By using the 2000-2010 annual net primary productivity (NPP) data from MOD17A3 dataset and the GIS technology, a quantitative analysis was made on the spatiotemporal variation of NPP in Henan Province of China. In the Province, the annual NPP ranged from 308 to 430 g C·m^-2·a^-1, with an average of 384 g C·m^-2·a^-1. The average annual NPP was higher in the south and lower in the north part of the Province. The area with high NPP (>500 g C·m^-2·a^-1) was mainly distributed in the forested regions of west and southeast Henan. The forested regions of Taihang Mountains and Danjiang River Basin had an annual NPP of 200-300 g C·m^-2·a^-1. The farmland regions had an average annual NPP of 300-500 g C·m^-2·a^-1, the ecological conservation zone of Yellow River had an average annual NPP of <200 g C·m^-2·a^-1, while the cities and their surrounding areas had an average annual NPP of <100 g C·m^-2·a^-1. As compared with that in 2000, the annual NPP in most parts of the Province in 2010 had an increase, and the areas with the increased annual NPP accounted for 93.8% of the territory of the Province. The increase of the annual NPP in the Province was mainly in linear, and the areas with an increment of >10% occupied 83.7% of the territory of the Province. The areas with a <-10% decrease of annual NPP were mainly distributed in Danjiang River Baisn, northern parts of Jiaozuo City and Jiyuan City, and the areas surrounding cities, which could be induced by the destruction of forests and the expansion of cities. The distribution of vegetation types and the differences in the mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation in the Province led to the differences in the NPP distribution, i.e., lower in north and higher in south. There existed a great difference in the estimation of the NPP among different NPP estimation models or among different data sources.