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Table of Content

    10 October 2019, Volume 38 Issue 10
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    Closetonature plant community construction in urban greenspace of Beijing.
    REN Bin-bin, SHANG Ru, LI Fang, LI Wei, WANG Jian-hong, LI Guang, LIU Qian
    2019, 38(10):  2911-2917. 
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    Close tonature plant communities play an important role in promoting community stability, activating the internal regulation mechanism of ecosystem and enriching biodiversity. We analyzed community characteristics and environmental factors of forest vegetation at Jiufeng Mountain, a low altitude district in Beijing, using numerical classification and environmental ordination. Then, we proposed some modes of closetonature plant community construction suitable for Beijing. The results showed that the 10 plots investigated could be classified into four associations by TWINSPAN. The ordination results of plots and main plant species were consistent with those of TWINSPAN. The mixed pine and oak forest with Pinus tabuliformis, Quercus dentata and Q. variabilisas the dominant species was significantly correlated with the altitude and soil factors including pH value, organic matter content, and noncapillary porosity. There were differences in soil pH and organic matter content between natural mountain soil and urban greenspace soil. According to the basic principles of adaptability, scientificity and artistry, we proposed five basic modes of close to nature plant communities.
    Quantitative characteristics and distribution pattern of natural populations of Phoebe bournei in central Jiangxi Province.
    GUI Ya-ke, PAN Ping, OUYANG Xun-zhi, ZANG Hao, GUO Rui, LI Yang
    2019, 38(10):  2918-2924. 
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    Analyzing quantitative characteristics and distribution pattern of population is helpful for understanding population renewal, stability and succession. This study aimed to clarify the structure of natural population of Phoebe bournei in central Jiangxi. With data from field survey, population characteristics were studied based on the survivorship curve and quantitative analysis method. Population distribution pattern was analyzed with the diffusion coefficient and aggregation intensity index. The proportion of seedlings (D<2 cm), saplings (2 cm≤D<5 cm), small trees (5 cm≤D<10 cm), medium trees (10 cm≤D<20 cm), large trees (20 cm≤D<40 cm) and old trees (D≥40 cm) accounted for 57.93%, 13.14%, 12.91%, 9.49%, 4.96% and 1.59% of the total abundance, respectively. The diameter structure of the population as a whole was generally an inverse J type. The mortality of the population at three stages of D<2 cm and H>1 m, 5 cm≤D<10 cm and 60 cm≤D<65 cm all exceeded 50%. The life expectancy was the highest at 25 cm≤D<30 cm (ex=4.50). The survivorship curve of the population was the Deevey-II type, which belonged to the growing and stable population and was more sensitive to external disturbances. The population distribution pattern was generally aggregated, with the aggregation intensity decreasing with scales. From the stages of seedlings, saplings, small trees, medium trees, large trees to old trees, the distribution pattern changed from high aggregation to low aggregation, with the aggregated distribution developing towards a random direction.
     
    The effects of invasive species Amaranthus retroflexus on functional traits of native plant species.
    ZHANG Mei, MA Ke-xin, TANG Li-li, HAN Jian-hua, ZHENG Pu-fan, WANG Tong-tong, SHI Fu-chen
    2019, 38(10):  2925-2933. 
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    To explore the effects of invasive species on the leaf functional traits of native species, species richness, individual abundance, biomass, and leaf functional traits of native plant species were investigated under different invasion pressures (no invasion, mild invasion, and severe invasion) of invasive species Amaranthus retroflexus with insitu investigation and laboratory analysis. The results showed that species richness, number of plants, and aboveground biomass of native species decreased gradually with increasing invasion pressure. Under the severe invasion pressure, nitrogen content (Nmass) of A. retroflexu was significantly increased, while carbon content (Cmass), C/N ratio, and leaf construction cost (CCmass) were significantly decreased, and no significant change of specific leaf area (SLA). Native species had lower Cmass and C/N, and higher SLA. Under the mild invasion pressure, there were no significant differences in of all examined traits between A. retroflexu and the native species. For A. retroflexus, Nmass was significantly negatively correlated with C/N and Cmass, but not with SLA. For native plants, Nmass was significantly negatively correlated with C/N and significantly positively with SLA, while the correlation with Cmass was not significant. Our results suggested that higher resource utilization efficiency and lower resource capture costs were the main reasons responsible for the successful invasion of A. retroflexus.
    Effects of strip clear-cutting on the allocation of non-structural carbohydrates and aboveground biomass of Phyllostachys edulis.
    SU Wen-hui, ZENG Xian-li, FAN Shao-hui, NI Hui-jing
    2019, 38(10):  2934-2940. 
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    By studying the allocation pattern of non-structural carbon and biomass of spring shoots and new bamboos after strip clear-cutting, we explored the growth status, adaptation strategy, and recovery potential of bamboos after strip clearcutting in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forest. The aboveground biomass allocation of new bamboos and the content of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) of spring shoots and new bamboos with three diameter classes (large, medium, and small) in Moso bamboo forest after strip clear-cutting were measured, with selective cutting plots as control. The results showed that biomass proportion of aboveground organs of new bamboos in CK and the new large-diameter bamboo in strip clear-cutting plots were in the order of stem (more than 70%), branch (10%-20%) and leaf (less than 10%). The biomass allocation of small-diameter bamboo followed as leaf (45.1%), stem (32.9%), and branch (22%). The NSC content of spring bamboo shoots in later growing stage in strip clear-cutting plots was lower than that in CK. Moreover, the NSC contents in various organs of new bamboos across three diameter classes in strip clear-cutting plots were lower than those in CK. The allocation of NSC was followed as leaf, rhizome, branch, stem, underground trunk, and root on underground trunk. After strip clearcutting, aboveground biomass allocation of new bamboos in strip clear-cutting plots was different from that in CK, with lower NSC content. However, biomass proportion of branch and leaf and NSC content in the small-diameter bamboo were higher, indicating self-adaptation strategy of Moso bamboo after high-intensity harvest.
    Responses of leaf photosynthesis in Salix psammophila and Caragana korshinskii to precipitation alteration in the water wind erosion crisscross region of northern Shaanxi Province.
    CHEN Li-ru, LI Yang-yang
    2019, 38(10):  2941-2949. 
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    To understand the responses of photosynthesis in Salix psammophila and Caragana korshinskii, two shrub species commonly distributed in the water and wind erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau, to precipitation alteration, a manipulated precipitation experiment (control, water addition by 45%, and water reduction by 50%) was conducted. Leaf water relation, photosynthetic capacity, leaf morphological structure and nutrient concentration were measured after three years precipitation manipulation. For Salix, there was no difference of predawn leaf water potential among treatments during both dry and wet season, while midday leaf water potential showed significant responses to both water  addition and reduction during the dry season. For Caragana, both predawn and midday leaf water potential significantly decreased by water reduction, and showed no response to water addition. The light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Amax) in Salix during the dry season and Caragana during both dry and wet  changed for the treatments of water addition and reduction. The enhanced Amax in Salixby water addition during dry season was attributed to improved biochemical properties, while the decreased Amax in Salix during dry season was mainly related to increased CO2 diffusion limitation. For Caragana, the increasedAmax by water increase during the dry season was attributed to decreased stomatal limitation, and to decreased CO2 diffusion limitation and biochemical limitation during the wet season, respectively. The decreased Amax of Caraganaby water reduction during both seasons was related to increased biochemical limitation. Specific leaf mass, N and P contents of both species did not respond to water addition and reduction, indicating that the variation of Amax by water availability was not related to leaf structure and nutrient limitation. These results provide reference for evaluating the adaptability of both shrub species and modeling water and carbon cycling under future climate change.
    Photosynthetic responses to drought and subsequent re-watering in seedlings from two different provenances of Quercus variabilis Bl.
    CHEN Meng-yuan, LI Ying-chao, WANG Li-bing, ZHANG Lu, LI Dong-xing, JU Jiao, YU Hai-yan
    2019, 38(10):  2950-2958. 
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    To investigate the effects of drought stress and subsequent re-watering on photosynthetic characteristics of seedlings from two different provenances of Quercus variabilis Bl., we mea sured the growth, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of seedlings under different water treatments (normal irrigation, slight drought, moderate drought, and severe drought) and following rewatering. The results showed that the growth of seedlings was inhibited by drought stress, and it was most strongly affected under severe drought stress. Gas exchange parameters, such as Pn, Gs, Tr and WUE, had decreasing trends, while Ls showed the upward trend with the increases of drought stress. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, such as Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, ETR and ΦPSⅡ, showed decreasing trends with the increasing intensity of drought stress. The NPQ value increased under moderate drought and declined under severe drought. The response of many chlorophyll fluorescence parameters to drought stress was consistent with that of some gas exchange parameters. For example, the highest response was found under severe drought. Re-watering after drought stress resulted in somewhat recovery of these physiological parameters. Generally, the relative changes of these parameters of seedlings from the Laojun Mountain provenance were higher than those from the Beipo Mountain provenance, and the recovery of seedlings from Laojun Mountain provenance was lower than that of the Beipo Mountain provenance after re-watering. In conclusion, the drought tolerance and resilience of seedlings from the Beipo Mountain provenance were better than those from Laojun Mountain provenance.
     
    Regulation of leukamenin E on polar auxin transport and root growth and development in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings.
    HE Jing, DING Lan, LI Peng, HUAN Zhao-wei
    2019, 38(10):  2959-2967. 
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    We used 14 Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic reporter lines  to investigate the mechanism of leukamenin E regulating the expression of polar auxin carriers and affecting root growth and development. The results showed that leukamenin E within 20-40 μmol·L-1 significantly inhibited the growth of primary roots of A. thaliana seedlings. However, low concentration of leukamenin E (10 μmol·L-1) promoted the early occurrence of lateral roots and increased the number of lateral roots. Leukamenin E significantly increased auxin level in the root apex at 10-30 μmol·L-1 for 48 h. Furthermore, we investigated the role of leukamenin E in response to polar auxin transport proteins in A. thalianaroots. The results showed that expression of PIN1was upregulated and expression of PIN2was downregulated at the transcriptional and protein level by leukamenin E. The abundance of PIN3, PIN7, and PIN4 were obviously reduced in the columella cells and the quiescent center and surrounding cells. The abundance of AUX1 was decreased in the epidermis and lateral root cap cells. These results suggest that auxin accumulation in the root apex through regulation of polar auxin carriers had inhibitory effects on primary roots and early formation of lateral roots.
    Effects of deficit irrigation on the growth of Coffea arabica and soil microorganism abundance under different castor shading cultivation models.
    PENG You-liang, LIU Xiao-gang, HAN Zhi-hui, LI Yi-lin, YANG Qi-liang, SUI Long, GUAN Neng-han
    2019, 38(10):  2968-2974. 
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    To explore the coupling mode of irrigation and shading for rapid growth and optimizing soil environment of Coffea arabica, an experiment was carried out from 2016 to 2017 under four levels of irrigation \[full irrigation (FI, 1.2Ep, Ep is water surface evaporation) and three levels of deficit irrigation (DI1, 1.0Ep; DI2, 0.8Ep; DI3, 0.6Ep)\], and three modes of shading \[no shading (S0, only coffee, control), light shading (S1, a row of coffee intercropped with a row of castor (Ricinus communis), and severe shading (S2, a row of coffee intercropped with two rows of castor)\]. The effects of irrigation level and shading mode on canopy structure and dry matter mass of Coffea arabica and soil microorganism abundance were investigated. The results showed that compared with FI, DI1 significantly increased canopy area and dry matter mass by 9.53% and 10.46%, respectively (P<0.05), and non-significantly decreased total radiation under canopy by 5.51% (P>0.05), but had no significant effects on the number of soil bacteria and actinomycetes. DI2 and DI3 reduced the abundance of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes by 8.94%-47.06%. Compared with S0, S1 significantly increased the abundance of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes by 13.99%, 30.77% and 9.72%, respectively (P<0.05), and significantly increased leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter mass by 10.31% and 30.02%, respectively (P<0.05). The abundance of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes showed the trend of first increase and then decrease with the increasing water content and temperature, which showed a quadratic relationship with water content and temperature under different irrigation and shading patterns. DI1S1 had the highest dry matter mass, larger LAI, and the smallest total radiation under canopy. Compared with FIS0, DI1S1 significantly increased dry matter mass by 62.90% (P<0.05), while significantly decreased radiation under canopy by 21.77% (P<0.05). Therefore, DI1S1 treatment can improve the microenvironment of Coffea arabica growth and promote the growth of young trees, and it is thus a better combination of water and light management for Coffea arabica.
    Effects of annual combination of organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of re-sowing soybean in wheat-bean rotation.
    ZHANG Yong-jie, FU Xiao-wen, DU Xiao-jing, SHE Run-xiang, AN Chong-xiao, FANG Yan-fei, XU Wen-xiu
    2019, 38(10):  2975-2981. 
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    The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different annual fertilization combinations on the growth and yield of soybean, and screen out better annual fertilization combination for high-yield of soybean after winter wheat harvest in Ili Valley, Xinjiang. Following a split-plot design, four fertilization treatments, including no fertilizer (CK), nitrogen fertilizer (A), organic fertilizer (B), and organic fertilizer + nitrogen fertilizer (C) during wheat growing season were assigned to the main plots and a nitrogen application rate of 150 kg·hm-2 and no fertilization during the soybean growing season to the subplots on the basis of the three treatments (A, B and C) in the main plots. The results showed that SAPD value, leaf area index (LAI), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (Gs), and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of soybean under different annual fertilization combinations all had the best performance under treatment C1 with organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer applied during wheat growing season and no-topdressingnitrogen fertilizer during the soybean growing season. The intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) under treatment C1 was the lowest in C1 treatment. The LAI under C1 treatment significantly differed with other treatments at 40-60 days after the seeding. The photosynthesis characters of treatment C1 were significantly different with other treatments in the flowering and pod stages (P<0.05). Under treatment C1, the total duration of dry matter accumulation was the shortest, the maximum growth rate appeared earlier, the average rate of dry matter accumulation was the largest, and the characteristic value of rapid dry matter accumulation was the highest. The yield of treatment C1 was 18.71% and 11.25% higher than that of single application of nitrogen fertilizer and single application of organic fertilizer in the wheat growing season, respectively. Our results suggest that, in the wheatsoybean rotation system, it is beneficial to soybean yield enhancement and nitrogen fertilizer reduction under the annual fertilization combination of mixed application of organic fertilizer 22.5 t·hm-2 and nitrogen fertilizer 375 kg·hm-2 in wheat growing season and with no fertilizer in the soybean growing season.
    Effects of straw-decomposing microbial consortia and nutrient enhancement on the decomposition characteristics of rice straws in different returning ways.
    BAN Yun-he, LI Xu, LI Xin-yu, WANG Xiu-juan, WANG Jian, SU Zhen-cheng, ZHANG Hui-wen
    2019, 38(10):  2982-2988. 
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    Two straw returning treatments were set up (rotary tillage and ditch-buried returning straws were simulated by mixing the straws with and without soil, respectively) in a field plot experiment. Using the nylon mesh bag method, the decomposition characteristics of returning rice straws in both treatments were investigated under the applications of strawdecomposing microbial consortia and nutrient enhancement by measuring decomposition rates of straw and the contents of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The results showed that the decomposition rates of straw without soil were 4.5%-11.6% higher than those with soil in the first five months. On the  contrary, in the 12th month, the degradaton rates of straw with soil significantly increased by 4.9%-13.0% than those without soil. Straws in different treatments usually decomposed rapidly. More than 50% of mass was lost in the first two months, and then the decomposition fallen to a slow rate after two months. For the straws with soil, both applications of strawdecomposing microbial consortia and nutrient enhancement improved the efficiency of straw decomposition only in the first month, with the decomposition rates of straw being increased by 11.0% and 10.2% than that in the control (P<0.01), respectively. For the straws without soil, the microbial consortia significantly increased the efficiency of straw decomposition by 4.3%-9.7% compared with the control from one to five months, while the nutrient enhancement significantly increased it by 7.3%-14.4% from one to 12 months. The degradation rates of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin were 79.1%, 80.2% and 34.7% under the nutrient enhancement in the 5th month, respectively, which were not significantly different from that under the application of microbial consortia. In conclusion, both the microbial consortia and nutrient enhancement  could improve the decomposition efficiency of rice straw, and the treatment without soil was better than that with soil.
    Emergy benefit analysis of Cd polluted rice plantation system by using stabilizing amendments.
    LAI Xing, YUAN Lin, HUANG Yin-chun, LI Yan, LUO Wei, ZHANG Xiao-hong, WU Jun
    2019, 38(10):  2989-2996. 
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    In this study, emergy theory and method was used to examine soil heavy metal pollution remediation. We integrated the disability-adjusted life method and evaluated the superior stabilizing amendment technology from the perspective of emergy value, to provide a basis for the optimization of soil heavy metal pollution remediation. A rice plantation field experiment was carried out on a lightly Cdpolluted farmland. The conventional plantation (CK) was set as the control, and lime (LI), sepiolite (SP), lime + sepiolite (LS), straw biochar (SC), organic fertilizer (OF) stabilizing amendments were set up, to analyze the emergy input and output, emergy loss rate and emergy sustainable development index of each system. Across the six treatments, the values of renewable organic emergy, total auxiliary emergy and total emergy input followed the trends: LS<CK<OF<LI<SP<SC. The fertilizer emergy value was mainly attributed to compound fertilizer. The nonrenewable resources were mainly attributed to soil phosphorus. The tendency of emergy output was presented as CK<SC<LI<SP<LS<OF. Compared with CK, stabilizing amendment increased emergy selfsufficiency rate, reduced emergy loss proportion, enhanced emergy inputoutput ratio, and decreased the damage to human health. On the whole, lime+sepiolite (LS) stabilizing amendment treatment was the best technology of pollution passivation and remediation with the best emergy value. To prevent the imbalance of soil nutrients caused by the application of passivation materials, it is necessary to properly apply potassium fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and organic fertilizer. Meanwhile, we should pay more attention to the improvement of mechanical modernization, adhere to the production principle of “reduction, resource, and harmlessness”, reduce emergy input, and further increase the emergy input rate, reduce system environmental loading rate, and enhance the ability of sustainable development.
    Effects of nitrogen addition and understory removal on soil respiratory components in a sandy Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation.
    LI Yan-zhen, XIE Yao, ZHANG Jing-ling, ZHAO Qiong, ZENG De-hui
    2019, 38(10):  2997-3006. 
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    Soil respiration is a key component in the carbon cycle of forest ecosystems, which can be divided into soil microbial respiration and root respiration. Effects of nitrogen addition and understory removal on soil microbial respiration and root respiration would be different. In this study, we investigated the effects of nitrogen addition (N+) and understory removal (U-) on soil respiration and its components in a Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica plantation in Horqin Sandy Land during the growing season of 2018. The results showed that soil microbial respiration was the main contributor to soil respiration in this ecosystem, with a contribution rate of 85.53%. The contribution rate of root respiration was smaller, being 14.47%. During the growing season, the average values of soil respiration were 1.59 (CK), 1.73 (N+), 1.66 (U-), and 1.89 (N+U-) μmol C·m-2·s-1. Nitrogen addition had a positive effect on soil respiration during the early and late stages of the growing season, while understory removal showed a positive effect during vigorous growth season. Under the effects of nitrogen addition+vegetation removal, soil respiration rate increased significantly, indicating that nitrogen addition+vegetation removal had synergistic effects on soil respiration. Soil microbial respiration rates were 1.36 (CK), 1.45 (N+), 1.44 (U-) and 1.52 (N+U-) μmol C·m-2·s-1, without variation among different treatments. Both nitrogen addition and understory removal reduced the temperature sensitivity of soil microbial respiration. The R10 of root respiration changed more greatly than that of the microbial respiration under each treatment, indicating that root respiration responded more sensitive to each treatment than soil microbial respiration. Under the influence of soil water content, soil respiration and soil temperature showed different changes, indicating that soil water content is the limiting factor for soil respiration in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation in Horqin Sandy Land. Our results help understand carbon cycling and its modeling of sandy Pinus sylvestrisvar. mongolica plantation.
    Response of soil lignin stability to nitrogen addition and precipitation reduction in broad-leaved Korean pine forest.
    CHEN Wei, FENG Yue, ZHANG Jun-hui, ZHANG Li-yu
    2019, 38(10):  3007-3014. 
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    Nitrogen (N) deposition and precipitation reduction can indirectly affect the degradation of plant residues in soil by modifying substrate quality of litters and fine roots. In this study, organic carbon (OC) content, C/N ratio, and lignin phenols in litters, fine roots and soil were measured under three treatments of N addition (NA), reducing precipitation (RP), RP + NA (RP-NA), and ambient condition (CK) in a broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountains. Biomass of fine roots under three treatments was significantly lower than that in the CK. There was no significant change in OC content and C/N in fine roots, litters and soil under NA and RP treatments. Lignin in litters, fine roots and soil mainly composed of V-type monomers. Compared to fine roots and soil, litters obviously had a higher proportion of S-type monomers and a lower proportion of C-type lignin. NA and RP significantly affected lignin content in fine roots, litters and soil. RP significantly increased the total amount of lignin in litter, whereas NA significantly reduced the total amount of soil lignin. The values of (Ad/Al)V and (Ad/Al)S of lignin in litters, fine roots and soil significantly changed under the three treatments compared to the CK. The ratio of ferulic acid to p-coumaric acid (F/Ci) in fine roots was approximate to that in soil. NA promoted the lignin oxidation of fine roots and RP inhibited its degradation. RP and RP-NA inhibited litter degradation, while the lignin was stable in soil under RP-NA. Our results suggest that nitrogen deposition and precipitation reduction would affect the chemical composition of fine roots, which indirectly change the chemical composition of organic matter into soil, and further influence the stability of soil organic matter.
    Assessment of soil quality in Moso bamboo forests under different strip clearcuttings.
    ZENG Xian-li, SU Wen-hui, FAN Shao-hui, JING Xiong, CHU Hao-yu
    2019, 38(10):  3015-3023. 
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    Soil quality plays an important role in maintaining long-term productivity of forests. In this study, we measured 24 soil factors, including seven soil physical properties, 12 soil chemical properties and five soil enzyme activities, in Moso bamboo forests harvested in different strip clearcuttings (with strip width of 3, 6, 9 and 12 m, designated as D1, D2, D3, D4 respectively) and with traditional selective logging (CK). Those factors were selected as soil quality assessment indicators. We compared soil properties among different treatments, and used principal component analysis (PCA) to construct the minimum data set of soil quality assessment. The results showed that soil bulk density (BD) in 0-10 cm soil layer of strip logging treatments was significantly lower than that of CK. The minimum waterholding capacity, capillary moisture capacity and capillary porosity in 10-20 cm layer of strip logging treatments were significantly higher than those of CK. The contents of soil organic matter (SOM), nitrogen, and phosphorus in 0-40 cm layer in strip logging treatments were higher than those of CK. There was significant difference in soil total P content between strip logging treatments and the CK. Soil protease activities in D3 and D4 were higher than that in other treatments. Soil invertase activity in D2 was the highest. The cumulative contribution rate of six principal components extracted by PCA was 78.39%. In combination with vector constant modulus (Norm) value, six soil characters, i.e. SOM, BD, acid phosphatase activity, C:N, C:P and non-capillary porosity, were selected to construct the minimum data set. The ranking of soil quality assessment value was in the order of D4, D2, D3, D1 and CK. In the short term, strip clearcutting promoted the release of soil nutrients in Moso bamboo forest, with larger logging widths performed better effects. However, the influence of strip clearcutting on soil properties may be a longer-term process, which requires continuous monitoring and evaluation, so as to provide a theoretical basis for reasonable choice of strip widths of clearcutting for Moso bamboo forests.
    Effects of litter manipulation on soil phosphorus fractions in Larix principis rupprechtii conifer and broadleaved forests at different ages.
    LIU Xu-jun, TIAN Hui-xia, CHENG Xiao-qin, LIU Li, HAN Hai-rong
    2019, 38(10):  3024-3032. 
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    Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient for plant growth and development. Mixed forests can better maintain the productivity of plantations. Understanding the characteristics and influencing factors of soil P fractions in mixed forests at different developmental stages is of great significance for the sustainable management of plantations. In this study, the Tiessen modified Hedley P fractionation method was used to extract soil samples and investigated the characteristics of soil P fractions with different stand ages (young forest, 15 years old; middleaged forest, 26 years old) and litter manipulation (control, CK; litter removal, NL; litter double, DL; removal of litter and roots, NRL) in Larix principisrupprechtii conifer and broadleaved forest. The results showed that there were significant differences of soil P fraction, soil microbial biomass P and acid phosphatase activity between the young and middle-aged forests (P<0.05). Compared with the 15 years old forest, the contents of soil labile P (Resin-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi, NaHCO3-Po) in the 26 years old forest were higher, while the contents of NaOH-Po were lower (P<0.05). Compared with the CK treatment, DL treatment significantly increased the contents of soil labile P (Resin-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi and NaHCO3-Po) and middle labile P (NaOH-Pi and NaOH-Po) (P<0.05). NL and NRL treatments significantly reduced the contents of soil Resin-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi, NaHCO3-Po, NaOH-Pi and NaOH-Po (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in stable P (dilute HCl-Pi, concentrated HCl-Pi and concentrated HCl-Po) and residual P across different stand ages and litter treatments (P>0.05). The results of redundancy analysis showed that changes in P fractions were mainly driven by soil microbial biomass P, acid phosphatase activity, plant growth (average basal area), and organic carbon content under different aged stands and litter treatments.
    Effects of cropping patterns on the content, composition and migration of soluble nitrogen in cropland soil in karst region.
    YANG Cheng, MENG Fan-fei, PENG Yan, CUI Li-fang, LIU Tao-ze, LUO Xu-qiang
    2019, 38(10):  3033-3041. 
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    We examined the effects of six different cropping patterns on the content, composition and migration of soluble nitrogen in cropland soils in Guizhou karst region. The results showed that the contents of soil soluble inorganic nitrogen (SIN),  soluble organic nitrogen (SON) and  soluble total nitrogen (TSN) ranged from 3.75 to 95.15 mg·kg-1, 21.17 to 155.91 mg·kg-1 and 28.76 to 188.95 mg·kg-1, with a mean value of 26.49, 59.76 and 86.25 mg·kg-1, respectively. The contents of SIN under different cropping patterns were as the following order: chive-ginger rotation land> chive-maize rotation land> chive-waterlogged and fallowed land> chive-chive continuous cultivation land> chivefallowed land> chive-rice rotation land. For SON, the order was: chive-chive continuous cultivation land> chive-ginger rotation land> chive-maize rotation land> chivewaterlogged and fallowed land> chive-fallowed land> chive-rice rotation land. For TSN, the order was: chive-ginger rotation land> chive-chive continuous cultivation land> chive-maize rotation land> chive-waterlogged and fallowed land> chive-fallowed land> chive-rice rotation land. SON and NH4+-N were the main components of soil soluble nitrogen. The SON/TSN ratios were more than 60%, with the highest of 82.4%. The contents of SIN and SON decreased with soil depth at 0-60 cm layers. Our results indicate that cropping patterns have significant impacts on the content and composition of soluble nitrogen in cropland soil. SON is the major form of nitrogen loss from cropland soil, which should be paid attention to.
    Effects of land use on soil inorganic carbon in an inland basin.
    CHEN Yuan-yuan, FENG Wen-ting, KONG Lu, WANG Yu-gang
    2019, 38(10):  3042-3049. 
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    Soil carbon (C) cycling in alkaline-saline soils has received great attention in recent years because of its potential role in climate change mitigation in arid regions, and it is sensitive to land use change. Understanding its impacts on soil carbon can help accurately assess carbon sink in saline-alkaline soil. Here, we quantified the effects of different land use types on the spatial distributions of soil inorganic C at a typical watershed in the arid region of northwest China. Soil samples were collected from the oasis in the Sangong River Basin, which covered different land use types, such as grassland, saline-alkali land, shrub land, planted land, as well as different types of croplands. The mean inorganic C content of the entire study area was 4.81 g·kg-1. The mean value in cropland and planted forest was lower than 4.61 g·kg-1, with more than 30% soil samples was concentrated in lower than 4 g·kg-1. The value from other land use types was higher than 5 g·kg-1, with more than 70% soil samples was concentrated in higher than 4 g·kg-1. For all land use types, the mean value of inorganic C content was higher in natural landscape than that in irrigated landscape. The inorganic C content was obviously lower in alluvial-proluvial- delta than in alluvial plain (P<0.05), and the soil inorganic C content in different geomorphology zones were in the following order: middleupper alluvialproluvial delta <upper alluvial plain<lower alluvial plain<groundwater overflowing zone. The order of soil inorganic carbon density was: salinealkali land<shrub land<grassland<planted forest<cropland, with the minimum of soil inorganic C storage (1.17 kg·m-2) in salinealkali land and the maximum of soil inorganic C storage (1.44 kg·m-2) in cropland. Land use had a significant effect on the density of soil inorganic C at 0-20 cm layer. Soil inorganic C density in irrigated landscapes was higher than that in natural landscapes. The results of variance analysis, multiple linear regression, and stepwise regression showed that many factors had significant impacts on soil inorganic C content, with their relative contribution to the variation of SIC content following the order: geomorphology zone>land use type>electrical conductivity>crop type.
    Surface roughness of biological soil crusts and its influencing factors in the water-wind erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau of China.
    WANG Guo-peng, XIAO Bo, LI Sheng-long, SUN Fu-hai, YAO Xiao-meng
    2019, 38(10):  3050-3056. 
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    Surface hydrology and soil erosion processes in arid and semiarid regions are affected by biological soil crusts (hereafter biocrusts) mainly through increasing soil surface roughness, which is of great importance but has not yet been fully investigated. In this study, we measured the surface roughness of bare sand, physical crusts, and biocrusts at different developmental stages (cyanobacteria, mixture of cyanobacteria and moss, and moss) by the chain method in a representative small watershed on the water-wind erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau. The surface roughness of biocrusts under different topography (slope gradient and direction) and soil conditions (soil types and water content) was investigated, and its correlations with the topographic factors and soil properties were analyzed. The results showed that soil surface roughness gradually increased from 0.67 to 16.76 (F=194.31, P<0.01) when the physical crusts, cyanobacteriabiocrusts, and cyanobacteriamoss biocrusts successively developed from the bare sand. Across all developmental stages, the cyanobacteriamoss biocrusts had the highest surface roughness (25 times of that of the uncrusted soil), while that of the moss biocrusts was decreased by 52.7% as compared with that of the cyanobacteriamoss biocrusts (but still higher than the bare sand and physical crusts). The surface roughness of biocrusts exhibited no significant differences among different slopes ranging from 10° to 30°, but it was significantly increased by 30.5% when the slope increased from 30° to 40° (F=10.05,P<0.01). Similarly, the surface roughness of biocrusts on the sunny slopes was 1.3 times of that on the shady slopes (t=-5.70, P<0.01). Furthermore, the surface roughness of biocrusts fluctuated greatly with increasing soil water content, with that developed on loessial soil being averagely 2.1 times (F=187.16, P<0.01) of that on aeolian soil under any water content. The surface roughness of biocrusts on the loessial soil was significantly negatively correlated with organic matter content (r=-0.998, P=0.04), but not with other soil properties. We concluded that biocrusts significantly increased soil surface roughness in the waterwind erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau, with developmental stage of the biocrusts, slope gradient, and slope direction being the key influencing factors.
    The effects of urban land cover composition and structure on land surface temperature in Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang.
    LI Xiao-yong, KUANG Wen-hui
    2019, 38(10):  3057-3065. 
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    Urban land cover composition and structure directly affect land surface temperature (LST) and urban heat island intensity, which has become a main focus of urban planning and urban ecology. Taking Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang as study areas, urban land cover and LST were extracted and retrieved from Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS remote sensing images, respectively. Various geospatial approaches, including urban-rural gradient analysis, multi-scale analysis and landscape pattern index, were used to analyze the impacts of urban land cover characteristics on LST. The results showed that the area of impervious surface area (ISA) in Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang was 1103.86, 610.33, and 326.75 km2, respectively. LST of bare soil was the highest, followed by ISA and green vegetation (GV), and that of water body was the lowest. The ISA ratio (positively) and GV ratio (negatively) significantly correlated with LST along the urbanrural gradient. LST would decrease by 0.4-0.6 ℃ with an 10% increase of GV. With the increase of spatial analysis scale, the correlations between the proportion of urban ISA and GV and LST first rised and then stabilized. The patch size, shape and aggregation of urban ISA and GV all had significant effects on LST, with the aggregation having the strongest effect. Thus, urban GV plays an important role in urban heat mitigation. We suggest that reasonable layout and ratio of ISA and GV in urban planning should be implemented to improve urban ecosystem services and environmental quality of human settlement.
    Driving factors and gradient effect of net primary productivity in Fenhe River Basin.
    TIAN Hui-wen, BI Ru-tian, ZHU Hong-fen, YAN Jing
    2019, 38(10):  3066-3074. 
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    Net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation in the Fenhe River Basin from 2000 to 2015 was estimated by the CASA model. Trend analysis and correlation analysis were used for exploring the driving factors and different gradients of NPP. The results showed that the NPP of vegetation showed a fluctuating upward trend, with a mean annual growth rate of 6.62 g C·m-2·a-1 and a mean value of 291.57 g C·m-2·a-1 from 2000 to 2015. Spatially, NPP in the middle portion of the Fenhe River Basin was lower than that in its both sides. The mean annual NPP among different land types ranked as forestland > grassland > cropland > other land > construction land > water use land. The NPP of vegetation was positively correlated with temperature and precipitation. NPP was the greatest in the area with brown soil and the lowest in the area with castanocinnamon soil. NPP was influenced by topography and anthropogenic activities. It was higher in the area with higher elevation, steeper slope, and less human activities. In addition, the farther away from the Fenhe River, the larger the NPP was along the east-west transect. The NPP was relatively lower along the northsouth transect with excessive coal mining and higher urbanization rate.
    Dynamic change and driving force of natural capital utilization in Gansu Province based on three-dimensional ecological footprint.
    DONG Jian-hong, ZHANG Zhi-bin, ZHANG Wen-bin
    2019, 38(10):  3075-3085. 
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    Accounting for natural capital utilization is the core in regional sustainable development. Based on the improved three-dimensional ecological footprint model, we analyzed the changes of natural capital utilization in Gansu Province from 1999 to 2016. The driving factors were analyzed using the method of partial leastsquares regression. The ecological footprint per capita of Gansu Province increased first and then decreased. The ecological carrying capacity per capita was relatively stable. The trend of ecological deficit per capita was consistent with that of ecological footprint per capita. The ecological footprint depth and the ecological footprint size per capita indicated that capital flow could not satisfy human demands for natural resources, and that the consumption of capital stock becomes the normal state of social economic development. From the perspective of territorial composition, fossil energy land, cultivated land and waters are the main ways of capital stock consumption. Forest land is the main way of capital flow occupation. The natural capital use of grassland and construction land has undergone a process of transitioning from capital flows to capital stocks. Environmental pollution and energy consumption are the main factors leading to the increases of natural capital utilization in Gansu Province. Ecological construction, scientific and technological progress, land use structure improvement, and environmental governance have alleviated the pressure of natural capital utilization to some extent.
    Diffusion and risk assessment of cadmium from an abandoned smelter.
    Tuyarila, HUANG Dao-you, XU Chao, ZENG Xi-bai, SU Shi-ming, WANG Ya-nan, BAI Ling-yu
    2019, 38(10):  3086-3092. 
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    Soils around the abandoned industrial and mining area have high ecological risk due to the accumulation of heavy metals. Thus, better understanding of the pollution characteristics of heavy metals is conducive to the control of pollutant diffusion. In this study, 64 soil samples of 0-20 cm layer were collected according to the topography and water flow direction in the surrounding farmland of an abandoned smelter in Hunan Province. The diffusion risk of cadmium (Cd) was examined using the methods of inverse distance weighted interpolation (IDW), mathematical statistics, and geoaccumulation index evaluation. The results showed that obvious Cd accumulation in surrounding soils of the abandoned smelter. Soil Cd contents varied from 0.09 to6.96 mg·kg-1, with an average of 1.18 mg·kg-1, which exceeds the local background value for soil Cd and is about 2.95 times of the risk screening value in the Soil Environment Quality: Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Agriculture Land in China. The average geo-accumulation index reached the level of medium and heavy pollution. The IDW results showed that the high-pollution area was mainly distributed on the banks of stream which was used as a pool of wastewater discharge and located in the eastern part of the survey area. Soil Cd contents decreased gradually with the distance from the smelter along the stream banks. Furthermore, soil Cd contents decreased with the distance from the smelter along the wind direction. Soil Cd contents under different land use patterns were in the order of garden > paddy field > vegetable field > bare land. These results provide a basis for the management of heavy metal emissions from industrial and mining sources.
    Evaluation of water ecosystem health of Baihua Reservoir in Guizhou based on GIS and P-IBI.
    XIONG Mei-jun, LI Qiu-hua, CHEN Qian, HE Yin, MA Xin-yang, HAN Meng-shu, TANG Chong-li, ZHANG Hua-jun
    2019, 38(10):  3093-3101. 
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    To understand the current health status of water ecosystem in the Baihua Reservoir in Guizhou Plateau, a phytoplankton community survey was carried out from January to December in 2017. The GIS spatial interpolation method was used for data analysis and ecological evaluation. The phytoplankton integrity method was applied to evaluate water ecological health of Baihua Reservoir. The results showed that: (1) A total of 40 species belonging to 32 genera within six phyla of phytoplankton were recorded, and the phytoplankton abundance was Yanjiaozhai (YJZ) (1.24×106 cells·L-1)> Huaqiao (HQ) (7.06×105 cells·L-1)> Guilǚshuichang (GLSC) (4.83×105 cells·L-1)> Maixihe (MXH) (4.41×105 cells·L-1)> Daba (DB) (3.25×105 cells·L-1). The abundance of top three dominant species were Pseudanabaenasp.>Synedra sp.>Cyclotella sp. (2) The four reference points were healthy. Among the 16 polluted points, however, six points in health, four points in subhealth, two points in general, six points in poor, and two points in very poor status. (3) The PIBI values were 18.75 in HQ, 21.75 in YJZ, 17.25 in MXH, 18 in GLSC and 17.25 in DB, of which the HQ, YJZ and GLSC belonged to the subhealth state, and the MXH and DB were classified as the general state. Overall, the ecological health of Baihua Reservoir was in a sub-health state in 2017. GIS interpolation analysis can accurately predict unknown areas, which provides ecological evaluation basis for ecological monitoring.
    Difference of macrobenthos community composition and diversity in different sub-habitats in salt marsh wetland of the Yangtze River Estuary.
    ZHANG Heng, ZHANG Ying-ying, DIAO Shan-zhou, YE Jin-yu, XU Bo, FENG Chun-lei, DAI yang
    2019, 38(10):  3102-3109. 
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    From July 2015 to June 2016, macrobenthos samples from three sub-habitats, including tidal creek, bare beach, and salt marsh, were collected monthly in the salt marsh wetland in the Yangtze Estuary to analyze community composition and diversity. The results showed that 21 species of macrobenthos were recorded, belonging to four phyla, five classes and 15 families. Among them, seven species were from Malacostraca and four species from Polychaeta. There was no difference in dominant species between the tidal creek and salt marsh subhabitats. The richness of macrobenthos species was the highest in salt marsh, followed by the tidal creek and lowest in the bare beach. The density and biomass of macrobenthos in the salt marsh were higher than those in other subhabitats. The density of macrobenthos differed significantly among the three sub-habitats (P<0.05), but without difference in biomass among sub-habitats (P>0.05). The Shannon diversity index of macrobenthic community in the salt marsh was the highest (1.08), followed by the bare beach (1.03), and the lowest in the tidal ditch (0.63). Simpson species richness index and Pielou species evenness index were higher in the bare beach than those of the tidal creek and salt marsh, indicating that the species distribution of benthic communities in the bare beach was more even than in other sub-habitats. Results from community clustering and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that macrobenthos community structure in the salt marsh and tidal creek sub-habitats were similar, but differed from that in the bare beach. The main contributors to such differences were Ilyoplax deschampsi, Corbicula fluminea,andNotomastus latericeus.
    Individual variation and its repeatability in metabolic phenotype of Spinibarbus sinensis.
    HUANG Yan, ZHANG Qiang, FU Shi-jian, XIA Ji-gang
    2019, 38(10):  3110-3114. 
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    Interindividual variation in metabolic phenotype is ubiquitous at all stages of life, which has been the focus of an emerging research area. Although the phenomenon of individual’s metabolic phenotypic variability is omnipresent, there is no consensus on the repeatability of this variability. To reveal the individual variation and its repeatability in metabolic phenotype of fish, we investigated the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of Spinibarbus sinensis at different time scales (0, 5, 15, and 30 days). Our results showed that individual variation in RMR was relatively repeatable over short term (0 to 15 days; P<0.05), while the repeatability disappeared over longer time periods (30 days; P>0.05). The results indicated that inter-individual variation in metabolic phenotype of S. sinensis was relatively repeatable.
    Feeding characteristics of Coilia nasus taihuensis in typical waters of Jiangsu Province.
    GU Xian-kun, ZHANG Tong-qing, LI Da-ming, LIU Xiao-wei, LIU Yan-shan, SHEN Dong-dong, XU Fei, WANG Hua
    2019, 38(10):  3115-3122. 
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    Samples of Coilia nasus taihuensis were collected with multi-mesh gill net from five typical waters including Nanjing section of Yangtze River, Gaoyou Lake, Hongze Lake, Luoma Lake and Jiangsu section of Huaihe River from September to November in 2017. By identifying the contents of stomach and determining the feeding rate, stomach fullness index and Ivlev’s selectivity index, the feeding characteristics ofCoilia nasus taihuensis in different waters were compared. The results showed that Coilia nasus taihuensis in different waters were all zooplankton-feeding, mainly feeding on cladocera and copepods, occasionally on rotifers, small fish, and shrimp. There was no significant difference in feeding intensity and Ivlev’s selectivity index among different waters, but with significant difference in food composition. The Shannon index of diet composition forCoilia nasus taihuensis in Hongze Lake was the highest, followed by Gaoyou Lake, while the Yangtze River was the lowest. Copepods dominated the diet of Scorpion in the Yangtze River, Hongze Lake and Luoma Lake, while Cladocera dominated in the Gaoyou Lake. For copepods, the predominant species were Cyclops (quantity percentage of 29.2%-70.1%) in the Yangtze River, Gaoyou Lake, and Hongze Lake, Acanthocyclops (45.4%) in Luoma Lake, and Cyclops and Thermocyclops (18.6-18.9%) in Huaihe River. Bosmina were the dominant species of cladocera in Gaoyou Lake, Hongze Lake, Luoma Lake, and Huaihe River, with the percentage ranging from 76.9% to 100.0%. Daphnia were the dominant species in Yangtze River (81.5%). Results of cluster analysis showed that Coilia nasus taihuensis from five different waters could be classified into three populations according to their feeding characteristics: Yangtze River population, Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake population, and Huaihe and Luoma Lake population.
    Selection of suitable habitats for Tragopan caboti in Wuyanling Nature Reserve of Zhejiang.
    LIU Lei-lei, ZHENG Fang-dong, LI Jia-qi, LIN Li-si, LEI Zhu-pei, ZHANG Shu-sheng
    2019, 38(10):  3123-3128. 
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    Habitat loss and fragmentation are the main risk factors for Tragopan caboti. From January 2015 to December 2017, infrared cameras were used to monitor different forest stands (broad-eaved forest, BF; broad-eaved forest transformed from coniferous forest, TF; coniferous forest, CF) in Wuyanling Nature Reserve, with a total of 497 independent photos of Tragopan caboti being taken with the ratio of male to female of 1:1.78. In 2015, there were significant differences in the number of independent photos of Tragopan caboti among BF, TF and CF (P<0.01), but with no difference between CF and TF (P>0.05). In 2016, there was significant difference between BF and CF (P<0.05). In 2017, there was no difference between TF and BF (P>0.05), while there was significant difference between CF vs. BF and CF vs. TF (P<0.05). With the increases of years, the number of independent photos taken in the TF where species from Fagaceae and Daphniphyllaceae were planted was close to that in the BF. Out of the 497 photos, 203 photos were taken in spring and 190 photos in winter, which together accounted for 79.07%. There was a significant difference between winter pring and summer utumn (P<0.05), but no difference between spring and winter and between summer and autumn (P>0.05), indicating that Tragopan caboti spent more time in going out to find food in winter due to the scarce of food. As a spring breeding species (March-May), the outing activity time of Tragopan caboti increased in spring. As a diurnal species, its activity has two peak periods, from 7:00 to 8:00 and from 15:00 to 17:00.
    Effects of water imbalance on the mud-puddling behavior of yellow-spined bamboo locust (Ceracris kiangsu).
    ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Shou-ke, TENG Ying, FANG Rong, GENG Xian-sheng, SHU Jin-ping, WANG Hao-jie
    2019, 38(10):  3129-3135. 
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    The yellow-spined bamboo locust,Ceracris kiangsu (Orthoptera: Oedipodidae) is the first reported insect with chewing mouthpart possessing mud-puddling behavior. To better understand the driving factors for the mud-puddling behavior of C. kiangsu, we analyzed the effects of water imbalance on the mud-puddling behavior of the yellowspined bamboo locust. The results showed that water uptake was one of the important factors driving mud-puddling behavior ofC. kiangsu. C. kiangsu adults visited wet filter paper more frequently and stayed longer time on wet filter paper than dry filter paper. Body’s water content of the adults significantly increased after puddling (P=0.008). Ammonium hydrogencarbonate was the attractant and water was the phagostimulant towards C. kiangsu adults. Body size of femaleC. kiangsu adults was significantly larger than that of the males. The number of puddling female adults was much more than that of males (♀∶♂=7.75∶1), which is probably closely related to the larger size of female adults. Moreover, moving towards and staying in moist regions was another approach to keep body water balance.
    Relationship between the mud-puddling behavior and nitrogen budget of yellow-spined bamboo locust (Ceracris kiangsu).
    ZHANG Shou-ke, ZHANG Wei, SHU Jin-ping, FANG Lin-xin, LIU Ya-ning, WANG Hao-jie
    2019, 38(10):  3136-3142. 
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    Yellow-spined bamboo locust \[Ceracris kiangsu (Orthoptera: Oedipodidae)\] is an important pest for bamboo in southern China. To better understand the driving forces of the mud-puddling behavior of C. kiangsu, we analyzed the income and output of nitrogen during its life history and the relationship between nitrogen loss and its mudpuddling behavior. The results showed that the peak periods of feeding and excretion occurred in adult stage, which was significantly higher than those in nymphal stage (P<0.001). Exuviating was an important reason for nitrogenloss. The emergence period was the key period for nitrogen loss. In conclusion, nitrogen loss would be an important force driving the mud-puddling behavior for C. kiangsu.
    Changes of extreme climate index in forest-steppe ecotone in Erguna.
    DI Ze-lei, Wuyunna, SONG Yan-tao, HUO Guang-wei, WANG Xiao-guang, FAN Rong
    2019, 38(10):  3143-3152. 
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    Increasing frequency of extreme climate events is accompanied by global warming, leading to increasing meteorological disasters. The linear propensity method and GM (1,1) catastrophic prediction method were used to analyze the meteorological data of Erguna during 1957-2017, with the aim to clarify the extreme climatic characteristics of forest-steppe ecotone in northern China. Mean annual temperature from 1957 to 2017 was -2.43 ℃, with a growth rate of 0.33 ℃·10 a-1. The elevation of minimum temperature was the main contributor to the rising temperature. The number of frost days and freezing days, minimum temperature and its maximum value all significantly decreased, while the number of summer days, growing season length, temperature difference, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, the number of warm nights and the number of warm days increased significantly. The mean annual precipitation in Erguna in 1957-2017 was 361.6 mm, which was mainly concentrated in summer and autumn. The number of effective precipitation days decreased significantly, with a rate of 8.17 d·10 a-1. The precipitation intensity increased significantly with a rate of 3 mm·d-1·10 a-1. The number of consecutive rainy days decreased significantly with a rate of 0.47 d·10 a-1. Grey GM (1,1) model predicted that the next heavy drought event in Erguna might occur during years of 2027-2028.
    The theory and practice of dynamic geo-botany.
    XU Wen-duo, ZOU Chun-jing, ZHENG Yuan-run
    2019, 38(10):  3153-3168. 
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    Professor Liu Shene was a celebrated Chinese botanist, ecologist, and forester, who proposed the theory of dynamic geo-botany in the early 1960s. Under the theory framework of dynamic geo-botany, we studied several key scientific questions in vegetation in Northeast China: (1) The zonal climax is the core issue of dynamic geobotany. In a particular area, there is only one zonal climax, which is controlled by the macroclimate. The other communities are formed as nonzonal climaxes in the area, driven by local environmental conditions. In Northeast China, humid, semi-humid and semi-arid areas exist along with the moisture gradient from southeast to northwest, and the zonal climax appears correspondingly as forest, foreststeppe and typical steppe. From south to north along the temperature gradient, zonal climax vegetation types exist as warmtemperate Pinus densiflora-Quercus spp. mixed forest, warmtemperate Pinus tabuliformis-Quercus spp. mixed forest, temperate Abies holophylla - Pinus koraiensis broad-leaved mixed forest, temperate Pinus koraiensis broad-leaved mixed forest and cold-temperate bright coniferous forest. In addition to the horizontal zonal climax, we also studied the vertical zonal climax or climate layer climax, preclimax, postclimax, and their conversion relationships. (2) Following the polar tundra migration route in dynamic geo-botany, Xu Wenduo discovered the second tundra vegetation in China, i.e., the subalpine tundra in Daxing Anling, and clarified the basic concepts and essential differences between mountain tundra and mountain crymic in the fields of ecology and physical geography in China. Xu claimed that the Northeast China mountain tundra originated only in the Arctic tundra of Eurasia, being part of the Eurasian polar tundra flora. (3) The importance of evolutionary ecological process of plant species and the correct identification of species is emphasized in dynamic geo-botany. A new species of sandy spruce (Picea mongolica) was recorded in the Hunshandake sandy land, a fragile ecological landscape. The Picea mongolicadominated super-zonal climax is a very special type of forest ecosystem. We systematically investigated the composition, structure and function of sandy spruce forest ecosystem from aspects of ecological environment, species origin, molecular ecology, individual ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and protection ecology. (4) According to dynamic geo-botany theory, climate is constantly changing, and vegetation is sensitive to global climate change. The relationship between vegetation and climatic conditions is dialectically unified: climate determines the climax vegetation, with only one type of climax vegetation under a particular climatic zone. Global warming has added new content to dynamic geobotany research and opened up new research areas. The zonal climax vegetation is controlled by the macroclimate and is the most sensitive and representative type. If temperature increases by 2 ℃ in the future, the zonal climax forest in Northeast China will change significantly in distribution pattern, in addition to changes in vegetation composition, structure and function, and will migrate 443-708 km northward. The grassland zonal climax will migrate 926 km eastward. (5) Vegetation zoning is an application of dynamic geo-botany in ecological construction. Vegetation zoning should base on zoning and reflect historical circumstances and climate relations in the past. High-level areas should be mainly maintained in the zonal climax, while low-level areas can consider non-zonal climax vegetation types. Vegetation zoning is the most scientific basis for dynamic geo-botany in combination with production practice and sustainable use of natural resources. Based on the principles, bases, indicators and systems of vegetation zoning in dynamic geo-botany, we studied the vegetation zoning in Heilongjiang Province and Northeast China, and the ecological zoning of vegetation in Northeast China.
    Restraining factors on the effectiveness of invasive plants management and control.
    XU Guang-yao, LI Hong-yuan, MO Xun-qiang, MENG Wei-qing
    2019, 38(10):  3169-3176. 
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    Biological invasion is one of the major causes of global biodiversity loss. Although some progress has been made in its management and control, there are still problems in restoring the invaded ecosystems and completing the management objectives. We reviewed the restraining factors on invasive plant management and control. The following problems are found in the management of invasive plants: (1) the precautionary principle is not fully applicable to invasion managements; (2) invasion management is facing the problems of lacking public participation, single ecological responsibility subject, and multiple management; (3) target conflicts exist in management of invasion management and social management and ecological environmental protection; (4) measures on invasive plants control are costly, susceptible to environmental factors, and common to produce side effects; (5) legacy effects and secondary invasion emerged after target plants are controlled. In addition, global change may exacerbate plant invasion and change the concept of human beings, which will further increase the difficulty of control. Hence, to enhance the effectiveness of management and control efforts and restore invaded ecosystems, it is necessary to strengthen the research on ecological effects of invasive species, invaded habitat restoration, and management decision at large spatial and temporal scales.
    Reseach advances in interspecific competition of Brachionidae (Rotifera: Monogononta).
    HUANG Lin, XI Yi-long
    2019, 38(10):  3177-3182. 
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    Rotifers, especially Brachionidae, are important components and dominant groups of zooplankton communities. Interspecific competition among rotifers is one of major driving forces regulating structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. The main factors determining the outcomes of interspecific competition between or among Brachionidae rotifers include biotic factors such as type and quantity of food resources, relative size, initial population density, reproductive strategy of competing rotifers, and selective predation by Asplanchna as well as abiotic factors such as temperature, allelopathic substances released by competing rotifers, and water pollutants. However, most of the related studies only involve the effect of one or two factors on the interspecific competition of two Brachionidae rotifers. The research on the interspecific competition of multiple factors on multiple Brachionidae rotifers is still insufficient. In addition to field researches, laboratory studies of the interspecific competition among different Brachionidae rotifer species could be carried out by simulating multiple factors and their seasonal fluctuation in natural water bodies, which can provide more basic data for the research of interspecific competition of Brachionidae rotifers, even zooplankton.
    A review of the impacts of highway construction on wild animals and protection in tropical rainforest.
    WANG Ji, WANG Yun, GUAN Lei, CHEN Bing, CAO Guang-hua, KONG Ya-ping
    2019, 38(10):  3183-3188. 
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    Tropical rainforest is the most biodiversity-rich ecosystem on the Earth. Linear infrastructure such as highways is one of the most important causes for biodiversity loss in tropical rainforest. Highway cut through wildlife habitat in tropical rainforest area, with the most significant impact being wildlife-vehicle collision and the second impact being blocking the movement of wild animals. Moreover, noise, lighting and air pollution cause wild animals to avoid highways, and change the behavioral characteristics of wild animals. The fragmentation of habitats results in the occurrence of small wildlife population. When the road network density reaches a threshold, there would be a nonlinear reduction or loss of wildlife population. With respect to wildlife conservation, the main strategies include: reasonably planning highway routes; scientifically setting up wildlife crossing structures; carrying out continuous monitoring and research on wildlife-vehicle collision, wildlife crossing structures, and roadside wildlife activities; building up multi-sectoral and multi-field cooperation mechanisms to strengthen wildlife management during tropical rainforest road construction. Four aspects should be paid attention to in the future research of wildlife conservation during highway construction in the tropical rainforest regions in China: (1) strengthening basic research and developing technology; (2) establishing standard specifications to better guide project construction; (3) multidisciplinary teamwork and stakeholder participation in the whole process of highway construction; (4) strengthening management and education to limit human disturbance to wildlife.
    A review on ecological studies of soil fauna in karst region, Southwest China.
    DAI Xiang-yan, TANG Jing, SONG Li-hong
    2019, 38(10):  3189-3194. 
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    The ecological environment is vulnerable in the karst region, southwest China. Ecosystems have been seriously destroyed by the intense human activities and severe natural environment condition. Soil fauna have a pivotal role in energy flow and material cycling in ecosystems in karst region. They play an important role in protecting soil resources and controlling ecosystem degeneration in karst region. Soil fauna are rich in group numbers with an obvious accumulation in surface soil layer. The densities and group numbers of soil fauna are more abundant in complex and less disturbed habitats. Soil fauna community structure varies among habitats at different altitudes. Shortcomings in current researches included poor proficiency in species classification, less attention on fauna ecological functions and their response to changes of natural environmental factors and human activities. To better understand the role of soil fauna in the recovery and management in karst region of southwest China, future studies should focus on aspects of biological indicators, ecological function, regulation and mechanism in soil micro-ecological processes, and concerning their responses to current hot environmental issues.
    Research progress on factors affecting microbial invasion.
    MA Chao, ZHUANG Rui-hua, WANG Shi-cong, YANG Xin-run, CHAI Ru-shan, WANG Qing-yun, YE Xin-xin, ZHANG Zhen, GAO Hongj-ian
    2019, 38(10):  3195-3201. 
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    Identification of factors that affect biological invasion can provide valuable insights into the management and control of invasive species. Most of previous studies focused on the invasion of plants and animals, with the microbial invasion remaining poorly documented. Here, we reviewed the effects of traits of invasive microorganisms, abiotic and biotic characteristics of invaded habitats, and the alien-native species difference on microbial invasion. We compared the main differences between microbial invasion and that of animals and plants, and between microbial invasion and microbial colonization, and proposed several issues that should be further strengthened in microbial invasion research. Microbial invasion was affected by the invader traits (i.e. phylogeny, form, size, etc.), characteristics of invaded ecosystem (i.e. biodiversity, predator pressure, concentration and composition of available resource, etc.), and aliennative species relationship (phylogenetic distance, niche difference, fitness difference) simultaneously. However, the correlation, interaction of those three factors and their relative contribution on the microbial invasion are still unclear. Microbial invasion had several similarities with animals and plants invasion/microbial colonization, but with many differences among them. Future studies on microbial invasion should focus on: (1) exploring the effects of unique traits of microbial invader (i.e. persistence and quorum sensing) on invasion; (2) determining the survivor quantity, spread extent and impact degree of microorganisms in invaded ecosystems; (3) verifying the classical invasion hypothesis/theory through experiment of microbial invasion using the methods in microbial colonization study; (4) clarifying the tendency of microbial invasion under global change; (5) distinguishing the key factors regulating invasive microorganisms in different invasive stages.
    Research advances in denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation processes of wetlands.
    BAO Qiong-li, HUANG Yi-zong
    2019, 38(10):  3202-3210. 
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    Methane is one of the most important greenhouse gases, whose greenhouse effect is 298 times of CO2. Wetland is the most important source of methane emission and the source and sink of nitrogen. Microorganisms are involved in the carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycling in wetlands. CH4 is produced through anaerobic degradation of organic matter by microorganisms under anaerobic condition. CH4 emission can be reduced by microorganisms through denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation processes (DAMO) in wetlands, which plays an important role in alleviating global greenhouse effect. The mechanism of DAMO, characteristics and distribution of Methylomirabilis oxyfera, detection method and influencing factors of DAMO process are systematically introduced in this review. The discovery of more DAMO microorganisms and the study of DAMO process in paddy field are prospected in the future, to promote further research in this area and thus provide scientific basis for regulating CH4 emission from paddy field soils.
    Estimating aboveground biomass of typical plant species in the oasis-desert transition zone of northern Tarim Basin.
    ZHANG Dian-dai, WANG Xue-mei
    2019, 38(10):  3211-3220. 
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    The typical plant species of Tamarix ramosissima,Halocnemum strobilaceum, Halostachys caspica, and Phragmites australisin the oasisdesert transitional zone in the northern margin of Tarim Basin were the objects of this study. According to field survey data, models for estimating aboveground biomass of the four plant species were constructed using single factors, such as crown width and plant height, and their derivative factors as independent variables. After that, the accuracy of the models was verified. Compared with plant height, crown width of Tamarix ramosissima, Halocnemum strobilaceum, and Halostachys caspica had greater effects on aboveground biomass, while plant height of Phragmites australis had a greater effect on aboveground biomass. The correlation of compound variables to aboveground biomass was higher than that of single variables (P<0.01). The optimal models of aboveground biomass of Tamarix ramosissima, Halocnemum strobilaceum, and Halostachys caspica were S-curve models, and the optimal model of aboveground biomass of Phragmites australis was cubic curve model, with the value of R2 being 0.591, 0.623, 0.754 and 0.640, respectively. The regression effects of the estimated models were extremely significant (P<0.001). Estimating aboveground biomass of desert ecosystems in the northern margin of Tarim Basin by constructing the prediction model of aboveground biomass of typical plants is important, which could provide a theoretical reference for biomass estimation of other desert plant species, the control of land desertification and the study of carbon storage in the northern margin of Tarim Basin.
    Urban building green environment index based on LiDAR and multispectral data.
    MENG Qing-yan, CHEN Xu, SUN Yun-xiao, WU Jun
    2019, 38(10):  3221-3227. 
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    To establish a remote sensing index to evaluate urban green space environment, we extracted 2- and 3-dimensional information of urban vegetation and buildings based on airborne LiDAR and multispectral image data of Székesfehérv-r City in Hungary. We selected evaluation factors using moving window method, calculated the contribution of each factor to urban green space environment using weighted analysis method, and then established building green environment index (BGEI), and gave a comparison with the traditional urban green index (UGI). Compared with the UGI, the BGEI takes into account not only the two-dimensional information of urban environmental factors, but also the three dimensional information, which increases the rationality of index construction. The new index can give a more comprehensive analysis, and overcome the shortcomings of the traditional ecological measurement method by substituting point for plane. BGEI can accurately reflect the status of urban green space environment and the differences between urban functional areas for either the whole city or different functional areas of the city.
    Selecting effective half-strip width of line transect method in forest bird survey.
    CHEN Dao-jian, YU Tai-lin, ZOU Fa-sheng
    2019, 38(10):  3228-3234. 
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    During bird survey with line transect method, the estimation of bird density is strongly affected by the effective half-strip width (ESW). When the selected transect line width is larger than the ESW, the density of corresponding species would be underestimated. However, few studies have considered the variations in ESW. We estimated the ESW of 175 forest bird species from 42 families in Guangdong Province using the Distance software. We also examined species traits associated with the ESW. There were 52 species with ESW≤25 m, 60 species with 25 m<ESW≤50 m, and 63 species with ESW>50 m. The number of records of birds (obs) was the main factor affecting the choice of function combinations in the Distance software. The result of ESW was relatively stable when obs was greater than 20, and more accurate when the records was greater than 35. The results of nine kinds of function combination were more accurate and similar when records were high. Overall, the combination of hazardrate and cosine model performed better than other models. The ESW was significantly positively correlated with body length (BL) of birds (r=0.628, P<0.01). Our findings provide a baseline ESW=2.14×BL0.9398 (unit: ESW, m; BL, cm). Furthermore, the bird’s call affected ESW. When the body length was similar, the ESW of birds often tweeting was 1.61 times larger than the ESW of birds calling infrequently. Our findings suggest that the heterogeneous ESW among birds should be taken into account in distance sampling analysis.