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    10 May 2013, Volume 32 Issue 5
    Understory plant species diversity and hydrological effect of Pinus tabulaeformis plantations with different stand densities in Loess Plateau of Western Shanxi, China.
    LI Min-yi1, ZHANG Jian-jun1,2**, GUO Bao-ni1, HUANG Ming1, RU Hao1
    2013, 32(5):  1083-1090. 
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    Taking the Pinus tabulaeformis plantations with different stand densities in the Loess Plateau of Western Shanxi Province, China as the objects, and by the methods of field survey and laboratory experiment, this paper studied the effects of stand density on the understory plant species diversity, litter waterholding capacity, soil physical properties, and soil waterholding capacity, aimed to provide scientific basis for the determination of reasonable stand density of P. tabulaeformis plantation. With the increasing P. tabulaeformis stand density, the understory species richness index and diversity index of shrub layer decreased, while the species evenness index had no obvious trend. In herb layer, the species richness had the same variation trend as that in shrub layer, while the diversity index and evenness index had different trend, i.e., decreased after an initial increase, and reached the maximum when the P. tabulaeformis stand density was 1675 trees·hm-2. The species diversity index and evenness index of the total community were also the highest at the stand density 1675 trees·hm-2. Both the evenness index and the diversity index of the shrub layer were higher than those of the herb layer, no matter the stand density was. The litter natural water content in P. tabulaeformis plantations with different stand densities had no significant difference, but the litter amount, maximal water-holding capacity, maximal water-holding rate, effective interception amount, and effective interception rate had significant differences among some plantations with different stand densities. When the stand density was 1300 trees·hm-2, the soil bulk density was the minimum, while the total porosity, capillary porosity, and their corresponding water-holding capacity all reached the maximum. At the stand density 1675 trees·hm-2, the litter amount and water-holding capacity were up to the maximum values, the surface (0-20 cm) soil bulk density was lower (1.07 g·cm-3), and the non-capillary porosity and non-capillary water-holding capacity were the largest (17.45% and 87.25 mm, respectively). Overall, the P. tabulaeformis plantation of about 30 years old had the greatest understory plant species diversity and the best eco-hydrological effect when the stand density was 1675 trees·hm-2.
    Soil methane fluxes of three forest types in Changbai Mountain of Northeast China.
    GENG Shi-cong1,2, CHEN Zhi-jie1,2, ZHANG Jun-hui1 **, LOU Xin1,2, WANG Xiu-xiu3, DAI Guan-hua3, HAN Shi-jie1, YU Dan-dan1,2
    2013, 32(5):  1091-1096. 
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    To study forest soil methane flux and its main affecting factors is of significance to reduce the uncertainty of the evaluation of global greenhouse gases budget. In this paper, a laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to study the effects of soil moisture, temperature, and nitrogen addition on the methane fluxes from the soils sampled from three typical forest types, i.e., birch forest, poplar forest, and broadleaved Korean pine forest, in Changbai Mountain. The results showed that the three forest soils were all the methane sink, and the average absorption rates of methane in 15 days were 2.27 μg·kg-1·h-1 (poplar forest), 1.54 μg·kg-1·h-1 (broad-leaved Korean pine forest), and 1.46 μg·kg-1·h-1 (birch forest), respectively. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) of repeated measurements showed that forest type, soil temperature, soil moisture, and nitrogen addition had significant effects (P <0.01) on the soil methane fluxes, and the interactive effects of forest type with other factors were significant. The optimum soil moisture content for soil methane absorption in three forests was 45%-60%. Under the condition of 10-20 ℃, the methane absorption rate increased with increasing temperature. Nitrogen addition had significant inhibition effect on soil methane absorption.
    Responses of soil moisture under shrub Caragana microphylla to rainfall.
    LI Yan-qing1,2, SUN Ying-jie3**, ZHANG Tong-hui2, LUO Wei-qun1, DENG Yan1, LIU Xin-ping2
    2013, 32(5):  1097-1103. 
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    Taking the soil under the main sand-fixing shrub Caragana microphylla in Horqin Sandy Land of Northwest China as test object, and by using TDR and microlysimeter, this paper measured the soil moisture content and soil evaporation at different positions under the shrub within 180 h after a 21.5 mm rainfall during growth season, and calculated the water storage and water balance at the different positions. During the early period of the rainfall ended, the stemflow of the shrub made the soil moisture content in root zone being obviously higher, and the infiltration rate in root zone was faster than that in other positions. Due to the canopy shading, the soil evaporation under the shrub was less than that in the bared sand outside the shrub. The water balance showed that in the early period after rainfall, the evapotranspiration under the shrub was obviously higher than in the bared sand outside the shrub, which had a direct correlation with the root distribution under the shrub.
    Pinus massoniana productivity at different age stages in relation to climatic factors.
    ZHANG Li-yun1, DENG Xiang-wen1,2**, LEI Xiang-dong3, ZHAO Zhong-hui1,2, XIANG Wen-hua1,2, YAN Wen-de1,2
    2013, 32(5):  1104-1110. 
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    The productivity of forest trees has close relationships with climate. Understanding the relationships between forest tree productivity at different age stages and climate factors is of significance in the productivity prediction and forest management. By using the meteorological data (including mean monthly and annual air temperature, mean relative moisture, total precipitation, and total sunshine duration) in 1964-2011, and in combining with climate moisture index, this paper quantitatively evaluated the relationships between Pinus massoniana productivity at different age stages and climate factors. The P. massoniana productivity in the last 47 years was calculated based on the relationships between tree biomass and diameter at breast height (DBH). Analysis of covariance, partial correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis were adopted to identify the effects of climate factors on the P. massoniana productivity. The results showed that the effects of climatic factors on the P. massoniana productivity differed with tree age. The productivity of young trees was significantly affected by the relative humidity in March and the climate moist condition in January; the productivity of middleaged trees was significantly affected by the high air temperature in July and October, the sunshine duration in September, and the climate moist condition in July and May; whereas the productivity of premature trees showed significantly positive responses to the precipitation and climate moist condition in July. The warm and humid climate was favorable for the growth of P. massoniana, but the high temperature and low precipitation limited the productivity of middle-aged and premature trees.
    Effects of stand transformation on the water-holding capacities of soil and litter in Eucalyptus urophylla plantations.
    LIU Fei-peng1, ZENG Shu-cai2, MO Luo-jian3, DING Xue-teng2, ZHU Jian-yun3, LIU Song-song3**, LI Nian-sheng3
    2013, 32(5):  1111-1117. 
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    Transformation of low-quality forest stand is an important measure to improve forest stand quality and its ecological functions. In this paper, two transformed stands and one control stand of Eucalyptus urophylla plantations in the Dongguan Forest Research Park, Guangdong Province of South China were taken as the objects to study the waterholding capacities of soil and litter. The two transformation modes were 1) evenly removing 70% of E. urophylla trees followed by planting native broadleaved trees in canopy gaps (Mode Ⅰ) and 2) evenly removing 40% of E. urophylla trees followed by planting native broadleaved trees in the gaps (Mode Ⅱ), and the un-treated E. urophylla plantation was served as the control (CK). After 3year transformation, as compared with CK, the surface (0-20 cm) soil capillary porosity, natural water content, field waterholding capacity, and effective water retaining capacity in Mode Ⅰ and Mode Ⅱ had a significant increase, while the noncapillary porosity in 0-40 cm soil layer was in adverse. The waterabsorption rate and the maximum waterholding rate of the litters under Modes Ⅰ and Ⅱ were significantly higher, but the litter biomass and its maximum waterholding capacity were significantly lower than those under CK. The water-absorption rate of the litters in the three plantations had a power function relationship with the litter’s immersion time, while the water-holding rate and water-holding capacity of the litters were exponentially correlated with the immersion time. Overall, stand transformation increased the water-holding capacity of 0-60 cm soil layer significantly, and no significant difference was observed between Modes Ⅰ and Ⅱ. For all the plantations, the water-holding capacity of soil was far higher than that of litter, and the maximum water-holding capacity of litter was only 0.59%-2.06% of the effective waterholding capacity of surface soil layer.
    Genetic characteristics and taxonomic classification of typical soil types in Xishui forest zone of Qilian Mountains, Northwest China.
    JIANG Lin, LI Shan-shan, GENG Zeng-chao**, ZHANG Qiang, SHE Diao, LIN Yun
    2013, 32(5):  1118-1126. 
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    An investigation was conducted on the soil-forming environment of four typical soil types (brown calcic soil, grey cinnamon soil, chestnut soil, and alpine meadow soil) in the Xishui Forest Zone of Qilian Mountains, Northwest China. Through profile description and laboratory analysis, the genetic characteristics of the four soil types were studied, and their classification was identified according to the Keys to Chinese Soil Taxonomy, which could provide references for the researches of soil properties and the land resources survey and evaluation in the forest areas of Qilian Mountains. The results showed that most of the sampled soil profiles were shallow, and had obvious gravel/fragmental composition, with the characteristics of mountain soil. The organic carbon content in the four soil profiles was high due to the accumulation of organic matter. The alpine meadow soil had the highest accumulation of organic carbon, followed by grey cinnamon soil, chestnut soil, and brown calcic soil. The intensity of soil leaching was relatively weak, and soil eluviation was in the order of salpine meadow soil > grey cinnamon soil ≈ chestnut soil > brown calcic soil. The physical and chemical weathering of the four soils was weaker, and the weathering degree had less difference among the soil types. The four soils had two diagnostic surface horizons, three diagnostic subsurface horizons, and four types of diagnostic characteristics. In the classification system of Chinese Soil Taxonomy, the brown calcic soil was of Pan-Cal-Orthic Aridisols, grey cinnamon soil was of Cal-Mol-Boric Luvisols, chestnut soil was of Typ-Hap-Boric Luvisols, and alpine meadow soil was of Typ-Hap-Udic Isohumisols.
    Point pattern analysis of rare and endangered plant Camellia nitidissima Chi.
    HUANG Ming-chai1,4, SHI Yan-cai2, WEI Xiao2**, WU Lin-fang1, WU Ru-hua3, PAN Zi-ping3, CAO Hong-lin1
    2013, 32(5):  1127-1134. 
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    Camellia nitidissima Chi, an evergreen understory shrub or sub-tree, is a rare and endangered ornamental species, and its distribution is very narrow. Based on the investigation data from a 1 hm2 secondary forest plot in the Fangcheng National Reserve of Guangxi, South China, and by using uni- and bivariate analyses of paired correlation function g(r), this paper studied the distribution pattern of C. nitidissima and its spatial association with dominant species. The size distribution of the C. nitidissima population showed an invert J-shape, indicating that the C. nitidissima population was in a stable and normal growth status. C. nitidissima was significantly aggregated at scales <25 m, and the aggregation intensity weakened with the increase of scale. C. nitidissima showed a significant spatial correlation with most of the other main tree species (accounting for 88%) on different scales, which was stronger than the spatial correlations between the top five trees and the 25 main trees in the plot. What’s more, the significant negative correlations between C. nitidissima and the main tree species accounted for 60%, which were obviously greater than the significant positive correlations, indicating that the way the C. nitidissima utilized resources was different from the majority trees in the plot. Six main species which located in the middle and upper layers of the community showed significant positive correlations with C. nitidissima, implying that they created suitable understory environment for the survival of C. nitidissima.
    Change patterns of β-diversity in the succession process of plant communities on Loess Plateau of Northwest China.
    WANG Shi-xiong, WANG Xiao-an**, GUO Hua
    2013, 32(5):  1135-1140. 
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    By the method of substituting temporal change with spatial difference, and through the additive partitioning of β-diversity, this paper studied the change patterns of βdiversity and its components (nestedness component and species replacement component) of six plant communities along a succession gradient in the Ziwu Mountain of Loess Plateau, Northwest China. During the process of the community succession, the β-diversity in herb layer presented an obvious hump-shaped pattern, i.e., increased with succession and peaked from shrub to birch stage, the β-diversity in shrub layer decreased gradually, while that in tree layer increased gradually. All the changes in the βdiversity during the process of the community succession were accomplished by the nestedness component and species replacement, and the contributions of them varied with succession stage and species layer. Overall, species replacement had dominant effects on the β-diversity at all succession stages and in different species layers. From the viewpoint of species diversity conservation, it would be necessary to conserve more different communities as possible, rather than the fewer communities with richer species diversity.
    Seed rain and soil seed bank of Abies fabri forests with different ages in Gongga Mountain, Southwest China.
    CHEN Xiao-li1,2, WANG Gen-xu1**, YANG Yan1, YANG Liu-dong1
    2013, 32(5):  1141-1147. 
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    By the methods of collecting seed rain with traps, sieving soil seed bank, laboratory seed germination experiment, and field  investigation, this paper studied the compositions and spatiotemporal distribution features of soil seed bank and seed rain in six Abies fabri forests with different ages and at different altitudes in Gongga Mountain of Southwest China. The size of soil seed bank decreased with increasing soil depth, and the seeds mainly concentrated in litter layer. At the same altitudes, the sizes of soil seed bank and seed rain decreased after an initial increase with increasing forest age, and the biggest values were found in mature forests. Moreover, the percentage and the overall quality of intact seeds were the highest in mature forests. At different altitudes, the seed density of soil seed bank and seed rain in the mature forests with similar ages were apparently lower at higher and lower altitudes than at intermediate altitudes, which could be related to the differences of water and heat conditions. It was suggested that mature A. fabri forests had the best productive phase, their seed quality was good, and their micro-habitat condition was most suitable for the seed conversation after dispersal, possibly because of the unique biological features of A. fabri and its micro-habitat condition.
    Photosynthetic responses of hybrid hazel fine breeds to ecological factors in Xinjiang, Northwest China.
    SONG Feng-hui1,2, LUO Qing-hong2, SHI Yan-jiang2**, YU Tao2, KOU Yun-ling1,2
    2013, 32(5):  1148-1154. 
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    This paper studied the photosynthetic characteristics of four hybrid hazel fine breeds (Nos. 1-4) in Xinjiang under field conditions in summer. The light saturation point (LSP) of Nos. 1-4 varied from 1195.27 to 1620.63 μmol·m-2·s-1, light compensation point (LCP) varied from 34.03 to 87.80 μmol·m-2·s-1, CO2 saturation point (CSP) varied from 1188.50 to 1617.05 μmol·mol-1, and CO2 compensation point (CCP) varied from 65.88 to 99.15 μmol·mol-1. The No. 1 and No. 4 showed the characteristics of low photosynthetic rate (Pn) and low transpiration (Tr), the No. 2 showed lower LCP and higher LSP, indicating a wider scope of light energy utilization and higher photosynthetic potential, while the No. 3 possessed the highest LCP and LSP, higher CSP and CE, but lower CCP, showing the higher photosynthetic capacity (Pmax, 31.55 μmol·m-2·s-1) than the others (24.63-25.45 μmol·m-2·s-1). As compared with that at normal temperature (25 ℃), the Pn of the No. 1 was more affected by high temperature (40 ℃), while the Gs of the No. 3 was lesser affected than that of the others.
    Effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on the growth, leaf stomatal gas exchange, and leaf alkaloids content of Isatis indigotica under shading condition.
    TANG Xiao-qing**, WANG Kang-cai, XIAO Yun-hua, WANG Liang-ju
    2013, 32(5):  1155-1160. 
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    This paper studied the effects of different concentration 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on the growth and alkaloids (indigo and indirubi) content of Isatis indigotica seedlings under shading condition. Shading decreased the root length and diameter, plant biomass, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, and alkaloid content of the seedlings significantly, while exogenous ALA could alleviate the inhibition effect of shading on the vegetative growth, photosynthesis, and alkaloid accumulation of the seedlings. Spraying 13.3-25 mg·L-1 of ALA was most effective to promote the vegetative growth and photosynthesis, and spraying 100 mg·L-1 of ALA was most effective to promote alkaloids accumulation. It was suggested that under low light condition, spraying low concentrations (13.3-25 mg·L-1) ALA at the early growth stage of I. indigotica- could promote its biomass production, and spraying higher concentration (100 mg·L-1) ALA could promote the alkaloid production of I. indigotica for medical purpose.
    Effects of light intensity on the leaf morphology and physiological parameters of Boea clarkeana.
    CHAO Tian-cai, ZHOU Shou-biao**, CHANG Lin-lin, CHEN Yan-song, XU Hui-juan, ZHOU Qian-kun
    2013, 32(5):  1161-1167. 
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    A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of light intensity (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20% of full light radiation) and exposure time (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days) on the leaf growth and physiological parameters of Boea clarkeana. With the decline of light intensity, the leaf morphological parameters (blade length and width, petiole length and diameter, and leaf area) of B. clarkeana decreased after an initial increase, with the maximum at 60% of full light radiation. Conspicuous injury on B. clarkeana leaves appeared under full light radiation, moderate to slight injury developed under 80% and 20% of full light radiation, while un-conspicuous injury was observed when the light intensity was 40% and 60% of full light radiation. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, and POD) were relatively low, and increased after an initial decrease with the decline of light intensity but showed a contrary trend with the increase of exposure time to light radiation. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes were the highest at full light radiation, and the lowest at 60% of full light radiation. The MDA content, proline content, and plasma membrane permeability increased after an initial decrease with the decline of light intensity, but increased significantly with the increase of exposure time. The chlorophyll content presented an increasing trend with the decline of light intensity, and increased after an initial decrease with the prolongation of exposure time. In sum, 40%-60% of full light radiation was beneficial, but weak and strong light radiations were adverse to B. clarkeana growth.
    Effects of salt stress on the seed germination and seedling growth of Pennisetum alopecuroides and Spodipogon sibiricus.
    CI Hua-cong**, TIAN Xiao-ming, ZHANG Chu-han, WANG Peng-shan, WANG Zhen-yu, ZHANG Qing
    2013, 32(5):  1168-1174. 
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    In order to understand the adaptive features of r-strategists at their germination and seedling stages under salt stress, Pennisetum alopecuroides and Spodipogon sibiricus were chosen as the objects, and two single-factor experiments of seed germination and seedling growth were conducted to compare the germination ability, embryo growth, and seedling growth of the plants as well as their physiological and biochemical properties under the salt treatments of 1∶1∶3 (mol) of NaCl∶Na2SO4∶NaHCO3 at six levels (0.0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.6%). At germination stage, the germination rate, germination index, and germination vigor of P. alopecuroides and S. sibiricus decreased significantly with the increase of salt concentration. The germination ability of P. alopecuroides was less than S. sibiricus at low salt concentrations (≤0.4%), but in adverse at high salt concentrations (≥ 0.8%). With the increase of salt concentration, the plumule length, radicel length, and embryo weight of the two plants decreased significantly, but the inhibition degree was higher for S. sibiricus. At seedling stage, the growth of P. alopecuroides and S. sibiricus was significantly inhibited by the salts, but the inhibition degree was lower for S. sibiricus than for P. alopecuroides, and the contents of physiological active calcium and malondialdehyde in P. alopecuroides were higher than those in S. sibiricus. These results suggested that P. alopecuroides had a stronger saltresistance than S. sibiricus at germination stage but a lower saltresistance than S. sibiricus at seedling stage, implying the risk-sharing countermeasures of r-strategists.
    Coupling effects of watering and nitrogen fertilization on the growth and irrigation water use efficiency of Jatropha curcas.
    WANG Ming-ke, YANG Qi-liang**, LIU Xiao-gang, GE Zhen-yang, YANG Ju-rui, LIU Ke-nan
    2013, 32(5):  1175-1180. 
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    A pot experiment was conducted to study the coupling effects of watering and nitrogen fertilization on the growth and irrigation water use efficiency (WUEi) of Jatropha curcas. Three watering levels (W1, 15.3 mm; W2, 25.5 mm; W3, 40.7 mm) and three nitrogen fertilization levels (N1, 0 g·kg-1; N2, 0.3 g·kg-1; N3, 0.6 g·kg-1) were designed. As compared with those in treatment W3, the plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and total dry mass in treatments W1 and W2 decreased significantly by 61% and 34%, 57% and 35%, 46% and 32%, and 49% and 35%, respectively, and the rootshoot ratio in treatment W2 reached the maximum. In nitrogen fertilization treatments, the maximum values of plant height and leaf area appeared in treatment N2, but the stem diameter and root-shoot ratio decreased with the increasing nitrogen fertilization level. As compared to treatment W3N3, treatment W2N2 (which saved the irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer by 38% and 50%, respectively) decreased the plant height, stem diameter, and total dry mass by 12%, 21%, and 12%, and increased the root-shoot ratio and leaf area significantly by 48% and 16%, respectively, and decreased the transpiration significantly by 21%, 15% and 12% at the days 2, 3, and 4 after watering, respectively, leading to the WUEi of J. curcas increased significantly by 40%.
    Measurements of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in liquid water by isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS) and their spectral contamination corrections.
    LIU Wen-ru1,2, PENG Xin-hua1**, SHEN Ye-jie1,3, CHEN Xiao-min2
    2013, 32(5):  1181-1186. 
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    Hydrogen and oxygen isotope tracing is an important means in studying the hydrological cycle in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC). Isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS), with its unique superiorities, has been widely applied to investigate the stable isotopes of water from different sources, but some discrepancies in the measurement results are reported between IRIS and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). In this paper, 19 water samples including 6 plant waters, 4 soil waters, 1 groundwater, and 8 rain waters were collected, with their hydrogen and oxygen isotopes measured by IRIS and IRMS. It was observed that all the samples except plant waters presented a well agreement in the measured results between IRIS and IRMS. The plant waters were contaminated during the cryogenic vacuum distillation process. By using the spectral contamination identifier, the δD values were well corrected, whereas the δ18O values still showed minor difference, as compared with those measured by IRMS. It was suggested that IRIS could be applied to replace IRMS to measure the stable isotopes of liquid waters which are not contaminated.
    Soil inorganic carbon and its isotopic composition under different vegetation types in Loess Plateau of Northwest China. 
    CUI Li-feng1,2, LIU Cong-qiang1, TU Cheng-long1**, LI Long-bo1,2, DING Hu1
    2013, 32(5):  1187-1194. 
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    The distribution of inorganic carbon in soil profile is crucial for assessing regional soil inorganic carbon storage, terrestrial carbon cycle, and global climate change. In this paper, the pH value, carbonate content, and its δ13C and δ18O values in five soil profiles under different vegetation types in the Loess Plateau were measured, aimed to explore the effects of vegetation type on the distribution and isotopic composition of inorganic carbon in the soil profiles. In the five 0-130 cm soil profiles, carbonate content varied from 5.7% to 14.1%, and its average value was in the sequence of wasteland > grassland > broadleaf forestland > shrub forestland > coniferous forestland. As affected by the parent material loess, the soil was weakly alkaline, with pH value 7-8. The δ13C value of the soil carbonate varied from -6.2‰ to -1.8‰, with the order of wasteland > shrub forestland > coniferous forestland > grassland > broadleaf forestland. Vegetation type affected the δ13C value of the soil carbonate mainly through the input of organic carbon. The δ18O value of the carbonate in the soil profiles under different vegetation types had significant distinction, which was possibly affected by the soil physical properties such as porosity and humidity. In the Loess Plateau, there was a significant difference in the vertical distribution of soil inorganic carbon content and its δ13C and δ18O values under different vegetation types, and thus, the vegetation type change during vegetation succession could affect the storage of soil inorganic carbon and the process of regional carbon cycle.
    Genetic diversity of 33 Fusarium oxysporum strains: An ISSR analysis.
    ZHANG Shu-yi1, LI Xin-feng2,WEI Xiao-yan2,WANG Jian-ming2**
    2013, 32(5):  1195-1202. 
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    To clarify the genetic difference and phylogenic relationship among the strains of Fusarium oxysporum, the genetic diversity of 33 F. oxysporum strains from different geographic origin was examined by inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). A total of 105 bands were amplified with 11 selected ISSR primers, 91 (86.7%) of which were polymorphic. The cluster analysis based on the ISSR data showed that the genetic similarity among the strains ranged from 0.606 to 0.962, with an average of 0.756, and all the strains could be distinguished at 0.962, which indicated that the SSR loci in F. oxysporum genomes were rich in polymorphism. There existed definite correlations between the genetic similarity and geographic origin of the strains isolated from the same hosts.
     
    Effects of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol on tomato leaf mould and seedling growth.
    ZHOU Bao-li**, LI Na, LIU Shuang-shuang, FU Rao, LI Gui-xiang
    2013, 32(5):  1203-1207. 
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    By the methods of laboratory and field tests, this paper studied the effects of different concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50, and 1.00 mmol·L-1) 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol on the tomato leaf mould, seed germination, and seedling growth. At the early stage of culturing tomato leaf mould, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol had significant inhibition effect on the mycelium growth. When the mycelium growing to 7 d, 0.1 mmol·L-1 of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol had the best inhibition effect. Field test showed that 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol at all test concentrations enhanced the disease resistance of tomato seedlings. The best effect was observed at 0.1 mmol·L-1 of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and the disease index decreased by 54%, as compared to the control. 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol at low concentration promoted the seed germination, increased the plant height, stem diameter, plant fresh weight, leaf chlorophyll content, root activity, and plant defense enzyme activities, but decreased the leaf MDA content and relative electricity conductivity. With the increasing concentration of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, its promotion effect decreased while its inhibition effect increased, being the strongest at 0.1 mmol·L-1. It was concluded that 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol at 0.1 mmol·L-1 was the most suitable concentration to enhance the resistance of tomato plant against leaf mould and to regulate tomato seeding growth.
    Vertical distribution patterns of organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon in different types of saline-alkali soil.
    YANG Xiu-juan1,2, HU Yu-kun1**, FANG Fei3, GONG Yan-ming1, LIU Yan-yan1, CHEN Ting-jian1,2
    2013, 32(5):  1208-1214. 
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    Based on the investigation data of six main types of saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang of Northwest China, this paper analyzed the spatial distribution patterns of organic carbon (OC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in these soils, and explored the relationships between the soil OC and MBC and environmental factors. The OC content in the soils was in the order of pure soda (CSD) > chloride-sulfate (L-LS) > sulfate-chloride (LS-L) > soda (SD) > sulfate (LS) > chloride (L), and significant difference (P< 0.05) was observed among the different types of saline-alkali soil, with the exception between LS and SD, and between SD and LS-L. The OC content in the soils decreased with depth, and had obvious stratification characteristics. Similarly, the MBC in the soils was in the order of CSD > LS > L-LS > SD > LS-L > L, and significant difference (P < 0.05) was existed among the different types of saline-alkali soil, with the exception between L-LS and SD. The MBC in the soils had a great difference, and was not in accordance with the OC content, which could be explained by the differences in the habitat and feeding pattern of soil microbes. In a given soil type, MBC also had obvious stratification characteristics. The MBC decreased sharply with soil depth, and the decrement varied with soil types. Not as previously reported, the soil MBC in this study had no linear relationships with soil moisture content and soil bulk density
    Phosphorus accumulation characteristics in cinnamon soil under long-term fertilization.
    YANG Yan-ju1, WANG Gai-lan1**, ZHANG Hai-peng1, ZHAO Xu1, Huang Xue-fang2
    2013, 32(5):  1215-1220. 
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    In 2010-2012, this paper studied the accumulated amounts of available phosphorus (P), water-soluble P, and bioavailable P in a cinnamon soil under long-term (1988-2012) fertilization, and analyzed the correlation between the soil water-soluble P and P saturation degree. Long-term application of P fertilizer and organic fertilizer increased the contents of the soil available P, water-soluble P, and bioavailable P significantly, which was most significant in the treatment of applying high amount organic fertilizer combined with chemical P fertilizer. In treatment 45000 kg·hm-2 of organic fertilizer plus 75 kg·hm-2 of P2O5, the soil P saturation degree in 2012 was >25%, which enhanced the P loss risk of cinnamon soil remarkably. There existed extremely significant correlations between the soil available P, water-soluble P, and bioavailable P, of which, the first two were of exponential relationship. In addition, there was an extremely significant exponential relationship between the soil P saturation degree and water-soluble P.
    Effects of applying super absorbent polymer and potassium fertilizer on the yield index and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of dry land potato.
    GAO Tian-peng1**, GUO Rui1, WANG Dong4, GAO Hai-ning2, CHANG Guo-hua1,3, ZHANG Ming1,3, SUN Hai-li1
    2013, 32(5):  1221-1226. 
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    Taking the potato cultivar Longshu-3 as the object, this paper studied the tuber yield and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under effects of different applications of super absorbent polymer and potassium fertilizer, aimed to approach the effects of applying super absorbent polymer and potassium fertilizer on the yield index and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of dry land potato from the viewpoint of photosynthetic efficiency. Four treatments were installed, i.e., 0.5% of super absorbent polymer + 60 g·hm-2 of potassium fertilizer (C1), 60 g·hm-2 of potassium fertilizer (C2), 0.5% of absorbent polymer (C3), and no super absorbent polymer + no potassium fertilizer (CK). As compared with CK, the emergence percentage in treatment C1 increased significantly by 9.4%. The crown and stem diameter in treatments C1, C2, and C3 were all higher than those in CK, and, except the NPQ in treatment C3 being lower than that in CK, the mean diurnal Fv/Fm,(Fm′-Fo′)/Fm′,qP, and ETR in treatments C1, C2, and C3 werealso increased to some extent. The yield index was the highest in C1. All the results indicated that super absorbent polymer and potassium fertilizer had direct effects on the potato plant chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, manifesting in the increase of photosynthetic efficiency, and thus, improved the tuber yield of upland potato.
    Effects of different combinations of tillage modes and fertilization measures on cropland soil organic carbon.
    ZOU Juan-xiu, SUI Peng, GAO Wang-sheng, CHEN Yuan-quan**, ZHANG Jian-sheng, SHI Yan-qin
    2013, 32(5):  1227-1232. 
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    To examine the effects of different tillage modes and fertilization measures on the cropland soil organic carbon in the North China Plain, a field experiment was conducted in the Wuqiao County of Hebei Province in 2009-2012. Four tillage treatments (rotary tillage, RT; subsoiling, ST; plough tillage, PT; notillage, NT) combined with three fertilization measures (manure and chemical fertilizer, MF; straw-returning and chemical fertilizer, SF; chemical fertilizer, CF) were installed, and the variations of total organic carbon (TOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) contents in 0-20 cm soil layer were observed. Three-year continuous tillage (including RT, ST, and PT) decreased the soil carbon sequestration to some extent, while no-tillage was conducive to the increase of the carbon sequestration. As compared with 3-year continuous no-tillage, 2-year notillage after 1-year subsoiling could sequestrate more carbon, and the TOC and POC contents were 8% and 2% higher, respectively. Two-year NT after 1-year PT benefited the restoration of soil carbon, its TOC ratio being restored from 0.74 under 3-year continuous NT to 0.93, and its POC ratio being restored from 0.59 to 0.94. As for the fertilization measures, MF had the best effect on maintaining soil carbon sequestration, followed by SF, and CF. In sum, the optimal combination of tillage mode and fertilization measure for the soil carbon sequestration in North China Plain could be sub-soiling once followed 2-year no-tillage, combined with manure application or straw-returning.
    Soil microbial characteristics of Dongting Lake wetlands with different typical vegetation communities.
    LIU Yin-yin1,2, SUN Qing-ye1, LI Feng2, XIE Yong-hong1,2**
    2013, 32(5):  1233-1237. 
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    Taking the  Dongting Lake  wetlands with three typical vegetations (Phalaris arundinacea,    Carex brevicuspis,   and  Phragmites australis)  as the objects, this paper studied their soil microbial characteristics, including microbial  biomass carbon and nitrogen and  microbial  respiration,  and analyzed the related main affecting factors.  In the  test  wetlands,  the  soil  microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN),   soil microbial respiration,  and the  ratio of  soil  MBC to soil organic   carbon (qMBC)  were in the order of P.   arundinacea   > C.   brevicuspis  > P .  australis,  whereas  the soil  microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2) had  an  opposite tendency to  qMBC. The   correlation analysis  of the soil  microbial characteristics  and environmental factors showed  that   soil moisture  content,   bulk density,  and organic matter  content  were   the main  environmental factors  affecting the  soil microbial  characteristics, and soil  pH and total nitrogen content  also had  strong  relationships   with the  soil microbial characteristics.
    Community structure of metazoan zooplankton and its relationships with environmental factors in Qingcaosha Reservoir of Shanghai, East China.
    LIU Xin-pu, WANG Li-qing**, ZHANG Ning, TAO Xue-mei, MA Wen-hua
    2013, 32(5):  1238-1248. 
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    An investigation was conducted on the spatiotemporal distribution of metazoan zooplankton (including Rotifers, Cladocera, and Copepoda) in the Qingcaosha Reservoir of Shanghai in January and April-December, 2011, with the relationships between the distribution pattern of the metazoan zooplankton and environmental factors analyzed. A total of 62 metazoan zooplankton species were observed, consisting of 38 Rotifers, 11 Cladocera, and 13 Copepoda. The yearly density of the zooplankton was averagely 469.1 ind·-1, and the biomass averaged 3.23 mg·L-1. Based on the dominant species composition of metazoan zooplankton and the QB/T value of Rotifers biological index (QB/T =1), the water quality of the Reservoir was at mesotrophic state. According to the Shannon and Margalef biodiversity indices of Rotifers, the water quality of the Reservoir was of βpollution pattern. Both the GAM and the CCA analyses showed that water temperature had considerable effects on the Rotifers density, being the key factor affecting the distribution discrepancies of the Rotifers. The GAM analysis also showed that the Cladocera density had nonlinear relationships with the water transparency and dissolved oxygen.
    Spatiotemporal distribution of chlorophyll-a  and the  relation to water quality variables in Dishui Lake of Shanghai, East China.
    MEI Wei-ping1, JIANG Min1,2**, RUAN Hui-hui1, LIU Jin-jin1
    2013, 32(5):  1249-1254. 
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    Based on the monitoring data of Dishui Lake from September 2011 to August 2012, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and its correlations with the main aquatic ecological factors in the Lake. There was an obvious temporal variation of the Chl-a concentration, with two peaks in March and July, respectively. Spatially, the Chl-a concentration also had definite differentiation, being generally higher in the lake center than at the other points. Absolute principal component score analysis and multivariate liner regression (APCSMLR) were adopted to approach the relationships between the Chl-a concentration and the water quality variables, which showed that the latent water quality variables F1 and F2 had greater correlations with the Chl-a concentration, and a correlation model of the latent variables and Chl-a concentration was established. The Chl-a concentration had close relationships with the water temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved phosphorus, and available phosphorus, and phosphorus was the limiting factor of the primary productivity of Dishui Lake. It was suggested that the phosphorus concentration in the water could be the main factor controlling the eutrophication of Dishui Lake.
    Seasonal variations of Sargassum horneri distribution around Gouqi Island of East China.
    BI Yuan-xin, ZHANG Shou-yu**, WU Zu-li
    2013, 32(5):  1255-1259. 
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    In order to clarify the spatiotemporal distribution of Sargassum horneri, and approach the possible measures to ecologically protect and restore macroalgal bed, an investigation was conducted on the seasonal distribution of S. horneri from seedling to maturing stages in Gouqi Island of East China by the method of underwater quadrat sampling. From seedling to maturing stages, the average loss rate of S. horneri density reached 61%, which was mainly determined by the wave action that moved the S. horneri from its substrate, and to some extent, affected by the density restriction mechanism. Most of the individuals were found within a water depth of 121-547 cm during seedling stage, and a water depth of 132-461 cm during maturing stage. The width of S. horneri vertical distribution not only decreased from seedling stage to maturing stage, but also varied obviously among sampling sites, which was related to the effects of environmental factors. In addition, wave exposure had important effects on the distribution of S. horneri, especially on the upper limit of distribution. The growth rate of S. horneri had a correlation with seawater transparency. Wave action could result in the resuspension of sediments, which affected the light intensity, and thus, restrained the growth of S. horneri. It was unclear whether the decrease of light intensity would result in the death of S. horneri. Further researches would be needed on the relationships between light intensity and S. horneri growth density to understand the upward distribution mechanism of S. horneri.
    Effects of water temperature on the critical swimming speed and metabolic scope of juvenile Parabramis pekinensis.
    YANG Yang, CAO Zhen-dong, FU Shi-jian**
    2013, 32(5):  1260-1264. 
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    In order to understand the effects of water temperature on the aerobic locomotor capacity and its relationships with the energetic metabolism of juvenile Parabramis pekinensis the juveniles were put into the waters at different temperature (10, 18, 26, and 34 ℃) to measure their resting metabolic rate (RMR), critical swimming speed (Ucrit), and maximal metabolic rate (MMR) during swimming, and the differences of MMR-RMR at different water temperature were used to calculate the metabolic scope (MS) of the juveniles. Both the Ucrit and the RMR increased significantly with increasing water temperature (P<0.05). The Ucrit was increased from 6.01±0.32 BL·s-1 to 8.82 ±0.27 BL·s-1 when the water temperature increased from 10 to 34 ℃, and the MMR increased significantly when the temperature increased from 10 and 26 ℃, and remained unchanged with the further increase of temperature. The RMR and MMR were 1617 ±28.81 mg O2·kg-1·h-1 and 292.95 ±27.59 mg O2·kg-1·h-1 at 10 ℃, and 558.55±20.41 mg O2·kg-1·h-1 and 1278.74 ± 57.40 mg O2·kg-1·h-1 at 34 ℃, respectively. The MS increased significantly when the temperature increased from 10 to 26 ℃ (P<005), but decreased significantly when the temperature further increased from 26 to 34 ℃. It was suggested that the different reaction patterns of the MS and Ucrit to the changes of water temperature were possibly due to the high swimming efficiency as the results of the decreased water viscosity coefficient and the high anaerobic metabolism capacity of the fish at high water temperature.
    Effects of magnetic field on the development and reproduction of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
    DONG Zhao-ke, GE Feng**
    2013, 32(5):  1265-1268. 
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    Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) is one of the most serious agricultural pests in Northern China, while magnetic field may have significant effects on the growth and development of H. armigera. In this paper, three intensities of magnetic field (zero magnetic field, high magnetic field, and natural magnetic field) were installed to observe the development and reproduction of H. armigera. Zero magnetic field increased the duration of larvae markedly, with a range of 0.4-1.7 d, while high magnetic field had minor effects. The larval survival rate, pupal weight, eclosion rate, egg laying amount, and egg hatching rate were less affected by magnetic field. It was suggested that zero magnetic field could delay the development of H. armigera larvae, but have minor effects on the reproduction of the pest. Since the intensity of high magnetic field in this study was only 4 Gs, whether the more high intensity magnetic field could affect H. armigera needs to be further studied.
    Guild structure of grasshopper communities in hilly meadow steppe of Horqin plain, North China.
    SUN Wei, LEI Cheng-ping, ZHANG Zhu-ting, DONG Hui, QIAN Hai-tao, CONG Bin**
    2013, 32(5):  1269-1276. 
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    In recent years, grasshopper pest occurred in large area and high density in hilly meadow steppe of Horqin plain, causing severe damage to the local animal husbandry. Based on the theories of guild structure in ecology, multi-gradients of grasshoppers feeding pattern and habitat selection were installed as the ecological indicators, and the grasshopper community composition and interspecific relationships in the hilly meadow steppe of Horqin plain were analyzed. Through cluster analysis, the grasshoppers in the steppe could be classified into six guilds, and there existed obvious differences in the habitat selection and biocompatibility among the guilds, indicating that diverse habitats provided a variety of living spaces for the grasshoppers. The environmental factors such as illumination and terrain and the biological characteristics of grasshopper played important roles in the distribution of the grasshoppers. To maximize the biological fitness, the grasshoppers in the steppe formed different resources utilization guilds. Three principal components were extracted from the ecological traits of the grasshoppers, and their cumulated contribution rate reached 82.91%. The representative biological information included the selection of ground substrate, feeding height, terrain, and sunlight regime. Due to the different degrees of habitat resources utilization, different grasshopper species presented diverse ecological niche breadths, and the similarity of habitat resources utilization decided the niche overlaps among the species.
    Behaviors of Pére David’s deer harem master during its rutting period in Shishou County of Hubei Province, China.
    XU Jian-ning1, ZHANG Yu-ming2, YANG Dao-de1**, SONG Yu-cheng1, WEN Hua-jun2, LI Peng-fei2
    2013, 32(5):  1277-1282. 
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    The behaviors displayed by the Pére David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus) harem master during its rutting period play an important role in the population reproduction. In order to approach the differences in the behaviors of E. davidianus harem masters between freeranging deer and wild deer during their rutting period, a comparative study was made on the feeding, resting, and locomotive and reproductive behaviors of the harem masters in the Shishou Milu National Nature Reserve of Hubei, China from June 1st to July 31st, 2012. The reproductive behaviors included chasing after hinds, driving stags, roaring, antleradorning, antlerswaging mud, anogenital sniffing, and mounting. Wild harem masters displayed the most behaviors with higher frequencies than freeranging harem masters. There existed significant differences in the frequencies of resting, locomotion, chasing after hinds, driving stags, roaring, and mounting between the wild and freeranging harem masters (P<0.05), but no significant differences in the antleradorning, antler-swaging mud, and anogenital sniffing (P>0.05). The timefrequency distribution of resting, locomotion, and roaring also showed no significant differences between the wild and free-ranging harem masters (P>0.05). Different habitats affected the behavioral expression of the harem masters, and the behavioral frequencies of both the wild and the free-ranging harem masters were different among various habitats. In addition, human disturbances and Yangtze River flood season also had definite effects on the behavioral expression of wild harem masters. To ensure the Pére David’s deer population in the Shishou County of Hubei Province being able to expand, it would be important to make the harem masters within and outside the Reserve can adjust their behaviors to adapt to different habitats.
    Climate change in arid areas of Northwest China in past 50 years and its effects on the local ecological environment.
    YAO Jun-qiang1,2,3,4, YANG Qing3**, CHEN Ya-ning2, HU Wen-feng5, LIU Zhi-hui4, ZHAO Ling3
    2013, 32(5):  1283-1291. 
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    Under the background of global warming, the climate in arid areas of Northwest China in the past 50 years has changed correspondingly, giving great impacts on the local ecological environment. Based on the meteorological data of 128 stations from 1961 to 2010, and by using DEM and GIDS interpolation methods, this paper approached the characteristics of climate change in the arid areas of Northwest China and their effects on the local ecological environment. In the study areas, air temperature had a rising trend, but the variation range differed with reason and region. The warming trend was most apparent in winter, but slowed down in summer. Regionally, Ili valley and Tacheng had the greatest warming rate, followed by East Tianshan Mountain area and Qilian Mountains. Precipitation also presented an increasing trend. The annual precipitation and winter precipitation increased significantly, spring precipitation had a gradual increase, whereas autumn precipitation increased slightly. The precipitation varied greatest in mountainous areas, but presented a downward trend in the eastern part of the arid areas, the desert hinterland, and its surrounding areas. The climate warming and wetting trend in the arid areas of Northwest China in the past 50 years led to the glacier melting in summer, giving greater effects on the local water recourses and ecological environment, whereas the decrease of the frequency of sandstorm in the study areas was mainly related to the variations of climate from warmdry to warmwet in the desert source regions of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, which had definite weakening effect on the occurrence of sandstorm. The fluctuations of lake area and its water level were in some extent the responses to the climate change.
     
    Spatiotemporal variation patterns of potential evapotranspiration in the Yangtze River basin of China.
    WANG Qiong, ZHANG Ming-jun**, PAN Shu-kun, MA Xue-ning, LI Fei, LIU Wen-li
    2013, 32(5):  1292-1302. 
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    Based on the daily meteorological data from 116 meteorological stations in the Yangtze River basin of China in 1961-2011, and by using the Penman-Monteith method recommended by the FAO, this paper calculated the potential evapotranspiration in the basin. In the meantime, the methods of inverse distanceweighted interpolation, MannKendall mutation test, Morlet wavelet analysis, and rescaled range analysis were adopted to study the spatiotemporal variation patterns of the potential evapotranspiration. In recent 51 years, the inter-annual change tendency rate of the potential evapotranspiration in the whole basin was -0.34 mm·a-1. Spatially, the potential evapotranspiration had an increased  trend  after an initial decrease from west to east. Temporally, the potential evapotranspiration presented an obvious increasing trend in autumn, but a decreasing trend in spring, summer, and winter, with an overall tendency of summer > autumn > spring > winter. The M-K mutation test and Morlet wavelet analysis showed that the yearly potential evapotranspiration mutation happened around 1980, and the departure sequence vibration of the potential evapotranspiration frequency was primary quasi 12 years and secondary quasi 4 years. The rescaled range analysis showed that except precipitation, all the test climate factors had the same variation trend with the potential evapotranspiration as that in the past.
    Isolation, identification, and degradation characteristics of bacterial strains in a high concentration organic pollutants-contaminated river water.
    ZHU Jian1,2, WANG Ping1,2**, LI Han-dong3, LEI Ming-jing1
    2013, 32(5):  1311-1318. 
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    In order to restore the self-purification capability of the northern seasonal river seriously contaminated by organic pollutants, a typical black-odor river in Hebei Province of North China was taken as the study object, its sediments and water samples were collected, and the culture media specifically for lactobacillus, yeast, actinomycetes, and nitrobacteria were adopted to enrich, isolate, and identify the microbes in the samples. A total of 15 organic pollutants-degrading bacteria strains were isolated, and 6 dominant bacterial isolates of them were identified by fatty acids map analysis, which were Flavobacterium, Micrococcus, Lactobacillus, Micromonospora, Candida, and Nitrococcus. To improve the adaptation and degradation capabilities of the isolates, a directional enrichment solution was adopted to compound the isolates, and the compound bacteria were obtained. The results of the optimization experiment showed that the optimal proportions of the compound bacteria were 0.5% of yeast, 1.0% of lactobacillus, 2.0% of actinomycetes, and 2.0% of nitrobacteria, and the most appropriate growth conditions of the compound bacteria were pH 7.0, temperature 35 ℃, carbon source glucose, and small amounts of Fe2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. The degradation experiment indicated that when the pH value was 8.0, temperature was 35 ℃, inoculation amount was 0.5%, and rotation rate was 80 r·min-1, the compound bacteria performed best in degrading organic pollutants, with the removal rates of CODcr, NH3-N, and TP reached 78%, 59%, and 77%, respectively.
    Variations of three-dimensional architecture landscape at different spatial scales.
    ZHANG Pei-feng1,2, HU Yuan-man2**
    2013, 32(5):  1319-1325. 
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    To explore the variations of three-dimensional architecture landscape is of significance in researching urban three-dimensional landscape. Taking the building’s threedimensional information of Tiexi District of Shenyang, Northeast China in 1997, 2002, 2005, and 2008 as the basic data, an index system including building’s height, density, volume and configuration, distribution evenness, and space crowded degree was established to evaluate the three-dimensional architecture landscape, and its spatiotemporal variations were studied at district, functional zone, and gradient transect scales. From 1997 to 2008, the buildings in the District were growing in vertical direction and shrinking in horizontal direction, with the architectural space being increasingly in uneven distribution, and the average volume, floor area ratio, and space crowded degree being gradually increased. At functional zone scale, the buildings average height, average volume, average coverage ratio, average floor area ratio, and space crowded degree were the least in residential districts, but the largest in commercial areas. The values of the variation coefficient of building’s height and the coefficient of building’s average configuration were the least in commercial areas but the largest in industrial areas. At gradient transect, the differences of the building’s use types decided the variation characteristics of the threedimensional architecture landscape.
    Paleoclimate implications of carbonate, organic matter, and their stable isotopes in lacustrine sediments: A review.
    LAN Jiang-hu1,2**, XU Hai1, LIU Bin1,2, SHENG En-guo1,2, ZHAO Jiang-tao1,2, YU Ke-ke1,2
    2013, 32(5):  1326-1334. 
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    This paper summarized the research advances of carbonate, organic matter, and their stable isotopes in lacustrine sediments at holocene scale over the past decades, with the focuses on the environmental implications of carbonate concentration, δ13Ccarb, and δ18Ocarb, and their synergistic variations in lacustrine sediments, the affecting factors of biogenic carbonate and its stable isotopes and trace elements in lacustrine sediments and related environmental implications, and the affecting factors of organic matter, its stable isotopes, and C/N ratio in lacustrine sediments and related climatic implications. This paper also discussed the applications of carbonate concentration, organic matter, and their stable isotopes in lacustrine sediments in the reconstruction of paleoclimate.
    Applications of isotopic labeling technique in the studies of mercury biogeochemistry: A review.
    BAO Zheng-duo1,2, SHANG Li-hai1**, FENG Xin-bin1, MENG Bo1
    2013, 32(5):  1335-1346. 
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    As a global pollutant, mercury (Hg) can be transported for a long distance in atmosphere. Methyl-mercury (MeHg), an extremely toxic organic form of Hg formed by the methylation from inorganic Hg in aquatic environment, can be bio-accumulated and biomagnified along food chains, potentially threatening human health. Isotopes can trace the behaviors of elements in the environment. Adding Hg isotope to the environment or using Hg isotopic labeling technique is a powerful tool for the studies of Hg biogeochemical behaviors, including the transportation and transformation of Hg in the environment. This paper reviewed the basic theory of Hg isotopic labeling technique, the applications of this technique in sample Hg species analysis, and the Hg transportation/transformation in soilplantatmosphere system and in aquatic ecosystem, and prospected the applications of Hg isotopic labeling technique in the studies of Hg environmental geochemistry.
    Environmental exposure, ecological behavior, and toxicological effect of acrylamide: A review.
    XIE Rui-li, ZHOU Qi-xing**
    2013, 32(5):  1347-1354. 
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    Acrylamide is a potential carcinogen with neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and genotoxicity. As an important chemical raw material, acrylamide is widely used in many industries, and its application amount is increasing, being received increasing concerns due to its hazards to the environment and human health. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the ecological behavior and ecotoxicological effect of acrylamide. This paper summarized the environmental exposure routes of acrylamide, its translocation, degradation, and transformation behaviors in the environment, its biotransformation and metabolic mechanisms, and its ecotoxicological effect. In light of the existed problems, the future research trends of acrylamide were also prospected, aimed to provide references to the toxicity assessment and the pollution prevention and treatment of acrylamide in the environment.
    Estimation of farmland shelterbelt area in the Three-North Shelter/Protective Forest Program regions of China based on multi-scale remote sensing data.
    ZHENG Xiao1,2,3, ZHU Jiao-jun1,2**, YAN Yan1,2,3
    2013, 32(5):  1355-1363. 
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    Farmland shelterbelt is an important component in the Three-North Shelter/Protective Forest Program. To accurately estimate the quantity and spatial distribution of the farmland shelterbelts in the Three-North regions (west of Northeast China, north of North China, and most part of Northwest China) is of significance to understand the protective effect of these shelterbelts and to promote their construction processes. Based on the multi-scale remote sensing data to acquire shelterbelt length and the field survey data to obtain shelterbelt width, this paper estimated the farmland shelterbelt area in the Three-North regions that were topographically divided into four areas, i.e., Northeast China, North China, Loess Plateau, and Northwest China. The shelterbelt length in Northeast China and North China was acquired from the relationships between the shelterbelt lengths from SPOT5 and Landsat TM, while that in Loess Plateau and Northwest China was obtained from the relationships between the shelterbelt lengths from CBERS02B and the farmland areas from Landsat TM. The results indicated that in 2008, the total length of the farmland shelterbelts (including middle-aged, mature, and over-mature shelterbelts, and excluding new planted, un-matured, and part of declined shelterbelts) in the ThreeNorth regions was 106.40×107 m, including 23.82×107 m in Northeast China, 6.07×107 m in North China, 25.58×107 m in Loess Plateau, and 50.93×107 m in Northwest China,

     and the total area of the farmland shelterbelts was about 130.31×104 hm2 (114.98×104-145.64×104 hm2), including 42.38×104 hm2 (37.52×104-48.24×104 hm2) in Northeast China, 10.92×104 hm2 (9.56×104-12.29×104 hm2) in North China, 25.58×104 hm2 (22.70×104-28.45×104 hm2) in Loess Plateau, and 50.93×104 hm2 (45.20×104-56.66×104 hm2) in Northwest China. The mean accuracy of the estimation was 89.54% (79.27% in Northeast and North China, and 99.80% in Loess Plateau and Northwest China).
    Indices and modeling of wheat powdery mildew epidemic based on hourly air temperature and humidity data.
    YAO Shu-ran1,2, HUO Zhi-guo3**, DONG Zhan-qiang4, LI Min4, CHEN Xiao-jing5
    2013, 32(5):  1364-1370. 
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    In order to explore the dynamic relations between wheat powdery epidemic and meteorological conditions, the hourly canopy air temperature and humidity in a representative winter wheat field were measured by a field monitoring system in the wheat powdery mildew season in 2010-2012. Meanwhile, the daily wheat powdery mildew density was also investigated in the same field. By using these measured data and the standard weather station data, the correlations of the wheat powdery mildew epidemic speed with the canopy’s and ambient air temperature and humidity and their diurnal variations up to five days ahead of the powdery mildew epidemic were analyzed. The conception of ‘daily accumulated critical high air temperature hours’ was proposed to present the favorability of weather conditions to powdery mildew epidemic speed, and a set of meteorological grade indices was developed to classify the wheat powdery mildew epidemic speed. The powdery mildew epidemic forecast model based on the relationship analysis of air temperature and humidity was established, with the validation accuracy of 88%. The validation accuracy of the indices in 2009 and 2010 was 67% and 84%, respectively, and the forecasting accuracy in 2012 was 87%.  It was suggested that the established meteorological grade indices and forecast model were  applicable to the monitoring, forecasting, and assessment of winter wheat powdery mildew epidemic. This study could provide references to the plant pathology research and crop epidemics forecast.