Table of Content

10 January 2005, Volume 24 Issue 01

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Comparative analysis of the drought-resistances for turfgrass and main weeds in the temperate semi-arid region

WANG Yanrong, ZHAO Liqing, SHAO Yuanhu

2005, (1):  1-5. 

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The wilting coefficients and the survival days of turfgrass (Poa pratensis) and 6 main weeds (Viola prionantha,Digitaria ischaemum,Geranium sibiricum,Potentilla anserine,Inula britanica and Potentilla supina) in the temperate semi-arid region were measured under drought stress and the drought-resistances were compared according to the soil water depleted index (SWDI).The results showed that the wilting coefficient of Digitaria ischaemum was the lowest,then Poa pratensi the second,and that of Inula britanica was the highest.The wilting coefficients of Poa pratensis,Digitaria ischaemum were remarkably different from that of Inula britanica and Geranium sibiricum.The physiological drought-resistances of the seven species were in the order of Poa pratensis> Digitaria ischaemum> Potentilla supina> Potentilla anserina> Viola prionantha> Geranium sibiricum> Inula britanica.

Screening of copper-resistance strains and their biological characters

JIANG Chunyu, SHENG Xiafang, XIA Juanjuan

2005, (1):  6-8,96. 

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Copper-resistance (Cu 200 mg·L^-1) strains B and G were screened out from 42 soil samples,which were primarily identified as Achromobacter and Bacillus.Strain B and G were inoculated to the solution containing Cu (150 mg·L^-1 ) for activation tests.The results showed that in the liquid medium inoculated strain B and G,the contents of Cu²⁺ increased by 475.5% and 249.5% respectively compared with the control,and pH decreased from 6.5 to 4.2 and 5.0,respectively.The activation efficiency of the bacteria correlated to their ability to produce acid.The optimum growth conditions for them were: temperature 28 ℃ for both strain B and G,pH 6～7 for strain B and 8 for strain G.Strain G grew well in the medium containing 5% NaCl.Moreover,strain B and G can also be resistant to Pb²⁺ (400 mg·L^-1 ) and Cd 2+ (100 mg·L^-1).

Ecological distribution of Lumbricida in in Maoerain moumtion forest ecosystem

HUANG Chulong, HUANG Chuqi, ZHANG Xueping

2005, (1):  9-14. 

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Lumbricida is the main species of soil animals in Maoer mountain.Employing hand-picking and apparatus-determining methods,and in combination with field survey and indoor experiment,the distribution regulation of Lumbricida and its relationship with environmental factors were investigated.The results showed that the mean population density and biomass of Lumbricida in birch were far less than those of other three types of forests.The average population density and biomass increased gradually from valley to mountain top.The Lumbricida swarmed into the surface soil layer in all sampling months except October.The size of the population changed with different habitat conditions,especially with soil water content,whose fittest range was 40 % to 65% for Lumbricida in the Maoer mountain forest ecosystem.

Effects of automobile exhaust on chlorophyll fluorescence characters of four northern deciduous trees

MA Shuhua, WANG Qingcheng, LI Yacang

2005, (1):  15-20. 

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The effects of automobile exhaust on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of 4 tree species,Acer mono Malus bacata Pyrus ussuriensis and Acer ginnala were tested by means of fumigation in open top chamber.During fumigation test,the four plants were exposed to exhaust of the same concentration for different time span and same time span but different concentrations.The results showed that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm、Fv/F₀、ΦPSII、qP ) of leaves of four plants decreased with the increase of fumigation time or the increase in concentration of the exhaust,whereas the qN increased.Great variations were found in the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters among the four species tested.Greatest responses were detected with the parameters of Malus bacata,intermediate with those of Acer mono and Pyrus ussuriensis and least with those of Acer ginnala.Evaluated by the shift of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,the tolerance of the four tree species to automobile exhaust oriented pollution followed the order of Acer ginnala >Acer mono and Pyrus ussuriensis >Malus bacata.

Restoration succession of wetland soils and their changes of water and nutrient in Ruoergai Plateau

TIAN Yingbing, XIONG Mingbiao, SONG Guangyu

2005, (1):  21-25. 

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Restoration succession of wetland soils and their changes of water and nutrients were studied with field investigation and laboratorial analysis to explore the effect of ecological restoration on wetland soil evolution and soil fertility in Ruoergai Plateau.The results indicated that there was an ecological succession of wetland soil types and its restoration successive series followed the order of aeolian sandy soil,meadow,bog soil and then peat soil.With the water restoration in wetland,the contents of available soil water,total soil N,P and available N,P,K increased,while there was no obvious change in total soil K.The distribution of total N,P and available N,P,K on soil profile showed surface layer (0～20 cm)>subhorizon (20～40 cm)>ground layer (40～60 cm) except the total soil K.There was a high coordination between the changes of available water,nutrients and wetland ecological environment in Ruoergai Plateau.Wetland ecological restoration was helpful to the improvement of soil fertility.

Influence of Bacillus on the bacterial communities in the sediment of shrimp ponds

LIN Liang, LI Zhuojia, GUO Zhixun, YANG Yingying, LIN Xiaotao, JIA Xiaoping

2005, (1):  26-29. 

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Variation of bacterial communities in the sediment was studied after being treated by preparation of Bacillus.The results showed that the probiotic Bacillus changed bacterial species composition of sediment and increased the number of aerobic bacteria.Shannon-Wiener index was used to analyze the species diversity,it found that diversity index(H),abundance(D) and evenness(J) of three ponds were lower at prophase,all rose at metaphase、anaphase and telophase.However,compared with control pood,bacteria dominanted in experiment ponds changed,the number of Flavobacterium and Cytophaga increased,while the number of Vibrio and Photobacterium reduced relatively,and prawn survival rate,mean weight at harvest and production were improved.

Rhizosphere effects in metal absorption by hyperaccumulators and its research advances

SUN Qin, WANG Xiaorong, DING Shiming

2005, (1):  30-36. 

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This paper reviewed advances in rhizosphere effects by hyperaccumulators and their application in phytoremediation in recent years.Meanwhile,the shortages of the present studies were pointed out and the future research was prospected.

Advances in the study of terrestrial ecosystem carbon source,sink and affection mechanisms

LI Yuqiang, ZHAO Halin, CHEN Yinping

2005, (1):  37-42. 

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It is found that there is a large missing carbon sink between available carbon source and sink by studies of global carbon cycle.Atmosphere,ocean and terrestrial ecosystem are three probable reservoirs of carbon dioxide released by human activities.Terrestrial ecosystem carbon source and sink is one of the critical problems in global carbon cycle because of its complexity and uncertainty.Many studies,including the monitoring of atmospheric components,analysis of forest inventories,CO₂ flux measurements and modeling simulations,have suggested that CO₂ fertilization,increased nitrogen deposition,pollution,global climatic change and change in land use are major ecological mechanisms affecting the amount of carbon in terrestrial ecosystem.It is unclear which of these mechanisms has been the most important in the past 10～100 years and which will be the most important in the future.

Ecological planning of urban forest in Shenyang

LI Haimei, HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei, XU Wenduo

2005, (1):  43-47. 

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The development of industry and civilization resulted in the deterioration of urban environment.Thus urban forest drew much attention because it could improve the quality of urban environment.This paper explained the definition,principle and general goals of urban forest ecological planning.The model of urban ecological plan in Shenyang was introduced,and the problem in the construction of eco-city was clarified,with improvement suggestions.This paper would provide scientific basis for the ecological construction and sustainable development of Shenyang city.

Advances of studies on soil microbial diversity and environmental impact factors

ZHANG Wei, WEI Hailei, GAO Hongwen, HU Yuegao

2005, (1):  48-52. 

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There are abundant microorganism sources in soil and various microbial communities in each type of soil ecosystem.Microbial diversity not only depends on but also serves for ecosystem.In this paper,soil microbial diversity was explained with species diversity,genetic diversity,diversity of ecological type and functional diversity.The relationship between soil microbial diversity and environmental factors,such as soil character,plant community and climate type was summarized and discussed.Furthermore,some problems and suggestions were put forward for the further study of soil microbial diversity.

Climate and vegetation change in the north of Shaanxi Province

LU Yuanping, DU Jiwen, LIANG Shengjun, YUAN Junjian

2005, (1):  53-57. 

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The climate and vegetation change in the north of Shaanxi Province during the past 1.28 million years was analyzed in this paper.The results showed that the climate in the north of Shaanxi had changed periodically with the succession of cold,warm,dry and wet.During the early geological and historic stage,it was the climate that mainly influenced the change of the vegetation in the north of Shaanxi.Along with the development of human activity,the climate was no longer the only element influencing the vegetation,while the human activity had played a more and more important role in the vegetation change.During the Ming and Qing dynasties,the ecological environment in the north of Shaanxi became vulnerable due to the dry and cold climate.The vegetation reduced sharply because the excessive reclamation and burning and the ecosystem in the north of Shaanxi was destroyed seriously.Since 1950s,protective measures had been implemented in this area.Though there still existed some deforestation phenomena,the ecological environment in the north of Shaanxi has been gradually improved since the 1980s.

Concentrations and characteristics of chemical elements in bryophytes

WU Hongyue, BAO Weikai, WANG An

2005, (1):  58-64. 

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Bryophytes are effective accumulators for chemical elements,which can indicate the quality and change of environment.This paper illustrated the composition,concentration,origin,and characteristics of chemical elements in bryophytes,described the influence factors,and provided theoretical foundation for taking bryophytes as indicators.There were abundant elements in bryophytes coming from atmospheric depositions,such as precipitation,dust,eluviations etc,and substrate,such as soil and rock.The element concentrations in bryophytes showed great differences among different areas,ecosystems,and seasons.Environmental conditions,such as area,ecosystems,and seasons,could be indicated by the different concentrations of elements in bryophytes.

Investigation on the soil baseline in Shanghai Chemical Industrial Park

CHEN Ling, XIA Jun, LI Yuqing, QIU Yanling, ZHAO Jianfu, LI Jinzhu

2005, (1):  65-69. 

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Based on the investigation of soil environment baseline in Shanghai Chemical Industrial Park,we obtained the element baselines of the soil and distribution types in the Park,and compared with other areas to find out the similarity and difference.The results showed that the contents of Cd,Hg and Zn in this area were higher,and As,Hg,Pb and Ni appeared a strip of high level in newly-built reclamation land.There were little difference in the contents of As,Cr and Zn in vertical profile,while Hg was accumulated in topsoil,and Mn was accumulated in the near ground water zone.The research will provide scientific support for environmental protection,monitoring assessment and countermeasures in the future.

Advances of studies on the morphological plasticity,integration and foraging behavior of stoloniferous herbaceous plants

WANG Yanhong, WANG Ke, XING Fu

2005, (1):  70-74. 

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The advances of studies on the morphological plasticity,integration and foraging behavior of stoloniferous herbaceous plants were reviewed in this paper.The patchy distribution of essential resources is one of the characteristics of heterogeneous environments.Adapting to heterogeneous habitats,stoloniferous plant demonstrated a series of plastic responses to resources.This paper reviewed the responses of stoloniferous plants to light,water,fertilization,integration and foraging behavior,with the expectation that more attention would be paid to stoloniferous plants.

Assessment of the ecological and socioeconomic values of the wetland to be restored on the eastern end of Chongming Island,Shanghai

ZHAO Ping, XIA Dongping, WANG Tianhou

2005, (1):  75-78. 

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With the increase of human population,the inter-tidal mudflat and salt marshes of the eastern end of Chongming Island have been reclaimed as large as 8000 hectares during the last five years,which have resulted in waterbird species and population declining dramatically.This paper assessed the ecological,socioeconomic effects of the on-going wetland restoration project sponsored by the State Forestry Administration of China.The results indicated that within a restoration area of 133 hm²,the total values of wetland,in terms of ecological and socioeconomic value only,would increase from RMB 722 700 to 70 169 500 Yuan,which strongly proclaimed that the ecological engineering project would increase not only the ecological values,but also economic values.

Protective effects of oasis protection forest in the middle reach of Heihe River

HE Zhibin, ZHAO Wenzhi, QU Lianbao

2005, (1):  79-82. 

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Two sampling lines from oasis to desert and to dune were chosen,each with four observation points,to observe wind velocity and silt discharge rate synchronously.The data of two years showed that fore-protective forest of oasis-desert played an important role in decreasing wind velocity.As for the species,taking their growth rate and drought resistance into account,the combination of Populus simonii and Tamarix ramosissima was the most ideal fore-protective forest.Without arbor and shrubbery,the grass sand-fixing area could not reduce the wind velocity further.In the protective forest from oasis to dune,the slit discharge rate increased significantly with the decrease of ground surface coverage,which meant that the increase of ground surface coverage is the key to decrease the silt discharge rate.

Bryophytes and molecular markers technique

HOU Yilong, CAO Tong

2005, (1):  83-87. 

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The principles and characteristics of main molecular marker technology,such as RAPD,RFLP,DAF,AFLP,SCAR,SSR,STS,DNA sequencing and isoenzyme analysis were discussed in this paper.The application and advances of the molecular marker technology in bryophytes were summarized,with the practical prospects and problems of molecular marker technology being evaluated.

Main determination methods of tree transpiration

MA Ling, ZHAO Ping, RAO Xingquan, CAI Xi'an, ZENG Xiaoping

2005, (1):  88-96. 

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Referring to both domestic and overseas literature on transpiration,some representative methods including whole-tree photometer,weighing,lysimeter,Li-1600 steady state porometer,ventilated chamber,remote sensing,water balance,tissue heat balance,heat pulse velocity,eddy correlation,BREB and Penman Monteith were discussed.The theories and techniques were summarized and the merits and drawbacks were analyzed.The thermal dissipation probe method we adopted presently was concretely introduced with the possible problems in the application and some suggested improvements.At last,the authors concluded that the thermal dissipation probe method was rather perfect to study a whole tree transpiration.

Determination of vegetation evaportranspiration by salt increment method

LUO Xinzheng, SUN Guangyou

2005, (1):  97-101. 

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Employing salt increment method,the evaportranspiration quantity of Leymus chinensis-Puccinellia tenuiflora-Tarxacum sinicum community at the Da'an Paleochannel test station in Songnen Plain was measured.The results showed that as a new method,salt increment method could determine the evaportranspiration of the plant community effectively.The daily evaporation decreased with the increasing vegetation coverage,while the daily transpiration increased with the vegetation coverage increase.As the increment of transpiration was more than the decreasingevaporation in the same period,the community evaportranspiration still increased with the increase of vegetation coverage.

Harmonization of protected areas management and local development: methods,practices and lessons

XU Jianying, CHEN Liding, LU Yihe, FU Bojie

2005, (1):  102-107. 

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Protected area,as a main measure for biodiversity conservation,can not develop in a sustainable way without supports and recognitions of local people.In theory,the relationship between protected area and local community was showned as unfair distribution of conservation benefit and cost at different scales.While at the scale of protected area,it was showed as the conflict between conservation and development.In practice,the protected area management has changed from the traditional compulsory protection into the people-centered orientation.Biosphere Reserves,ICDPs (Integrated conservation and Development Projects) and CBNRM (Community-Based Nature Resource Management) have been put into practice to harmonize the relationship between protected area and local community.After years of implementation,there still exist some problems,which include the inconsistence between concepts and practices on the regulation of communities and their human activities,the conflict resolution mechanisms of local people and other relevant stakeholders and the lack of a supporting mechanism which ensures the implementation of protection.The paper gave a detailed analysis and summarization for the methods,practice and experiences of different ways to reconcile protected area management and local people,and to realize sustainable development.

Reconstruction and control of modern in tensive dike-pond system in Shunde

LI Huashou, LUO Shiming, NIE Chengrong

2005, (1):  108-112. 

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The traditional dike-pond system (DPS) that has been developed and practiced in the Pearl River Delta for centuries is a sustainable agro-ecosystem in low-lying area.It has an obvious land-water interaction and remarkable eco-economical effects.However,with the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization,the DPS has degraded seriously.Based on the theory of restoration ecology and ecological engineering and employing both modern sci-technology and traditional experiences,a series of ecological safe models with economic feasibility were put forward to suit the modern agro-industries,which may be set up within large scale agro-industries or among different small scale agro-industries and farmers.Taking Shunde city for instance,the main countermeasures to restore the degraded DPS should follow the development of intensive modern agriculture with the appropriate combination of dikes and ponds.The DPS should be reconstructed in high standard according to the request of agricultural modernization.An agro-ecological conservation region had been set up in Shunde city to protect the landscape of DPS,such as chosing the high quality and high effects varieties of crop and aquiculture as well as domestic animals,supporting the construction of packinghouse,market and export system to increase the market shares and competition ability and seting up the demonstration and offering information and technical advice to the manager of DPS and other businessmen with the help of local government.