70% of the total water use, with the amount maintained at about 100 billion m³. This region is facing rather serious water crisis in agriculture, and has the obstacles in its sustaining agricultural water resources utilization, such as the relative scarcity in water resources, deterioration of water quality, competition with other water users, low agricultur water use efficiency, and impacts of extreme meteorological events and global climate change, etc. In order to settle these obstacles to maintain the agricultural water safety in this region, the water supply should be improved with the implement of southtonorth water division and unconventional water resources utilization, the water quality should be improved by water pollution control, the agricultural water use efficiency should be improved by watersaving agricult system construction and rational water resources allocation, and the emergency disposal ability in improving agricultural water use should be strengthened in coupling with soil moisture content monitoring and irrigation prediction system construction. At the same time, the agricultural water resources management system should be reformed.

Forest ecosystem health: Its research progress.

2009, 28(10):  2102-2106. 

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Based on the concept of ecosystem health, this paper discussed the essence of forest ecosystem health. In China, the studies on forest ecosystem health are mainly focused on ecosystem or community level. On ecosystem level, the indices for forest health assessment include structural (e.g., community structure and biodiversity), functional (e.g., water resources conservation and soil and water conservation), and socioeconomic. They are quite complicated, and some of them are difficult to measure. On community level, the indices are mainly of structural, which are relatively simple. Therefore, to build a systemic, effective and unified assessment index system and a scientific and rational health standard is the basis for the further development of forest ecosystem health assessment, and to establish simpler methods for index measurement and to quantify themeasurement results will be the development trend for this assessment.

Nitrogen in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum: A review.

2009, 28(10):  2107-2116. 

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Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients for plants. Its behavior in -soil-plantatmosphere continuum (SPAC) has become a hotspot in recent years. The atmospheric N can enter into plant and soil via biofixation and deposition, and the plant- and soil N can return to atmosphere via ammonia volatili
zation and nitrogenous gaseous emission. After entered into plant via bio-fixation and plant uptake, part of the N abscises from plant organs, and part of it loses via rainwater leaching and plant secretion. The N accumulation and allocation in plant  differ with plant growth stage and plant organ, and the N absorption by plant is limited by the atmospheric and soil status. Through mineralization, nitrification and denitrification, part of soil nitrogen is transformed into the forms that plant can directly use, and part of it loses from soil. Litter decomposition and N deposition can supplement soil N, whereas plant absorption, microbial immobilization, hydrological loss, and nitrogenous secretion can induce the N loss from soil. Litter decomposition, rhizosphere soil, CO₂ concentration, and ozone play important roles in nitrogen cycle. In future research, more attentions should be paid on N pollution, N deposition, and the coupling effec
ts of C and N.

Soil phosphorus cycling on sandy lands: A review.

2009, 28(10):  2117-2122. 

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Phosphorus (P) is one of limiting nutrient elements in sandy land ecosystems of arid and semiarid areas, and the soil P cycling on sandy lands is of  great significance in maintaining  ecosystem productivity of sandy land, being paid more and more attention by the people. In this paper, the latest research advances at home and abroad on the sandy land soil P sources, P pools, and P cycling pathways, and the factors affecting the P cycling were summarized, with the following further research aspects suggested: 1) the action mechanisms of the factors affecting the P cycling, 2) the P budget fluxes in different P cycling pathways, and 3) the status of soil P balance and the sustainability of soil productivity under different land use. The above research aspects would give references to the maintenance of sandy land ecosystem productivity and the mitigation of the contradictions between human beings and natural resources and environment.

Simulation of land system dynamics: A review.

2009, 28(10):  2123-2129. 

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To simulate land system dynamics is of significance for the decisionmaking in regional land use planning and land resources management. At present, empirical statistical methods, multi-agent analytical approach, cellular automata model, and the recently developed Dynamics of Land System (DLS) are the four main approaches for the simulation of land system dynamics at regional scale. This paper reviewed the principles, features, and applications of these approaches, and generalized their advantages and limitations in theoretical bases and applications. The applied perspectives of DLS in simulating land system dynamics were prospected.

Methods for obtaining microsatellite loci: A review.

2009, 28(10):  2130-2137. 

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Microsatellite marker or simple sequence repeat (SSR) is an effective means in molecular genetics research, and the most popular molecular marker, because of its high polymorphism, large information contents, and conservative characteristics. However, SSR is a kind of special primer marker, and it is necessary to know a species DNA sequence to design the primers for PCR testing, a problem limiting microsatellite primer development. This paper reviewed the development strategies of representative microsatellite markers, such as genomic library screening, SSR enrichment, database search, relative species selection, TOMMI, and FIASCO, aimed to provide references to the microsatellite loci screening in molecular ecology research.

Population process of Aphis gossypii with different initial density.

2009, 28(10):  2138-2141. 

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To approach the effects of Aphis gossypii’s initial density on the population process of this aphid, two initial densities (1 and 20 aphids per leaf) were installed in a cotton field under open and nylon net-closed conditions, and the population dynamics of A. gossypii was monitored. At the initial density 20 aphids per leaf, the peak value of the population was larger, with no significant difference between open and nylon netclosed conditions, and the peak period occurred earlier, and advanced under open condition. Under nylon net-closed condition, the population with the initial density 20 aphids per leaf collapsed more rapidly. At the early stage of the population process, the population growth rate was higher at the initial density 1 aphid per leaf, and the population increased more rapidly under open condition. In the peak period and collapse period of the population, no significant differences were observed in the population growth rate at the two initial densities. The proportion of alate aphids was larger at the initial density 20 aphids per leaf, but no significant difference was found between open and nylon netclosed conditions.

Dynamic estimation models of corn and wheat yields in |USA based on remote sensing data.

2009, 28(10):  2142-2146. 

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Grain security is a key issue having been concerned with all over the world. To understand the crop growth status in other countries and regions timely and accurately is of significance for China’s grain trade and grain macro-control. In this paper, a case study was made on the corn and winter wheat production in  USA. Based on the analysis of the spatial distribution and growth periods of the crops, the information of non-cultivated land was eliminated from land-use and land-cover data, making the extracted NDVI could objectively reflect the growth status of the crops. After analyzing the relations between actual crop yields and ten--day-composite NDVI in 1998-2007 based on the data from SPOT VEGETATION, the variables of dynamic yield estimation models for the cropsweredetermined, and the models were established. The comparison of the crop yields estimated by the models and the actual crop yields showed that the relative errors of estimated yields were mostly within 3%, illustrating that the established dynamic crop yield estimation models had a high accuracy, being feasible and practicable.

Water use efficiency of winter wheat under limited irrigation: A simulation study.

2009, 28(10):  2147-2152. 

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Based on the daily meteorological data of Zhengzhou in 2003-2004 when the precipitation in winter wheat growth season was of somewhat shortage, the water deficit at different growth stages of winter wheat was analyzed, and the effects of limited irrigation on the water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat were studied with the DSSAT-CERES Wheat model after parameter calibration. Four treatments were designed, i.e., no irrigation, irrigation once, twice, and three times with limited (100 mm) water, and water management response indicators (WMRIs) were introduced as an integrative evaluation reference for the design of optimal irrigation schemes. Limited irrigation alleviated water stress to some extent, and promoted the grain yield and WUE. Comparing with no irrigation, limited irrigation increased the grain yield by 13.1%-73.3%. Irrigation twice showed the best effect in promoting the water absorption and utilization by winter wheat, followed by irrigation three times, and irrigation once. The WUE was the highest when watering at wintering and grainfilling stages, while the utilization efficiency of irrigation water reached the highest when watering at elongation stage. Therefore, elongation stage was the best phase to actualize limited irrigation.

Submerged membrane bioreactor: A quick treatment technology for non-fecal domestic sewage.

2009, 28(10):  2153-2158. 

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Aiming at the relative complexity of conventional domestic sewage water and the difficulties in treating and recycling this kind of water, an advanced treatment of domestic wastewater drained from kitchen, shower, and rinse but not from lavatory was processed. By adjusting the hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the aeration amount of submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR), a set of feasible option of technical parameters was determined to keep the system in steady-state. When the treatment was conducted under the optimum operation conditions of HRT 80 minute and air/water ratio 12-15, MLSS  7000-9100 mg·L^-1, and solid retention time (SRT)  about 40-55 d， the removal rate of COD, NH₄⁺-N, and total P was 85.5%, 53.1%, and 44.9%, and the COD, BOD5, NH₄⁺-N, total P, and LAS of effluent water were 20-30 mg·L^-1, 1-5 mg·L^-1, 2-3.08 mg·L^-1, 0.59-0.9 mg·L^-1, and 0.41-0.67 mg·L^-1, respectively, meeting the National Standards for Recycling