Abstract: The management system of protected areas in China is facing great changes. The protected area system with national parks as the main body will be gradually established to solve the problems in the spatial layout of protected areas. Previous studies on gap analysis mostly overlaid on the nature reserve distribution maps. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive gap analysis for Korean pine forest ecosystems based on various forms of protected areas, which will be helpful for the unified planning and management of protected areas and for enhancing the conservation effectiveness. The results showed that the distributions of nature reserves, forest parks, wetland parks, geological parks and scenic areas were all concentrated in the county-level administrative areas with the distribution of Korean pine forests. Meanwhile, other types of protectedareas played important roles in maintaining balance and complement for the nature reserves. According to the comprehensive gap analysis of all protected areas, conservation gaps existed in 52.83% of areas of Korean pine forest ecosystems, and suitable forms of protected areas need to be increased to the existing sites in future. We proposed some specific suggestions for the reformation, overall planning, and construction of protected area system to solve gap problems in the comprehensive conservation of Korean pine forest ecosystems.

Key words: warming, spring wheat, growth and development, yield, soil water consumption amount.