Abstract: The anti-predator strategy is a self-defense mechanism in animals that protects them from or reduces harm inflicted by predators. Fish is the largest group of vertebrates, and the diverse anti-predator strategies of which have long been a subject of attention. When facing predatory threats, fish may exhibit anti-predator responses at morphological, behavioral, and physiological aspects. Research in this area has become a crucial aspect of ichthyology, providing essential clues for exploring the adaptive evolution of fish. We summarize and categorize the anti-predator strategies of fish, including changes in the morphology of prey fish, enhancements in physiological functions and hormone regulation, anti-predator behaviors, life history strategies, and adaptations to multiple predators. The mechanisms and correlations among these strategies are analyzed, and the ecological benefits and costs of fish anti-predator strategies are discussed. Furthermore, we suggest that the combination of different anti-predator strategies could be “redundant” or “economical”, and propose future research areas of interest.

Key words: fish, predator, anti-predator strategy, behavior, swimming, energy metabolism