Table of Content

10 December 2015, Volume 34 Issue 12

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Leaf and root N:P stoichiometry for common plants in a natural broadleaved Korean pine forest in Northeast China.

WANG Xiao-jie, XIAO Di, ZHANG Kai, HOU Ji-hua**

2015, 34(12):  3283-3288. 

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Leaves and fine roots are the important nutrition organs of aboveground and underground part of plants, respectively. Studies on the correlation of their stoichiometric characteristics are one of the most important aspects to explore adaptive strategy of plants. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and N:P stoichiometry of leaves and different order roots from 34 common plant species were studied in Liangshui National Nature Reserve Heilongjiang Province. The results showed that there were differences in N and P concentrations between different organs, and certain correlations existed between N and P concentrations in different organs. N and P concentrations and N:P were in the order of leaves > 1-2 order roots > 3-5 order roots. The order of the correlation of N and P concentration was 1-2 order roots > leaves > 3-5 order roots. N concentration, P concentration and N:P ratio of leaves showed significantly positive correlations with those of 1-2 order roots, while only N concentration of leaves had a correlation with that of 3-5 order roots. In different life forms, N and P concentrations and N:P ratio in leaves of trees, shrubs and herbs showed significant positive correlations with
those of different order roots. The findings of this study demonstrated the relationship between the plant’s leaves and different order roots, providing insights into interactions among plant functional traits and plant strategy for resource acquisition and allocation during plant growth.

Classification and ordination of plant communities and the relationship between species richness and environmental factors in Lhasa valley.

ZHANG Yan-jie1, CUI Ling-ling1, PANG You-zhi2, LIU Jie1, Laduo1**

2015, 34(12):  3289-3299. 

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The plant community structure and the relationship between species richness and environmental factors in Lhasa valley located in the south central of Tibet Autonomous Region were studied, with 30 plots and 90 quadrats, by using twoway indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and generalized additive model (GAM). TWINSPAN classification identified 8 groups of plant communities, including deciduous broadleaf forest, deciduous broadleaf shrubs, Carex form rhizomatous meadow and Kobresia form caespitose meadow, evergreen needleleaf scrubs meadow and deciduous broadleaf shrubs meadow, deciduous broadleaf shrubs steppe, caespitose grass desert, deciduous broadleaf shrubs desert, and halfshrub desert, reflecting the intermittency of communities. TWINSPAN classification results were consistent with DCA ordination results, well reflecting the continuity of communities and the heterogeneity of habitats. DCA ordination indicated that moisture was the main factor influencing vegetation composition and distribution in the study area. The fitted line of transformed species richness (TSR) along the elevation gradient based on GAM showed a tendency of bimodal curve.

Relationship between the tradeoff of leaf size and number of Robinia pseudoacacia and slope aspects in semiarid region in northern mountains of Lanzhou.

CHEN Jing, ZHAO Cheng-zhang**, WANG Ji-wei

2015, 34(12):  3300-3305. 

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Tradeoffs are fundamental to lifehistory strategy theory, and the tradeoff between leaf size and leaf number is important for understanding the plant biomass allocation under different habitats. Based on the method of standardized major axis estimation (SMA), this paper studied the relationship between the leaf size and number of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations of different slope aspects in northern mountains of Lanzhou in semiarid region of Northwest China. The results indicated that with the change of the aspect from north to east, west and south, the cover and height of plant community and soil moisture declined, individual leaf area and individual lamina mass of R. pseudoacacia declined and the leafing intensity increased. Significant negative relationships between leafing intensity with individual leaf area and individual lamina mass were found in R. pseudoacacia in all aspects (P<0.05), and the common slope of the regressions was significantly close to -1. In addition, when the aspect changed from north to east, west and south, the four groups of yintercepts in the scaling relationships of leafing intensity with individual leaf area and individual lamina mass declined gradually. The tradeoff between leaf size and leaf number with changes in slope aspect of the habitat reflected the response and adaptation of plant functional traits to heterogeneous habitats and the balance mechanism of plant resource allocation.

Genetic diversity and differentiation of invasive plant Galinsoga quadriradiata populations in China.

LI Xiao-chun1, QI Shu-yan1,2**, YAO Jing1, YANG Liu1

2015, 34(12):  3306-3312. 

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The genetic diversity and genetic structure of 18 Galinsoga quadriradiata populations in China were analyzed by intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR), to lay a foundation for its control. The results showed that 10 primer groups were screened and 349 loci were gotten by ISSR marker analysis. Analyzed by Popgene software, the percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 8.88%-29.51%, the Nei’s gene diversity index (H) among populations was 0.0248-0.1023, coefficient of gene differentiation (G_st) among populations was 0.4663, gene flow (N_m) among populations was 0.5723, genetic similarity among populations was 0.9404 and genetic distance among populations was 0.0621. The 18 G. quadriradiata populations were clustered into 5 groups by UPGMA cluster analysis. The Mantel test suggested that there was no significant correlation between the genetic distance and geographic distance of different G. quadriradiata populations. In summary, our results suggested that there existed a lower level of genetic diversity and higher level of genetic differentiation of G. quadriradiata populations. The spread of G. quadriradiata in the studied regions was mainly attributed to the events of humanmediated longdistance and repeated multiple dispersal of seeds.

Seed germination responses of five Verbenaceae species to cold stratification and dry storage at room temperature and implications for regenerative strategies.

WANG Ju-hong1, CHEN Wen2**

2015, 34(12):  3313-3318. 

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This paper studied the effects of wet storage at relatively low temperatures (15, 4 and 0  ℃) during winter and dry storage at room temperature (20-25  ℃) for 30 days on seed germination of five Verbenaceae species including Lantana camara, Duranta repens, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia, and Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia from eastern Guangdong, aiming to better understand the seed germination characteristics of these species and how these species adapted to their habitats. The results showed that seed germination percentages of five Verbenaceae species on the conditions of seed dispersal (incubation at 25  ℃ or 25/15  ℃ for 30 days) were low (<50%) or with no germination. Cold stratification at 15  ℃ and 4  ℃ significantly increased their germination percentage and rates. Seeds of L. camara with initial germination of 10.7% had a germination percentage of 45.3% after wet storage at 15  ℃. Seeds of S. jamaicensis with initial germination of 10% and 49.3% (at 25  ℃, 25/15  ℃, respectively) germinated up to 22.7%-34% and >55%, following cold stratification (exception for storage at 0  ℃) and dry storage at room temperature, respectively. As for seeds of V. negundo var. cannabifolia with initial germination of 10%, cold stratification and dry storage increased the germination percentage to 20%-30%. Seeds of V. trifolia var. simplicifolia with no initial germination germinated to 45.3% and 42% following storage at 15  ℃ and 4  ℃, respectively. Germination percentage of D. repens seeds following various storage treatments was less than 6%. The cold stratification may be an environment cue or trigger of germination for these Verbenaceae species to ensure that germination in spring is most favorable for the survival of seedlings, thus ensuring seedling survival and population establishment.

Response of Ligularia seedlings to low temperature in alpine grassland.

ZHU Hui1, WU Qing-han1, MA Rui-jun1**, WANG Ju-hong1, CHEN Dan-sheng1, SUN Kun2, DU Guo-zhen3

2015, 34(12):  3319-3326. 

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Several growth and physiological indexes, such as biomass allocation pattern, relative growth rate (RGR), soluble sugar content, membrane leakage rate and semilethal temperature (LT50), of seedlings of three Ligularia species (L. virgaurea, L. sagitta, and L. przewalskii) from the eastern QinghaiTibet Plateau were determined under suitable and simulated low temperature conditions, in order to understand the growth traits, endurance to low temperature, interspecific difference of three seedlings, and their adaptability to alpine environment. The results showed that: (1) Cotyledons of three seedlings extended rapidly at the early stage of seed germination, after which root/shoot ratio increased rapidly, RGR reached the peak after 10-15 days of seed germination, and a significant positive correlation between the root/shoot ratio and biomass accumulation was evident. (2) Survival rates of the three seedlings were more than 70% under 4 ℃, but that of L. przewalskii was relatively lower than those of the other two species. RGR peak was significantly delayed and reduced, and 64% reduction of the RGR peak was caused by decreased root biomass ratio of seedlings. (3) LT50 values of the three seedlings were -8.24, -8.14 and -7.28 ℃, respectively, indicating that the three species could achieve the regeneration of their population via enduring short cold stress at the seedling stage. (4) After low temperature (-5 ℃) treatment, the soluble sugar content increased by 3.61, 2.90 and 1.61 folds and the free proline content increased by 2.57, 4.40 and 37.68 folds in leaves from the three species, respectively, suggesting that the three species can improve their abilities of cold resistance through utilizing different metabolic regulation mechanisms. In conclusion, our results suggest that all the three species of the genus Ligularia have good life history strategies to adapt to the alpine condition in the QinghaiTibet Plateau.

Interspecific associations among dominant species in naturally colonized plant communities on coal gob piles of the Datong mining area in Shanxi, China.

GUO Jun-bing, DI Xiao-yan, LI Su-qing**

2015, 34(12):  3327-3332. 

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In order to figure out interspecific associations among dominant species in naturally colonized plant communities on coal gob piles, the interspecific associations among 15 dominant species in naturally colonized plant communities on coal gob piles of Datong mining area in Shanxi, China were studied by using 〖KG*3〗χ²test, Pearson correlation coefficients and Spearman rank correlation coefficients in this study. The results showed that the interspecific associations of most speciespairs among 15 dominant species were not significant, which illustrated that the naturally colonized plant communities on the coal gob piles of Datong mining area had simple community structures and were still at the early or middle stage of succession. The dominant species pairs of Agropyron desertorum or Elymus dahuricus and Rosa xanthina, R. xanthina or Clematis fruticosa and Ulmus pumila showed extremely significant or significant positive correlation; these species are species of zonal distribution with strong ecological adaptability to drought, cold weather and poor soil fertility, which could be mixedly planted as the pioneer species for local coal gob piles revegetation. Based on Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients, the 15 dominant species were divided into 3 ecological species groups. Soil moisture was the key factor causing the differentiation of the ecological species groups.

Temporalspatial change of vegetation net primary productivity in the arid region of Northwest China during 2001 and 2012.

PAN Jing-hu**, LI Zhen

2015, 34(12):  3333-3340. 

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The ecosystem net primary productivity (NPP) in the arid region of Northwest China during the period of 2001-2012 was calculated by using an improved CASA model. Spatialtemporal characteristics of NPP were analyzed by employing linear trend analysis, standard deviation and Hurst index. The results showed that NPP in the study region had a strong seasonal variation, with a maximum in July and a minimum in December. Temporally, the vegetation NPP showed an increasing trend from 2001 to 2012 with a large fluctuation (lowest in 2006 and highest in 2012). The NPP values varied spatially. The most obvious increase of NPP took place in the temperate steppe region of Inner Mongolia, while the greatest decline of NPP occurred in the mountain grasslandconiferous forest region of Xinjiang, and the NPP was relatively stable in the temperate and warmtemperate desert region of Northwest China. Hurst index analysis showed that the overall change of NPP in the study region showed moderatestrong continuity characteristics, and the area with moderatestrong continuity accounted for 77.5% of the study region. The NPP variation mainly showed a tendency of healthy development. However, attention needs to be paid to 15.9% of the study region in which the NPP was continuously degraded or only slightly improved.

Effect of waterlogging on physiological characteristics of peony.

WANG Juan**

2015, 34(12):  3341-3347. 

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In this paper, the changes in plant morphology, photosynthetic characteristics, antioxidase and osmotic regulation substance of peony (Paeonia suffruticosa cv. Wulongpengsheng) under flooding of four degrees were measured to study the response of peony to flooding stress. The results showed that light flooding had no significant influence on the morphology of peony plants. The peony plants became wilting quickly under severe flooding stress and then suffered a serious damage. There was no obvious change in the chlorophyll contents of peony leaves under light flooding stress, however, the contents of chlorophyll a and (a+b) of leaves under severe flooding stress decreased gradually over time. The net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r) and stomatal conductance (G_s) of leaves kept decreasing, while the intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) increased over time. The content of MDA and the activities of POD and APX increased over time. The activities of SOD, CAT, GR and the contents of soluble sugar and proline gradually increased in plants under light flooding stress, but increased at first and then decreased in plants under severe flooding stress. These results suggested that the growth and photosynthetic apparatus of peonies were damaged to a certain degree under severe flooding stress. The accumulation of antioxidation enzymes and osmotic adjustment substances could improve the resistance and adaptation of peonies to flooding stress.

Effects of nitrogen nutrition form on nitrogen metabolism, yield and quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium. 

LI Li, WANG Kang-cai**, LI Ke-ni, ZHANG Peng, DUAN Yun-jing

2015, 34(12):  3348-3353. 

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In order to study the effects of nitrogen nutrition form on the nitrogen metabolism, yield and quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium, a pot experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of Nanjing Agricultural University. Three nitrogen forms of amide nitrogen \[CO(NH₂)₂-N\], ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) with three levels were applied with orthogonal design L₉(3-4). The results showed that nitrogen metabolism, yield and quality of C. morifolium were significantly influenced by the nitrogen forms. The inflorescence yield reached its maximum when applying amide nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in mixture. The effects of ammonium nitrogen on NR activity and the contents of free amino acid and soluble protein in the leaves and chlorogenic acid in the flowers were higher than those of the other two nitrogen forms. In addition, the effects of amide nitrogen on GS activity in the leaves and flavonoids content were higher than those of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. Nitrate nitrogen had a significant influence on the content of mignonette glycosides in the flowers of C. morifolium. The content of 3,5-O-dicoffeoylqunic acid of treatment 5 (1.5 g·pot^-1 amide nitrogen, 1.5 g·pot^-1 ammonium nitrogen and 3.0 g·pot^-1 nitrate nitrogen) was almost one time higher than that in the Ndeficiency treatment. In a word, proper forms of nitrogen nutrition could not only improve the content of metabolic products and the activities of key enzymes of C. morifolium, but also improve its yield and quality.

Prediction of potential suitable distribution of endangered plant Kingdonia uniflora in China with MaxEnt.

XU Jun, CAO Bo, BAI Cheng-ke**

2015, 34(12):  3354-3359. 

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Kingdonia uniflora Balf. f. et W. W. Smith, a perennial herb, is listed as an endangered plant of the national secondgrade protection of China. In recent years, human activities (e.g. excessive deforestation and aggravating habitat fragmentation) have caused rapid shrinking of the distribution range of K. uniflora, thereby making this species being under serious risk of extinction. Prediction of potential suitable distribution of K. uniflora has important values for reasonable conservation and utilization of natural resource. In this study, 64 specimen records and 14 environmental factors were used to predict the potential suitable distribution and the key factors determining such distribution areas in China based on MaxEnt modeling and geographic information system (GIS). The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was applied to produce modeling reliability of MaxEnt. As a result, the modeling process gave an AUC of 0.990 with high precision. Our results also showed that the highly potential distribution was mainly located in the north slope of Qinling Mountain in Shaanxi Province (Mei County, Taibai County), Qionglai Mountain (Li County, Maerkang County) and Daliang Mountain (Mabian County) in Sichuan Province, and the border zone including Dalou Mountain (Jinsha County) and Wumeng Mountain (Hezhang County) in the northeast of Yunnan and the northwest of Guizhou (suitability index >0.5). The Jackknife test analysis indicated that the main environmental factors determining the potential suitable distribution were annual average precipitation (contribution rate, 33.1%), altitude (22.3%), temperature seasonality (11.4%), precipitation seasonality (7.2%), topsoil pH (5.4%), average monthly precipitation of January (5.1%) and topsoil gravel content (4.9%). The statistical analysis of environmental variables in highly potential areas demonstrated that K. uniflora prefers to grow in areas with high altitude (1646-2810 m), high annual average precipitation (856 mm), moderate average monthly temperature of January (-7.2 ℃) and topsoil pH 6.89. These results will provide valuable reference for conservation of the wild resource of K. uniflora as well as the establishment of nature reserves.

Effects of drying-rewetting on soil C and N mineralization rates in Mongolian pine plantation in a semiarid region.

FAN Zhi-pin1, HU Ya-lin2,3**, LI Jin-tao3, ZENG De-hui3

2015, 34(12):  3360-3367. 

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Drying-rewetting of soil is a common phenomenon in arid and semiarid region. In recent years, the impacts of dryingrewetting events on soil C and N cycling have been given widely attention considering the increasing occurrences of extreme precipitation and drought. In this study, we used a laboratorial incubation method to study the responses of soil C and N mineralization rates to soil drying-rewetting and the timedelay effects in a Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) plantation in Keerqin Sandy Land, a semiarid region in northern China. We found that the soil CO₂ release rate gradually decreased with the increasing soil drought. However, the soil respiration rate could recover to its original level when rewetting the drying soil. Soil cumulative CO₂ release and NO₃^--N concentration were lower in dryingrewetting treatment compared to the wet treatment (keeping continuously moist conditions), but soil cumulative CO₂ release, NO₃^--N concentration and net nitrification rate were higher than that in drought treatment (keeping continuously dry conditions). During the delay stage, there were timedelay effects of soil drying-rewetting events on the soil CO₂ release rate and its accumulation, but not for the soil net nitrification rate. Our results indicated that soil water was an important environmental factor controlling soil C and N cycles, and different timedelay effects of soil drying-rewetting events existed on soil C and N mineralization rates in the Mongolian pine plantation in the semiarid region.

Effects of urban-rural atmospheric environment on heavy metal accumulation of Cedrus deodara and Sabina chinensis.

ZHAO Rui-rui, SHI Fu-chen**, ZHOU Mei-li, CHEN Guo-ping, CONG Ming-yang

2015, 34(12):  3368-3373. 

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The concentrations of Cu, Mn, Zn, and Pb in the samples of Cedrus deodara and Sabina chinensis widely planted in North China were examined via ICP and the regression and Pearson coefficients were also analyzed. The topsoil, branches, unwashed and washed needles were sampled in five plots from the urban, suburban, and rural (mountain) sites of Tianjin where the atmospheric conditions are significantly different. The results indicated that the concentrations of heavy metals in branches, needles and topsoil from the urban site were much higher than that from the rural site. Higher accumulation of heavy metals was detected in C. deodara compared with S. chinensis. The highest concentrations of Mn (2024 mg·kg^-1) and Zn (2397 mg·kg^-1) were observed in C. deodara from the urban site, which were 297 and 479 times higher than that from the rural site, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals in needles of C. deodara were 15 to 30 times higher than that of S. chinensis, but no differences were found in branches. The concentrations of heavy metals in the unwashed needles were higher than that in the washed needles from both the urban and suburban sites, which indicated that the surface of the needles could adsorb many heavy metals. High concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Pb in aerial parts of trees were mostly a consequence of atmospheric deposition, though other factors could affect this accumulation in plants.

 

Effect of vegetation types on soil organic carbon and nitrogen in typical karst mountainous area.

LI Fei1, LI Juan2**, LONG Jian1,2, LIAO Hong-kai1, LIU Ling-fei1, ZHANG Wen-juan1,2

2015, 34(12):  3374-3381. 

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The variations of soil nutrients under four vegetation types (grassland, shrubs, secondary forest and natural forest) in karst mountainous area of central Guizhou Province, Southwest China were investigated. Soil samples (0-15 and 15-30 cm layers) were collected from the four vegetation types in different seasons (January, April, July and October). The results showed that the SOC and TN concentrations changed obviously under different vegetation types. The seasonal average concentrations of SOC and TN were 72.61 and 7.39 g·kg^-1 in the natural forest, respectively, being significantly higher than those in the secondary forest (30.33 and 2.90 g·kg^-1), shrubs (19.32 and 2.04 g·kg^-1) and grassland (17.75 and 1.83 g·kg^-1). Moreover, SOC and TN stocks were significantly correlated with SOC and TN concentrations, C/N, and bulk density. Soil nutrient indexes were dominantly affected by vegetation type (74.31%), followed by season (14.85%). Changes of SOC and TN concentrations and stocks had the same trend in each season under different vegetations, being higher in spring and autumn, and lower in summer and winter.

Adhesion and absorption of Pb in PM_2.5 and adaptative changes in Populus euramericana ‘Neva’.

CAO Xue-hui, AN Hai-long, LIU Qing-qian, LIU Chao, GUO Hui-hong, YIN Wei-lun, XIA Xin-li**

2015, 34(12):  3382-3390. 

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Lead (Pb) pollution caused by PM_2.5 is becoming increasingly serious. In this study, PM_2.5 particles were generated by aerosol generator to simulate different Pb pollution levels. The adhesion, absorption and transportation of PM_2.5Pb by leaves of Populus euramericana ‘Neva’ seedlings were studied. The changes of stomata and physiological characteristics in P. euramericana leaves were also investigated. The results showed that Pbcontaining particles can be adhered by the leaves, and the number of Pbcontaining particles on leaves was higher under the severe than the low pollution treatment. The content of Pb was the highest in leaves, while lower in stems and roots under both the low and severe pollution treatments. However, there were some differences in the transportations of Pb from leaves to stems and roots between the two treatments. In the low pollution treatment, Pb was transported from leaves to stems and roots 3 and 7 days after the treatment, respectively. By contrast, Pb in leaves was transported to roots only 3 days after the severe pollution treatment. Ultramicroscopic observation indicated that Pbcontaining particles first appeared in the cell wall of leaf epidermal cells, and was then transported to mesophyll cells through apoplast. In the mesophyll cells, Pbcontaining particles were mainly distributed in cell wall and cytoplasm, with a few particles observed in vacuole. The stomatal aperture, MDA and proline content, and SOD activity in P. euramericana leaves exhibited adaptive changes with the extension of time under both low and severe Pb pollution treatments. Our results demonstrate that Pb in PM_2.5 particles could be adhered and absorbed by the leaves of P. euramericana, and P. euramericana can adapt to Pb pollution through decreasing stomatal aperture, osmotic adjustment and increasing oxidation resistance.

Transcriptome analysis of inflorescences from four soybean cultivars.

ZHANG Chi1,2, GAO Zhen-rui1,2, DONG You-kui3, CUI Min-long1**

2015, 34(12):  3391-3396. 

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To study the floral organ abscission, soybean (Glycine max) inflorescences from four cultivars were used for RNA extraction, RNAseq and transcriptome analysis. A total of 20 GB raw data and 14.87 GB clean data were obtained from RNAseq. The result showed that the transcriptome differences between multiple and relatively less soybean inflorescences mainly lied in substance metabolism, stress response (GLYMA02g03301, GLYMA02G03230, etc.), stimulation response and disease resistance. But genes directly related to abscission show no expression difference. This indicated the possible influences of these genes on soybean flowers and pods abscission. Our research systematically investigated the characteristics and variances of different soybean inflorescences and analyzed the effects of different expression genes on soybean flower abscission and shattering. These data enriched soybean transcriptome database.

Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on yield and water use efficiency of spring maize with drip irrigation under film mulching.

LI Wen-hui1,2, YIN Guang-hua1**, GU Jian1,2, HUANG Peng-fei1,2, JIA Zhao-bin3

2015, 34(12):  3397-3401. 

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To explore the effect of soil moisture and nitrogen application rate on yield, water consumption amount and water use efficiency of spring maize, an experiment was conducted by using secondorder regression orthogonal design. Precision irrigation and fertilization was adopted in a mobile shed. The results showed that water and nitrogen coupling had a significant effect on maize yield (P<0.05). The yield increased firstly and decreased subsequently with increasing the soil moisture and the nitrogen application rate. The yield model showed that the maximum yield reached 15142.5 kg·hm^-2 when the soil moisture reached 65%-70% of field capacity and the nitrogen application rate was 462 kg·hm^-2. During the whole growth period, the water consumption amount was lowest at the earlier stage, increased slowly at the middle stage and increased rapidly at the grainfilling stage. Overall, the water consumption amount and intensity in the whole growth period increased with the increase of soil moisture. Soil moisture was the main factor influencing water use efficiency, water consumption amount and intensity, while nitrogen application rate had a weak effect.

Shape and benthic invertebrate community features of the potholes in Wubu River, Chongqing.

REN Hai-qing1,2,3, YUAN Xing-zhong1,2,3, LIU Hong3**, YUE Jun-sheng1,2,3, WANG Xiao-feng1,2,3, LIU Shuang-shuang1,2,3, QI Jing3

2015, 34(12):  3402-3408. 

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Pothole is a product of the interaction between river flow and riverbed. It is a component of microtopography of riverbed and also is a special habitat in the river ecosystem. In this study, the shape characteristics of potholes and the benthic invertebrates in the potholes were investigated in Wubu River, Chongqing. The standard statistical methodologies were used to quantitatively describe the features of the pothole shape, the community structure of benthic invertebrates and the relationship between pothole area and the species richness of benthic invertebrate community in the potholes of mountain rivers. The results indicated that the proportion of the potholes with 1.0-1.2 longtoshort axis ratio was the highest, and the potholes’ diameters were mostly distributed within 10-20 cm. The long axis and short axis, diameter and depth of the potholes were strongly (log) positively correlated. A total of 34 species of benthic invertebrates were collected from the potholes, and the dominant species belonged to Baetidae, Corixidae, and Caenidae. There were significant differences in functional feeding groups. The collectorgatherers and the shredders were most and least abundant functional feeding groups, respectively. In addition, there was a significant positive relationship between pothole area and species richness of benthic invertebrate community in the potholes.

Secondary productivity of macrozoobenthos in Xiamen coastal waters.

LIU Kun, LIN He-shan, WANG Jian-jun**, HE Xue-bao, LIN Jun-hui, HUANG Ya-qin, ZHANG Shu-yi, MOU Jian-feng

2015, 34(12):  3409-3415. 

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We investigated the macrozoobenthos at 67 stations in Xiamen coastal waters in May and November 2013, and calculated the secondary productivity (P) of the macrozoobenthos using Brey’s empirical formula (1990). The results showed that the mean secondary productivity and the P/B ratio were 4.6±10.1 g AFDW·m^-2·a^-1 and 1.0±0.4 a^-1 respectively. Molluscs and annelids contributed to the vast majority of the P value. The P value was slightly higher in autumn than in spring, and it was significantly higher in Tongan Bay than in Dadeng area, Jiulong River estuary, the outer sea of Xiamen and Weitou Bay. Correlation analysis indicated that the P value was significantly affected by the organic matter content of sediment and the temperature of bottom water. The nature of the bottom sediment and human activities such as sand excavation, waterway dredging, and environmental pollution also influenced the distribution of P.

Diurnal behavioral time budgets and activity rhythms of Ovis ammon sairensis in Mt. Kekesen, Xinjiang in different seasons.

DU Cong-cong1,2, CHU Hong-jun1,2,3**, HU De-fu4, LIU Ning-na2,3, LI Kai4, JIANG Xin-chun2, LI Bin2

2015, 34(12):  3416-3423. 

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From August 2012 to August 2014, the behaviors of Argali sheep (Ovis ammon sairensis) in Kekesen Mountain in southern Altai Mountains were examined using focalsampling to study activity budgets and rhythms. A total of 2068 behavioral observation samples were collected from 1197 individuals. Foraging and resting were the main behaviors observed, comprising 43.1% and 25.5% of the activity time budgets, respectively. The mean time of the five examined behaviors of the male and female Argali sheep differed significantly among seasons, except for the mean time of the female Argali sheep in spring and autumn. Moreover, the mean time of the five examined behaviors in different seasons differed significantly between the male and female Argali sheep, except for their resting behaviors in winter. In addition to seasonal effects, Argali sheep behaviors were influenced by availability of food resources, temperature, intra and interspecific competition, especially predators, reproductive cycle and human activity. As the behavior characteristics of Argali sheep in other distribution areas are dramatically different, this study demonstrates the Argali sheep’s ability to successfully adapt its behaviors to local environment.

The spatial distribution patterns of two kinds of ants on rubber trees and the determination of aggressive ability.

ZHANG Li-he, ZHOU Xiang**, CHEN Tai-long, ZHANG Bing, WANG Yan-bin

2015, 34(12):  3424-3429. 

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In order to explore the distribution and competitive relation of Crematogaster rogenhoferi and the symbiotic dominant species, Tapinoma melanocephalum in Parasaissetia nigra, the spatial distribution patters of C. rogenhoferi and T. melanocephalum populations on rubber trees and the influence of C. rogenhoferi on population quantity of T. melanocephalum were investigated by searching methods in rubber forest and the competitive relation of the two kinds of ants under indoor interference was analyzed in this study. The results showed that the spatial distribution patterns of the two kinds of ants on rubber trees were aggregating distribution. Furthermore, the quantity of T. melanocephalum in C. rogenhoferi nest colonies was significantly lower than that without C. rogenhoferi, which indicates that C. rogenhoferi has certain control effect on T. melanocephalum. When combined one C. rogenhoferi with different densities of T. melanocephalum indoors, C. rogenhoferi showed a phenomenon of no mortality. When the ratio was under 1:9, T. melanocephalum was rapidly attacked by C. rogenhoferi and its mortality was more than 50%. When the ratio was over 1:9, the behavior of C. rogenhoferi turned into passive defense from active attack with the mortality of T. melanocephalum declining to 26.67%-9.78%. In conclusion, one C. rogenhoferi can fight against nine T. melanocephalum at most.

The inducing effect of chitosan on heat resistance of Phalaenopsis seedlings.

YANG Hua-geng**, YANG Yi-min, LIAO Hong-ni, MENG Shuang, YAN Su-liang, YANG Fu-sun, LIU Zi-fan

2015, 34(12):  3430-3437. 

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This study aims to assess the effect of chitosan on heat resistance of Phalaenopsis seedlings. Phalaenopsis seedlings were treated with chitosan at 0 (without chitosan addition as control), 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg·L^-1 respectively, at 42 ℃  for 3 days, and then the physiological changes in Phalaenopsis seedlings were determined. The results showed that with increasing the chitosan concentration from 25 to 100 mg·L^-1, the activities of superoxide dismutases (SOD), peroxidases (POD) and catalase (CAT), and the contents of proline, soluble sugar, total chlorophyll and carotenoid in Phalaenopsis seedling leaves increased gradually, while the membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the leaves declined gradually, but no significant change was found in the content of soluble protein. In treatment with 100 mg·L^-1 chitosan, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT and the contents of proline, soluble sugar, total chlorophyll and carotenoid in Phalaenopsis seedling leaves reached their peak values and were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.01), whereas the membrane permeability and MDA content of the leaves showed the lowest values and were significantly lower than those of the control (P<0.01), and the Phalaenopsis seedlings suffered a slight heat injury. With increasing chitosan concentration from 200 to 400 mg·L^-1, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT, and the contents of proline, soluble protein, soluble sugar, total chlorophyll and carotenoid of the leaves decreased significantly (P<0.01), whereas the membrane permeability and MDA content of the leaves increased significantly (P<0.01), and Phalaenopsis seedlings tended to suffer more serious heat injury. According to the results obtained, it is concluded that treatment with 100 mg·L^-1 chitosan can significantly improve heatresistance of Phalaenopsis seedlings.

Resources and fauna of butterflies in Jiulongshan Mountain National Nature Reserve.

LIU Li-wei1, PAN Cheng-chun2**, LIU Ju-lian2, HE Liang1

2015, 34(12):  3438-3442. 

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The butterfly species in Jiulongshan Mountain National Nature Reserve were investigated from 1996 to 2013, and faunal analysis and similarity comparison were conducted. A total of 251 species belonging to 11 families 138 genera were recorded at the study site, including 6 species of state protected butterfly species and 13 newly recorded species in Zhejiang Province. The butterfly species found in the reserve account for 70% of the recorded species in Zhejiang Province, of which the monotypic genera are dominant, suggesting that this area is the key distribution of the butterflies in Zhejiang Province. The faunal analysis reveals that among the butterfly species in Jiulongshan Mountain, the Oriental species are the dominant ones, followed by the PalaearcticOriental species and then the Palaearctic species. Compared with the similarity of butterflies of other nature reserves of Zhejiang Province, there exists a certain mutual relationship among Tianmushan Mountain, Baishanzu Mountain and Jiulongshan Mountain, and Jiulongshan Mountain has a closer relationship with Baishanzu Mountain than Tianmushan Mountain.

 

Effects of different silvicultural patterns of plantation forests on soil nematode communities.

WANG Qun1, LI Meng1, LIU Shi-rong2, WU Peng-fei1**

2015, 34(12):  3443-3452. 

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Six silvicultural patterns of plantation forests, including coniferous forests (Pinus massoniana, Cunninghamia lanceolata), broadleaf forests (Mytilaria laosensis, Castanopsis hystrix) and mixed forests (Pinus massoniana+Castanopsis hystrix, Pinus massoniana +Castanopsis fissa), were selected at the Experimental Centre of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry in July 2013, and soil nematode communities and soil physicochemical properties were investigated to reveal the effects of silvicultural patterns on the soil nematode communities. A total of 16853 individuals of nematode were extracted, belonging to 53 genera, 32 families, 8 orders and 2 phyla. The mean density of the nematodes was 1873 ind·100 g^-1 dry soil. The dominant genera were Iotonchus, Microlaimus and Chrysonema. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the structures of soil nematode communities were similar between the C. lanceolata forest and the M. laosensis forest, and the same pattern was observed between the C. hystrix forest and the mixed P. massoniana + C. hystrix forest. The densities of soil nematodes were smaller in the C. hystrix forest and the mixed P. massoniana + C. hystrix forest than in the other forests. The Shannon index and Pielou index of soil nematode communities in the P. massoniana and M. laosensis forests were greater than those of the other forests. The highest density and lowest Shannon index and Pielou index were found in the mixed P. massoniana + C. fissa forest. The differences in taxonomic richness, freeliving nematode maturity index (MI), plantparasitic maturity index (PPI) and PPI/MI index were not significant among these silvicultural patterns. However, predatorsomnivores, bacterivores, plant parasites and Wasilewska index (WI) differed significantly among these silvicultural patterns. Correlation analysis showed that the densities of plant parasites, bacterivores and fungivores were affected significantly by soil P content, while a significant positive relationship was found between soil K content and the density of predatorsomnivores. These results demonstrated that different silvicultural patterns influenced the functional structure and composition of soil nematode communities. Soil P and K were the main factors affecting the trophic structure of soil nematode communities.

Feeding habits of the spotted seal Phoca largha by stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis. 

TIAN Jia-shen1,2, LU Zhi-chuang1,2, LUO Yao-ming3, WANG Zhao-hui1,2, ZHANG Sheng-jiu4, HAN Jia-bo1,2**

2015, 34(12):  3453-3458. 

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This study measured δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in muscle, liver, kidney, lung, hair, whisker and nail from juvenile and adult captive spotted seals Phoca largha after feeding Clupea harengus and Mallotus villosus for more than 6 months to produce the fractionation in each tissue. Meanwhile, this study estimated the food sources for the wild spotted seals from Liaodong Bay, in terms of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N fractionations in muscle, liver and kidney of wild spotted seals and its potential foods in Liaodong Bay. The results showed that the highest δ¹³C value in captive spotted seals was in whisker (3.5‰), followed by hair (3.2‰), nail (3.0‰), muscle (1.3‰), lung (1.0‰), liver (0.5‰) and kidney (0.3‰). The highest δ¹⁵N value in captive spotted seals was in kidney (2.8‰), followed by liver (2.7‰), muscle (2.6‰), nail (2.6‰), whisker (2.6‰), lung (2.4‰) and hair (1.8‰). The δ¹³C values in captive pup were -22.4‰, -23.0‰ and -22.1‰ in muscle, kidney and liver, respectively. The δ¹³C value in milk was -24.8‰. The δ¹³C values in wild adult spotted seals from Liaodong Bay were -18.6‰, -19.1‰ and -18.7‰ in muscle, kidney and liver, respectively. According to the fractionation (1.3‰) of δ¹³C in captive spotted seal muscle, the estimated food sources for wild spotted seals from Liaodong Bay were mainly from fishes (especially pelagic and mesodemersal fishes), and some cephalopoda and shrimps as well.

Geo-spectrum characteristics of land use change in Liaoning coastal areas.

CHANG Xiong-kai1, LIU Miao2**, LI Chun-lin1, LU Jiu-jun3, CHEN Tan1,4

2015, 34(12):  3459-3465. 

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The geospectrum of land use change has drawn much attention in recent years due to its simultaneously reflecting both the spatial and temporal processes of land use change. In this paper, we analyzed the geospectrum characteristics of land use change from 2000 to 2010 in Liaoning coastal areas. The results showed that the main geospectrum types of land use change from 2000 to 2005 were cultivated landSymbolnB@construction land, followed by seaSymbolnB@wetland, accounting for 44.41% and 18.16% of the total area converted, respectively. The majority of geospectrum types of land use change from 2005 to 2010 were conversions from sea, wetland and cultivated land, among which seaSymbolnB@wetland accounted for 23.43% of the total area converted, seaSymbolnB@bare land 22.69%, seaSymbolnB@construction land 5.10%, wetlandSymbolnB@construction land 10.06% and cultivated landSymbolnB@construction land 20.55%. The main geospectrum mode of land use change from 2000 to 2010 was formerchange type as dominated by urban expansion and marine aquaculture from 2000 to 2005, followed by laterchange type as dominated by further development and urban expansion from 2005 to 2010, accounting for 70.34% and 29.17% of the total area converted, respectively.

Spatial variations of glomalinrelated soil protein in Larix gmelinii plantations and possible relations with soil physicochemical properties.

HE Hai-sheng1,2, WANG Qiong1, PEI Zhong-xue1, WANG Hui-mei1, WANG Wen-jie1**

2015, 34(12):  3466-3473. 

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Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) plays an important role in enhancing soil productivity, and it has been one of the hot subjects in the soil nutrient research field. However, few studies have focused on the correlations between GRSP content and soil physicochemical properties. In this paper, soils from 0-80 cm depths were collected in Larix gmelinii plantations in the Lesser Khingan (Laoshan, Mao’ershan, Dongshan, Daqingchuan) in Northeast China. Multiple covariances analysis and collinearity analysis were used to analyze the spatial correlations between GRSP content and soil physicochemical properties (soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, soil CaCO₃, available silicon, soil pH, soil bulk density and electrical conductivity). The results showed that, (1) soil depth was a key factor affecting the variations of GRSP content and soil physicochemical properties. (2) soil organic carbon and total phosphorus respectively contributed most to EE-GRSP content (β=0.312) and T-GRSP content (β=0.376), and soil bulk density was a negative factor contributing most to EE-GRSP content and T-GRSP content (β=-0.229, -0.212). (3) significant collinearity was observed between GRSP and total phosphorus (P<0.05). Our results showed that significant spatial heterogeneity was observed between GRSP content and soil physicochemical properties. These data suggested that GRSP had important effects on soil nutrient transportation and soil sustainable use. In addition, the soil factors which affected GRSP content and its ecological function were also identified. Our study provides a basis for assessing soil quality and soil function.

Responses of labile organic carbon components to different fertilization practices in white soil.

WU Ping-ping1,2, WANG Jia-jia1,2, LI Lu-jiu1,2**

2015, 34(12):  3474-3479. 

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A four-year field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different fertilization practices on soil total organic carbon (TOC), watersoluble organic carbon (WSOC), easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), and particle organic carbon (POC) in paddy field of white soil. The fertilization treatments included chemical fertilizer, chemical fertilizer plus farmyard manure, chemical fertilizer plus wheat straw, and chemical fertilizer plus green manure. The results showed that, compared with chemical fertilizer, the amendment of organic manure significantly increased the contents of TOC and labile organic carbon (LOC), and the highest contents of TOC, EOC and POC were found in chemical fertilizer plus wheat straw treatment, with increases of 19.6%, 67.4% and 15.7%, respectively. The content of WSOC in chemical fertilizer plus farmyard manure treatment was highest, with an increase of 60.9% as compared to the control. Different fertilization practices had greater effects on the proportion of EOC than on that of WSOC and POC. Compared with single chemical fertilizer, the amendments of wheat straw, farmyard manure and green manure significantly increased the carbon management index (CMI) by 17.6%-85.2%. Correlation analysis showed the relationships between TOC, CMI and LOC were significant or extremely significant, with correlation coefficients of 0.691-0.824 and 0.593-0.803, respectively. Different organic carbon components and CMI were significantly related to available nitrogen and potassium, while only WSOC was significantly related to available phosphorus, with a correlation coefficient of 0.816. Therefore, the amendment of organic manure can increase the contents of TOC, LOC and CMI in white soil. Compared with EOC and POC, WSOC may be more sensitive to the changes of fertilization practices in white soil.

 

Spatial distribution patterns of biogenic silica contents from lake sediments in China.

LIU Bin1**, XU Hai2, SHENG En-guo2,3, LAN Jiang-hu2, YU Ke-ke2,3, SUN Hui2

2015, 34(12):  3480-3484. 

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Changes of biogenic silica (BSi) contents of lake surface sediments in ten lakes from northeastern, southwestern, northwestern and northcentral China were investigated in this study. The causes for the changes of BSi content and its spatial distribution characteristics were also studied via regional comparison among the ten lakes. The results showed that the mean contents of BSi in northwestern and northcentral China were lower than that in northeastern and southwestern China, possibly because lower temperature and less precipitation restricted the growth of algae, leading to less biomass production. However, the reasons for the higher mean values of BSi in the lakes from northeastern and southwestern China were different. The two lakes in northeastern China were eutrophic lakes and next to human settlements, so they may be substantially influenced by human activities. Although annual mean temperature in northeastern China was markedly lower, there were adequate nutrients for algae growing. Most lakes in southwestern China were oligotrophic lakes, thus the higher BSi values may be induced by the higher temperature and more precipitation.

The impact of urban sprawl on heat island intensity in Beijing.

CUI Yao-ping1, LIU Ji-yuan2**, QIN Yao-chen1, DONG Jin-wei3, LU Jing-qi1, ZHANG Shuai-shuai1

2015, 34(12):  3485-3493. 

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Based on six land use and land cover change (LUCC) datasets, urban and suburban meteorological observation data and a Landsat TM image, this study analyzed the changes of land surface temperature and near surface air temperature with Beijing urban sprawl. Firstly, the urban land surface temperature and the urban underlying surface types were extracted by singlewindow inversion algorithm and linear spectral mixture analysis model. Then, six LUCC datasets and two meteorological observation datasets were used to analyze the impact of urban sprawl on the regional thermal environment. The results showed that the value of land surface temperature in a pixel mainly depended on the fraction of impervious surface of the pixel. The warming effect of impervious surface for land surface temperature was greater than the cooling effect of the vegetation fraction in the pixel. In the process of urban sprawl, urban heat island intensity increased along with the urban sprawl continuously in early stage. However, urban heat island intensity might be stable and even descend under a certain condition.

Heat island effect during the process of urbanization in ChengduChongqing urban agglomeration. 

CHEN Ying-feng1,2, WANG Yu-kuan1**, FU Bin1, LIU Qin1, WANG Shan1,3, MU Yu1,2

2015, 34(12):  3494-3501. 

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Heat island effect is one of the most striking impacts of urbanization on eco-environment. It is important for the construction of new cities to evaluate the temporal and spatial change of heat island effect during the process of urbanization. Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration is located in the western part of China, consisting of 2 megalopolis and 14 large, medium, and smallsized cities. The heat island effect is increasingly outstanding in recent years due to the development of urbanization in these areas. In this study, based on the MODIS/Terra monthly land surface temperature (LST) data from 2000 to 2010, we analyzed the heat island effect of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration by calculating the difference of average temperature between urban and rural areas of the 16 cities. The results showed that: (1) The seasonal and diurnal heat island effect in Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration was relatively obvious. (2) The heat island intensity in mega-cities Chengdu and Chongqing was greater than in the other 14 cities, and a significant correlation was observed between the built-up area and the daytime heat island intensity. (3) The overall heat island intensity decreased by 0.3 ℃ during 2000 and 2010. In the meantime, the heat island intensity in old towns increased by 0.21 ℃, and the change was slight in the daytime and significant in the nighttime.

Prediction of runoff in ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system based on SCS-CN model.

YIN Xin-wei1, LI Xiao-lin1**, KANG Yan-xia1, WANG Qi2, HUANG Cai-xia1, GAO Ya-ping1

2015, 34(12):  3502-3508. 

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Surface runoff is the main factor causing water loss and soil erosion. Controlling water loss and soil erosion and maximizing rainfall utilization are key factors for agricultural sustainable development in semiarid regions. In this paper, the sensitivity of SCSCN model parameters (runoff curve number (CN) and initial loss coefficient (λ)) was analyzed based on runoff data collected from microrunoff observation experiment, combined with underlying surface and rainfall data. Effects of different ridgefurrow ratios and different mulching materials on the model parameters were studied. Meanwhile, the model parameters were modified and verified with the data collected from the microridgefurrow rainwater harvesting system. The results indicated that λ was the main factor in the model, and the effect of ridgefurrow ratios on model parameters was not distinct. There was good consistency between the runoff simulated by the model and the actually measured value. The validity coefficients of common plastic film, biodegradable mulch film and compacted soil were 0.864, 0.988 and 0.947, respectively, showing that this model was relatively reasonable in determining the parameters and could accurately predict runoff in the microridgefurrow rainwater harvesting system, thus providing scientific methods for controlling water loss and soil erosion and maximizing rainfall utilization in semiarid regions.

Runoff/sediment yield and pollutant characteristics under varying rainfall types and slope measures in Yanqing County in Beijing.

ZHU Nan1, ZHANG Hui-lan1,2**, MA Chao1,2, GE Li-ba1

2015, 34(12):  3509-3517. 

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In order to explore the runoff and sediment yields and water quality characteristics under varying rainfall types, three types of slope plots (grass slope, fishscale pit slope, and horizontal strip slope) in Yanqing County in Beijing and 112 erosive rainfall events were selected to analyze the losses of runoffsediment, nitrogen and phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results showed that the precipitation and maximal 30 and 60 minutes rainfall intensities were the critical factors affecting runoff, sediment and water quality. Accordingly, four rainfall types were classified, i.e. Ⅰ (heavy rainfall, high rainfall intensity), Ⅱ (medium rainfall, high rainfall intensity), III (medium rainfall, low rainfall intensity) and IV (small rainfall, low rainfall intensity). Types Ⅰ and Ⅱ were easier to cause water and soil loss, and accounted for 90% of total water and soil loss amounts. Type Ⅱ was easier to cause water pollution, and the resultant contaminants accounted for 45%-50% of the total amount. The water pollution level was similar among types Ⅰ, III and IV. Under type Ⅱ rainfall, the ability of runoffsediment yield of horizontal strip slope was higher than that of the other two slopes, while under types III and IV rainfall, the runoffsediment yield of grass slope was the highest. Compared with the grass slope, N loss increased, P loss decreased, and COD amount was lower on fishscale pit slope and horizontal strip slope.

Mercury concentration in common Boletus fungi from Yunnan Province and ingestion safety assessment.

YANG Tian-wei1,2, ZHANG Ji2, Jerzy FALANDYSZ3, Graz·yna KRASI-SKA3, Martyna SABA3, WANG Yuan-zhong2**, LIU Hong-gao1**

2015, 34(12):  3518-3525. 

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Mercury (Hg) is one of the most harmful heavy metals to human. Many edible mushrooms accumulate considerable levels of Hg, and therefore it is necessary to determine and evaluate Hg content in edible mushrooms. The contents of total mercury were determined in caps and stipes of 85 bolete samples obtained from Yunnan by coldvapor atomic absorption spectroscopy and direct mercury analyzer. The Hg accumulation characteristics of the bolete mushrooms were analyzed according to the cap and stipe total Hg content ratio (Q_(C/S)) of the samples from the same sites. The health safety of the samples was evaluated according to Hg provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) recommended by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) and the China national food safety standard maximum levels of contaminants in foods (GB 2762-2012). The results showed that the contents of total Hg in the caps and stipes were 0.13-22.00 mg·kg^-1 dry weight (DW) and 0.20-8.40 mg·kg^-1 DW, respectively. There were obvious differences in total Hg contents among different samples. The ratios of total Hg contents in the caps to that in the stipes (Q_(C/S)) were 0.28-4.08, and 92% samples were higher than 1 in Q_(C/S) value, which demonstrated that the Hg accumulation ability in caps was stronger than that in stipes in most samples. The contents of total Hg of all the test samples exceeded the standard of GB 2762-2012 (Hg≤0.1 mg·kg^-1). According to the PTWI standard, if adults (60 kg) eat 300 g fresh bolete mushrooms a week, Hg intakes of most samples would be below the acceptable intakes without health risk, but the intakes in a few of samples were higher than the standard with a potential risk. The contents of total Hg in Boletus species were closely related to species, environment, acquisition time and other factors, so the ingestion and safety assessment of Boletus mushrooms should consider all these factors.

Review of ecosystem management based on the InVEST model.

WANG Ya1, MENG Ji-jun1**, QI Yang2, PENG Fu-li2

2015, 34(12):  3526-3532. 

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As ecosystem management is a tradeoff between ecosystem processes and socioeconomic goals, and ecosystem services are the link of ecosystems and human wellbeing, it is necessary to manage ecosystems from the perspective of their services. Recently, the InVSET model has become an important tool for evaluating ecosystem services and a strong technical support to ecosystem management. This paper makes an integrated review of the applications of the InVSET model to ecosystem management in terms of quantitative assessment of ecosystem services, tradeoffs and decisionmaking process. Overall, the InVEST model is highly scientific, logically clear, and applicable. Because of the shortcomings and deficiencies of the InVEST model, the simulation is not very accurate and the mechanism of tradeoffs is not very clear. Moreover, it fails to take cultural services into consideration in the decisionmaking process. Improvements should be made to the InVEST model to provide a scientific basis for making decisions in regional ecosystem management and to realize the sustainable development of socialecological systems.

A review on body temperature of plants.

YU Ming-han1,2, GAO Guang-lei1,2**, DING Guo-dong1,2, ZHAO Yuan-yuan1,2, SAI Ke1,2

2015, 34(12):  3533-3541. 

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Plant body temperature is one of the important physiological and ecological characteristics reflecting plant adaptability to habitat and indicating plant healthy condition. However, at present, plant body temperature is always explored as an affiliated issue from the aspect of energy budget instead of a synthetic and logic consideration, and practical application. In this paper, we make a brief review on plant body temperature from the following aspects: plant body temperature’s formation, change regularity, regulatory mechanism, practical application, and monitoring technology, for a better understanding of the achievements, progresses, and disadvantages in theories, technologies and applications of plant body temperature. In conclusion this study indicated that (1) the fundamental researches should be strengthened in order to reveal the structure, process, and feedback mechanism of plant selfmaintaining body temperature. (2) Monitoring technology should be developed to increase the equipment accuracy and operability, and to achieve the rapid and dynamic measurement of plant body temperature. (3) Application of technical achievements should be enhanced to establish an analysis evaluation and aid decision making system guiding production practice and forestry policy.

 

Plant defensive strategies and environment-driven mechanisms.

WANG Xiao-fei, GAO Wen-qiang, LIU Jian-feng**, NI Yan-yan, JIANG Ze-ping

2015, 34(12):  3542-3552. 

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During the long-term interactions or survival competition with biotic and abiotic environments, plants have developed a set of defensive strategies to resist adverse conditions. Two major defensive strategies, physical defense and chemical defense, were usually defined to address this issue. The physical defense strategy is adopted by plants through changing the morphological structure, such as leaf vein network structure, stem and leaf toughness, hardness, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content, etc; while the chemical defense strategy refers to physiological and biochemical responses, such as some secondary metabolites and defensive enzymes which often serve as a critical biochemical basis for the resistance and response to pathogens, pests and the abiotic environmental stresses. In this paper, we firstly reviewed important traits of the two distinctively defensive strategies, and then analyzed their driven mechanisms from the perspectives of biological violations, climate factors, and resource allocation in plants. The paper would, to some extent, contribute to further understanding the internal relationship between plant’s traits and environment, and also provide some references for plant’s regional adaptation, selective breeding in insect-resistant germplasm resources, and forest management.

Ecology and biology of Capra sibirica: Current situation of studies.

ZHU Xin-sheng1,2, WANG Mu-yang1, YANG Wei-kang1**, David BLANK1

2015, 34(12):  3553-3559. 

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Capra sibirica is an important alpine ungulate species in high mountain regions of Central Asia, and ranks in grade I key protected wildlife in China. C. sibirica generally prefers rocky habitat and a considerable portion of their diet is comprised of Gramineae and Cyperaceae. C. sibirica is a sexual dimorphism ungulate species in morphology; males are much larger than females. Mature male and female ibexes live in separate groups except in the breeding season. The population amount of C. sibirica has decreased sharply since recent decades due to overhunting and poaching, habitat loss and disease. Researchers around the world have carried out a number of studies in order to protect this species. The present paper summarized the main results of these studies from the aspects of species classification, morphology and physiology, population density and quantity, habitat selection, time budget and activity rhythm, gregarious behavior, the endangered cause and protection strategy. The future study should focus on the sexual segregation and food habits of C. sibirica.

Estimation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) using sunshine duration.

ZHANG Guang-qi1,2,3, ZHU Jiao-jun1,2**, LI Rong-ping4, LI Xiu-fen5

2015, 34(12):  3560-3567. 

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Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is an important factor indicating the photosynthetic productive potential. Traditional PAR estimation methods, however, need much more climatic parameters, and are sensitive to weather conditions and low in accuracy. Thus, we provided a new method to estimate PAR duration, which is defined as the duration when PAR exceeds a certain value, e.g., 300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 in a day of the growing season, using the ratios of observed sunshine duration (the most common index in each meteorological station) to theoretical sunshine duration. We monitored both sunshine duration and PAR duration for 7 years. The paired values of observed and estimated PAR durations based on different thresholds (27, 36, 100, 200, 300, 360, 450 and 900 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) were collected. The effects of monitoring time length, seasons and weather conditions on the accuracy of estimated PAR duration were analyzed. There were no significant differences between estimated PAR durations (mean values) and the observed values (P>0.05) when the monitoring time length was equal or greater than 4 years for PAR>300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1. The accuracy of the estimated PAR duration was higher when the monitoring time length became longer; it was lower in summer than in spring and autumn, and lower in cloudy sky than in sunny and fair weather. We recommended the use of longterm (at least 4 years) observations of sunshine duration to estimate the duration of PAR >300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 because the overall effects of the weather conditions in whole growing season can be reflected by the long term observations.

Comparison of different sampling techniques for alpine grassland plant diversity on QinghaiTibet Plateau.

ZHANG Xiao-lei1, DONG Shi-kui1**, GUO Xian-da1, HAN Yu-hui1, LI Hao-man1, FENG Jing1, WANG Chen1, LIU Quan-ru2

2015, 34(12):  3568-3574. 

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To compare the effects of different sampling techniques for alpine grassland and improve the efficiency and accuracy of alpine grassland plant diversity study, we applied four different methods to investigate the diversity in three main types of grassland in QinghaiTibet Plateau (alpine meadow, alpine steppe and alpine desert). The methods included centerstaked transectquadrat method, Daubenmire transect method as modified by the USDA Forest Service, large quadrattransect method proposed by the USDA Agricultural Research Service, and modified Whittaker multiscale vegetation plot method. Through analysis of monitoring effectiveness and cost efficiency of the three kinds of alpine grassland plant diversity, we screened out the investigation method which had the highest accuracy and lowest cost.  Species numbertime cost curves indicated that the difference of consumption time of four methods became larger as the species number in sampling plots increased.  In alpine meadow and alpine steppe, which had relatively higher species richness, the modified Whittaker multiscale vegetation plot method can detect the highest species richness; however, this method costs the longest time. Relatively, the centerstaked transectquadrat method was the most economical.  In alpine desert with low species richness, the time cost of investigation and the accuracy of species diversity did not vary much among the four investigation methods. As a whole, considering the simplicity, large quadrattransect method was the best one for investigation.


 

Application of dry-weight rank rapid monitoring of grassland in the alpine meadow.

LI Shuai1, HUA Li-min1**, NIE Zhong-nan1,2, ZHENG Yang1

2015, 34(12):  3575-3580. 

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For accurate and fast monitoring of the aboveground biomass and botanical composition of the alpine meadow, we examined the Australian dryweight rank (DWR or BOTANAL) method for use in the alpine pasture of Tianzhu County, Gansu Province. We compared the results from the DWR method with that from the traditional quadrat sampling (QS) in short, medium and tall pastures and analyzed their accuracy and efficiency. The results showed that there was no significant difference in biomass production and botanical composition between the DWR and QS (P>0.05). There were significant positive relationships in biomass production between the DWR and QS (P<0.01) with the correlation coefficient (r) being 0.919, 0.982 and 0.859 for the short, medium and tall pastures, respectively. The species recorded by the DWR and QS were
identical and there were significant relationships in the botanical composition of the major species between the DWR and QS (P<0.01) with r being 0.961, 0.975 and 0.972 for the short, medium and tall pastures, respectively. In terms of measurement efficiency, the number of observers and time required for the DWR method were 1/4 and 1/9 of that required by the QS, respectively, for the same amount of data collection. These demonstrated that the DWR method is an accurate technique to monitor aboveground biomass and botanical composition in the alpine meadow and could dramatically save time and improve work efficiency in these harsh environments.