Agricultural and forest pests have increasingly caused ecological environment damage and economic losses in China. Based on filed investigation and data from related references, we obtained the number, density and spatial distribution of pests in 34 provinces of China. We used principal component analysis, correlation analysis and multiple forward regression to determine the relative importance of climate factors and anthropological variables on the number and density of agricultural and forest pests in different provinces of China. The results showed that the number and density of agricultural and forest pest species decreased from the east to the west in China. Agricultural and economic factors were the main factors, while climate factors were secondary factors affecting the spatial pattern of agricultural and forest pests. The regions with higher values in cropland area, forest coverage, GDP, temperature, hmidity, and transport length had higher risks for the occurrence of agricultural and forest pests. Our study suggested the important implications for pest management in China.