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    10 February 2005, Volume 24 Issue 02
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    Precipitation chemistry in the multiple canopies of Shaoshan forest in Hunan Province
    JIANG Yimin, ZENG Guangming, ZHANG Gong, LIU Hongliang
    2005, (2):  113-117. 
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    A total ten 30 m?30 m researching plots in Shaoshan forest was used for this study.The net-precipitation and the total deposition of the ions in the multiple canopies in the one whole year were recorded.The net-precipitation of Ca2+ from canopy leaching and the containing Ca2+ substances in the atmosphere were positive in canopy and sub-canopy.Except the vegetation developing and growing season,the obvious leaching of Mg2+ from the canopies was observed.Significant differences of K++ was observed between the heavy leaching from the canopy and the absorption by the sub-canopy.The leaching of SO42-,NO3-,Cl- also existed in the two layer of canopies.The transportation of seawater was the other important Cl- source.The results of total deposition showed that the amount of Ca2+ in spring and summer reached the higheast in the observed year.For Mg2+,it was the highest in autumn and winter,and for K+,it was the highest in autumn.
    Comparative study on methane emissions from alpine grasslands with different soil water content
    HU Qiwu, WU Qin, LI Dong, CAO Guangmin
    2005, (2):  118-122. 
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    From 30 June to 4 September in 2003,using close chamber-GC method,comparative study on methane emissions was conducted in Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow,Kobresia humilis meadow,Kobresia tibetica meadow as well as seasonal wetland,whose soil moistures varied from 38.4% to 100%.The results indicated that average methane emission rate differed in various treatments,with value of -0.031?0.030 mg穖-2穐-1 for GC,-0.026?0.018 mg穖-2穐-1 for AC,1.103?0.240 mg穖-2穐-1for ZC,and 6.922?4.598 mg穖-2穐-1for SD,respectively.Coinciding with soil moisture increase,alpine grasslands changed from methane emission to absorbing.Furthermore,methane absorbing varied in different treatments in Kobresia humilis meadow,in order of AC<AJ<AL.Besides soil moisture,the difference of methane transport pathway caused by treatments may be another reason for the differences of emission rates of AC,AJ,and AL.The results also showed that Kobresia humilis meadow and Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow acted as weak methane sink during experiment period.The soil-plant systems of both meadows absorbed 38.69 mg穖-2,and 46.13 mg穖-2 CH4,respectively.Mean while,Kobresia tibetica meadow and seasonal wetland acted as methane source,with 1.641 g穖-2 and 10.30 g穖-2 CH4,respectively.
    Impacts and lags of global warming on vegetation in Beijing for the last 50 years based on remotely sensed data and phonological information
    ZHANG Xuexia, GE Quansheng, ZHENG Jingyun
    2005, (2):  123-130. 
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    Global changes focus on the impacts and feedbacks of global warming on terrestrial ecosystem.Based on climate data (temperature,precipitation etc.) of 1951～2000,NOAA/AVHRR NDVI data of 1982～2000 and foliage phenology data of 1951～2002,impacts of short term seasonal and inter-annual climate changes on zonal ecosystem in Beijing were discussed.The results showed that climate changes presented increasing temperature and fluctuant precipitation in the past 50 years in the study area.Annual NDVI peak value and NDVI mean value could reflect preferably climate changes,and the trends of them appeared increased in some degree among oscillations in the past 20 years,which meant a better condition for vegetation growth or longer growing days in the study area.The VP date was earlier 4.5d in 1990s than that in 1980s.The advance of Prunus davidiana flowering phenophase showed that the spring came 9.63d ahead since 1988 in study region.Statistical analyses indicated that land surface temperature in Beijing has more significant relations with NDVI and the flowering phenophase than with precipitation as a whole.Different time scales led to different relations between climate indexes and growing conditions of plants.At the scale of a year,there were closer relations between AT,AP and NDVI; while at the scale of a month,there were closer relations between ET,EP and NDVI.
    CO2,N2O and CH4 emission from dry-land wheat ecosystem in hilly area of central Sichuan Basin
    ZHANG Zhongjie, ZHU Bo, JIANG Changsheng, HAN Guangxuan, GAO Meirong
    2005, (2):  131-135. 
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    CO2,N2O and CH4 emission from dry-land wheat ecosystem were measured by static chamber-gas chromatographic techniques in hilly area of central Sichuan Basin. The results showed that CO2,N2O and CH4 emission from wheat ecosystem changed remarkably daily and seasonally. During the whole growth stage of wheat,CO2,N2O and CH4 emission fluxes in different experimental treatments had significant differences. The maximal daily emission flux of CO2 appeared at 1:00～3:00 p.m.,and the minimum volume appeared at 3:00～6:00 a.m.The emission fluxes of CO2 were different during the growth stages of wheat. N2O emission increased with wheat growth.Meanwhile,N2O was emitted as follow:general nitrogen fertilizer application > no nitrogen fertilizer application > bare land. The maximal and the minimum daily changing of N2O emerged at different time in the different growing stage. The change of CH4 volume from dry-land wheat was not obviously related to temperature,humidity and other environmental factors.It showed that the CH4 emission was no regular.
    A study of niche-fitness regulated by density-pit-cut-date and order on high yield cotton in North Xinjiang
    MA Fuyu, YANG Jianrong, ZHENG Zhong, LI Luhua, CHENG Haitao, MU Caiyun
    2005, (2):  136-140. 
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    Taking high yield (2 000 kg穐m-2) cotton (G.hirsutum L.) in North Xinjiang as the object,the niche-fitness values regulated by density and tip cut date was studied.The results showed that the optimum niche values tended to increase with the increasing density.Compared with one time tip cut (7/5),two times (6/20,7/20) and three times (6/20,7/5,7/20) tip cut reduced the optimum niche value and yield at density of 150?103 plants穐m-2,but increased optimum niche value and yield at density of 225?103 and 300?103 plants穐m-2.Lower LAI was the main limit factor of treatment at density of 150?103 plants穐m-2,as less solar quantum being captured for lower LAI during seedling and bud developing periods.The measures of increasing density and different tip cut date increased the fitness because of optimized LAI during all periods of cotton growth.The LAI increasing speeds during blooming period of 225?103 and 300?103 plants穐m-2 were limited to a certain extent because the tip cut date(7/5) was about 5 days ahead practice(7/10),which avoided excessive LAI.So,advanced tip cut date for once or different tip cut date for 2 or 3 times could increase optimum niche values of 225?103 and 300?103 plants穐m-2.
    Effects of Cerous on relieving Cu toxicity of Vallisneria asiatica
    MA Guangyue, SHI Guoxin, WANG Xue, XU Qinsong, HU Jinzhao
    2005, (2):  141-145. 
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    Cerium can relieve the decrease of soluble protein content,the accumulation of O2-? and MDA in roots and leaves of Vallisneria asiatica under stress of Cu2+.Compared with those of single Cu2+ treatment,20 mg稬-1 Ce improved the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catlase(CAT) and the content of AsA to a certain extent,while the activity of peroxidase(POD) decreased at first and increased subsequently.The results implied that Ce could enhance the ability of reactive oxygen species(ROS) scavenging system in the plant,therefore increase the resistance and tolerance to Cu stress.The relieving effect in leave by cerium was more obvious than that in roots.
    Atmospheric circulation characteristics (ACC) models for the prediction of the occurrence and development of Sogatella furcifera
    GAO Ping, WU Jingang, CHEN Ning, YANG Rongming, WU Hongyan
    2005, (2):  146-152. 
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    According to the fact that the atmospheric circulation characteristics (ACC) of 500hPa can indicate the weather patterns and control the weather conditions,the relationship between the pest index (occurrence,ingoing quantity and the Fifth generation quantity of pest WBPH) and ACC factors was analyzed with the aid of both linearity and optimization correlation techniques.A batch of ACC factors,which correlated excellently and stably with the pest index,was picked out and the prediction model was built up in Jiangsu Province in order to forecast the pest index.At the same time,the significant correlation was also verified between ACC factors and the weather conditions affecting the occurrence and development of pest WBPH, and it provided some new long-term factors and new methods for prediction of the occurrence and development of pest WBPH.
    Analysis of roosting site characteristics of wintering Crossoptilion crossoptlion populations
    JIA Fei, WANG Nan, ZHENG Guangmei
    2005, (2):  153-158. 
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    From January to April 2003,we studied the roosting site characteristics of Crossoptilon crossoptilon populations around Zhujie Monastery in Daocheng Country,Sichuan Province.We randomly tracked the populations we met before dusk until they roosted in woods,by which we could decide the accurate positions of the bird's roosting sites.Line transects of systematic sampling were used to survey the fundamental characteristics of the environmental variables in the study area.We obtained 172 grids (200 m? 200 m) including 37 active grids (with roosting sites) valued 1 and 135 inactive grids (without roosting site) valued 0.We used logistic multiple regression to derive the predictive model of wintering roosting-site selection for the flocks.The predictive model could be expressed well by the following equation:Ln[P/(1-P)]=-3.938+0.083譫egree of slope+0.037譼ree cover+0.116譼ree height-0.003議erb cover (P was the probability of the occurrence of C.crossoptilon Populations roosting-site).Results showed that the variables of degree of slope,wood cover,wood height and herb cover were the most important factors affecting the occurrence of the roosting sites for the Populations.The occurrence of the roosting sites was positively related to degree of slope,wood cover and wood height,and negatively related to herb cover.The model could accurately predict the occurrence of the roosting site of C.crossoptilon Populations.
    Effects of Pb on the peroxidase isozymes and esterase isozymes in liver and kidney of Bufo bufo gargarizans
    JIA Xiuying, DONG Aihua
    2005, (2):  159-162. 
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    Different doses of lead nitrate (1,2,4,8 mg Pb穔g-1 body weight) were applied to the adult Bufo bufo gargarizans.7 days after treatment,using vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,the effects of lead on the peroxidase isozymes and esterase isozymes in liver and kidney were studied.The results showed that the activites of peroxidase isozymes in liver and kidney were changed greatly at different concentrations of lead treatment groups.The effects of lead on esterase isozymes in liver and kidney varied with tissues,which indicated the organisms stress.It means lower dosage lead may induce esterase isozymes and improve its enzyme activity in a certain range.
    Soil quality and sustainable land management (SLM)
    LIAN Gang, GUO Xudong, WANG Jing, FU Bojie, CHENG Ye
    2005, (2):  163-169. 
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    Sustainable development of agriculture is the basis of sustainable development,which involves the successful management of resources to satisfy changing human needs while maintaining or enhancing the quality of environment and conserving natural resources.Soil quality is an important indicator of sustainable land management (SLM).This paper summarized and analyzed the recent progress of soil quality and sustainable land management,discussed the relationship between them and effects of soil quality on sustainable land management,and presented problems when using soil quality as an indicator of sustainable land management.
    A review on methane emission from wetlands
    HAO Qingju, WANG Yuesi, JIANG Changsheng, WANG Changke, WANG Mingxing
    2005, (2):  170-175. 
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    Of all the greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere,methane has assumed considerable significance in recent years due to its impact on the earth's climate and stratospheric ozone chemistry.Natural wetlands are major source of methane,emitting approximately 21% of total global emissions to the atmosphere.In this paper,some questions about methane research were discussed,including measurement methods,factors and temporal and spatial variation of methane emission fluxes from wetlands.Several emission models were introduced briefly and various suggestions for future research were put forward.
    Effect of mycorrhizae on bioremediation of soils polluted by organic matters
    CHEN Ruirui, LIN Xiangui, YIN Rui, SHI Yaqin
    2005, (2):  176-180. 
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    Common use and large-scale production of organic compounds have aggravated soil pollution,and the traditional remediation methods have limitation in some degree.As one of mutual symbiosis formed between plants and mycorrhizal fungi,mycorrhizae can improve the ability of plants to endure the environmental stress and have great impacts on the degradation and translation of organic matters.Effects of ectomycorrhiza and arbuscular mycorrhiza on bioremediation of soils polluted by petroleum,PAHs,PCBs,pesticides and PAEs were discussed in this review.
    Advances in ecological restoration of quarry escarpment
    YANG Bingbing, XIA Hanping, HUANG Juan, LIU Chunchang
    2005, (2):  181-186. 
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    Stone quarrying always results in severe damage to the environment,vegetation and landscape.Quarry revegetation,especially revegetation of escarpments is a world known difficult problem,which has not been solved successfully.Based on comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of quarries and escarpments,this paper reviewed some advanced methods and techniques for ecological restoration of quarries developed in recent years,and summarized the advantages and disadvantages of each method.Some suggestions to improve the management of quarries restoration were also put forward for offering assistance to seek more reasonable,economical and efficient methods and techniques.
    Behavior of radionudides in the forest ecosystem and the usage of soils contaminated with radionuclides
    LIU Guohua, SHU Honglan
    2005, (2):  187-189. 
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    The presence of radionuclides in soils often jeopardizes ecosystem stability and renders a serious risk to human health.Forest ecosystem has special peculiarities and functions which can be used to remediate the radionuclide contaminated soils.Radionuclides retention in forest,behavior of radionuclides in forest ecosystem,and usage of soils contaminated with radionuclides were discussed in this paper.
    Genetics aspects of interactions between pathogenic fungi and host plants in natural plant population
    WANG Yupeng, LIU Dengyi, LI Zheng, TANG Haifeng, WANG Guanglin
    2005, (2):  190-194. 
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    In agricultural populations,genetics of interactions between plants and diseases caused by fungi have been deeply studied.Concerning the natural host-pathogen systems,there are still some important phenomena needed more attention.In this paper,we discussed the genetic essence of interactions between hosts and their pathogens,the cost to acquire resistant gene or virulent gene and the influence on individual fitness,and introduced briefly the genetic expressions on population level and the significance of coevolution as well.
    Correlation analysis between the landscape pattern and population density in Guiyang
    ZHANG Yamei, AN Yulun
    2005, (2):  195-199. 
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    Using CBERS-1 as information source,we derived the landscape data of Guiyang.Bivariate correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis showed the correlativity and extent of correlation between the landscape types and population density.There was an imperceptible contrast between bivariate correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis.The relationship between the landscape of habitation,building and population density was positive but not significant.The others had negative relationship with population.The landscape of farmland,woodland and lawn passed significant test.No significant correlation between the landscape of rock desertification and population density was observed.The landscape of water area and garden plot had no correlation with population density.Although human activity influence landscape pattern widely and profoundly as disturbance factor,population density didn't perform a decisive function.
    Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on insect-plant interactions
    MENG Ling, LI Baoping
    2005, (2):  200-205. 
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    Advances in rese arch on effects of elevated carbon dioxide on insect-plant interactions were reviewed in this paper.It has been well demonstrated that plants exhibited physiological and biochemical alterations under elevated CO2 conditions,which in turn affect phytophagous insects at different levels.The feeding pattern,growth and development of chewing herbivores were all influenced by elevated CO2,who increased feeding intensity and time for enough nitrogen nutrition,which in turn made them more subjected to their natural enemies and decreased their growth,breeding and survival rates.Most of the sap-sucking insects showed no significant reactions to the elevated CO2,with some increase in population number.Some suggestions for future research were put forward.
    Evaluation of ecological function value of mangrove soil on absorbing heavy metals-a case study of Dongzhaigang mangrove
    XIN Kun, ZHAO Guangru, SUN Juan, LIU Qiang
    2005, (2):  206-208. 
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    Based on samples collected from Dongzhaigang mangrove ecosystem of Hainan,the concentrations of Cu,Pb,Zn and Cd in soil were investigated and compared.The results showed that the concentrations of four metals were 5.04,10.36,20.06 and 0.06 μg·g-1 respectively in the 20 cm range of surface.Employing the replacing and shadow engineering methods,the function value of mangrove soil on absorbing heavy metals was evaluated,which indicated that the value of the natural mangrove soil to absorb heavy metals in Dongzhaigang mangrove ecosystem (about 2 065 hm2) was about 54.62 million yuan.
    A dynamic knowledge model for fertilization management in rapeseed
    ZHU Yan, CAO Weixing, SHEN Weixiang, TIAN Yongchao
    2005, (2):  209-213. 
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    By analyzing the latest research on fertilization management in rapeseed,a dynamic knowledge model for decision-making on total rates of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and boron,ratios of organic to inorganic nitrogen and of basal to dressing nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium under different environments was developed with the principle of nutrient balance and by integrating the factors of grain yield target and soil characters.With the data sets of different eco-sites,soil types and target yields,case studies indicated that the model had a good performance in decision-making and could be applied widely.
    An engineering method for restoration of the damaged riparian ecosystem using Phragmites australis
    YANG Haijun, ZHANG Huayang, ZHAO Yanan, FENG Fuji, YU Zhiyong
    2005, (2):  214-216. 
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    Only the practicability and durability was considered for revetment engineering on the medium and small river in China,Usually concrete was employing or reinforced and the ecological funetion of the river was neglected.It broke all kinds of ecological processes,polluted the river,and weakened the ecological function.An engineer method employing Phragmites australis for restoration of the damaged riparian was put forward.It lowered the cost,restored the original communities of P.australi,and was convenient for transportation.The method could not only prevent riparian from collapse and erosion but also introduce the ecological principle to the riparian engineering planning for creating the living space for plants,animals and micro-organism,which can restore the original communities of P.australi rapidly.The method offered an easy way to restore waterfront communities of P.australi using less labor,time and cost.
    Analysis of recoverable method for slope ecotope
    PAN Shulin, WANG Li, GU Bin
    2005, (2):  217-221. 
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    Although the protective model of nude slope with vegetative cover become popular in the world in creasingy,the recovery of slope vegetative cover is a complicated project.This paper presented the function of slope vegetative cover,the principle of the recovery of ecotope,and the selection of plant species.Besides,the method and application and future direction of slope ecotope were also presented.
    Method for the measurement of soil resistivity in sandy woodland
    ZHU Jiaojun, XU Dayong, KANG Hongzhang, Gonda Yutaka, Matsuzak Takeshi
    2005, (2):  222-227. 
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    The purposes and methods of soil resistivity measurement were introduced in this paper.Particularly,the theoretical background,field operating steps and data processing method of soil resistivity measurement using specific earth resistance tester (Yokogawa Type3244 Japan) were explained with the example measurement in sandy woodland.The results showed that method using the 3244 specific earth resistance tester,based on Wenner principle,to measure the sandy woodland soil resistivity was feasible.The measured results of soil resistivity have a certain application prospect in sandy soil delamination,soil water content prediction and the underground water table determination.
    Issues and progress on ecotourism research at home and abroad
    HUANG Jinhuo, YANG Xinjun, MA Xiaolong
    2005, (2):  228-232. 
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    Based on the concept and the contant,this paper introduced the major issues and progress of ecotourism at home and abroad,including nature conservation,economic development,role of non-governmental organizations and governments,host communities,tourism industry,and tourists.Suggestions on ecotourism study in China was made focusing on methods,contents,arrangements,and steps.