Abstract: Based on the pressure-state-response model, we constructed an index system and assessed the ecological security of wetlands in Qingdao using a composite index. The comprehensive weighting method was used to quantify the weight of each index.The results showed that the ecological security comprehensive index of wetlands in Qingdao was 61.63, suggesting a low level of security. Population growth, regional development, and increased water consumption were the major pressure on wetlands. The overall condition of wetlands was good, with relatively good landscape and strong resistance and selfregulation ability. The investments in the technology and environmental protection were relatively low, and the industry optimization and upgrade was slow. The ecological security comprehensive index of wetlands in Qingdao decreased in the order of Jiaozhou > Huangdao > Pingdu > Urban > Jimo > Laixi > Laoshan > Chengyang. The wetlands in Jiaozhou, Huangdao and Pingdu were at a safe state, whereas wetlands in other areas were at a state of threshold safety. The urban ecological function regionalization represented by national wetland parks was helpful to the management and protection of wetlands, which was an important factor affecting ecological security of wetlands. The high population, development pressure, and high water consumption directly reduced the ecological security of wetlands. Therefore, we suggest to improve the ecological safety of wetlands in Qingdao by delimiting red line of wetland conservation, accelerating transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and increasing the investment in the technology and environmental protection.

Key words: Municipal sludge, Chemical fertilizers, Ipomoea aquatica, Paddy soil, Phthalic acid esters (PAEs)