Table of Content

10 April 2009, Volume 28 Issue 04

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Articles

Variations of Betula utilis and Picea purpurea seed germination at different altitudes.

WANG Ju-hong^1,2;ZHANG Yong¹;CUI Xian-liang²;DU Guo-zhen²

2009, 28(04):  589-594 . 

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Betula utilis and Picea purpurea seeds were collected from different a ltitudes on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau;and their germination behavior u nder an alternative temperature regime (20 ℃/5 ℃; light/dark;12/12 h) foll owing cold storage (3 ℃〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗4 ℃; 0;40;80 and 160 days) was s tudied. The results showed that the germination rate of B. utilis and P. p urpurea seeds increased with increasing altitude of their mother plants;and t he seeds from different altitudinal populations tended to increase their germina tion rate with increasing duration of cold storage. In particular;the seeds of B. utilis from high altitude (3000 m) had a maximum germination percentage ( 94% and 90%;respectively) after cold storage for 80 and 160 days. The findings indicated that both the altitude of mother plants and the duration of cold and d ry storage had significant effects on the seed germination behavior of the two s pecies. The adaptive germination strategy;i.e.;regulating the timing of se ed germination;of the population individuals at different altitudes could maxim ize the probability of their seedling survival;and ensure their race proliferat ion.

Responses of kaempferol content in Hippochaete hiemale from Changbai Mountains to spectral reflectance parameters.

ZHU Xiao-di;FAN Xiu-hua;LI Yong-ci

2009, 28(04):  607-612 . 

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This paper studied the relationships between kaempferol content in Hippochaete hiemale from Changbai Mountains and spectral reflectance parameters, ai med to establish a shortcut method for judging the medicinal quality of this pla nt. According to the spectral reflectance parameters derived from the reflectanc e spectral curves determined by Unispec-Sc spectral analysis system, cluster an alysis was conducted for H. hiemale samples. The correlation analysis between the kaempferol content of this plant determined by HPLC and the spectral reflectanc e parameters showed that the kaempferol content had significant negative correla tions with the area of blue edge (SDb) (r=-0991) and the reflectance of gr een peak (Rg) (r=-0982), as well as with the reflectance of 530〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗570 nm ( ︱r︱>095). As a result, the medicinal quality of H. hiemale from Changbai Mountains could be judged rapidly by comparing the SDb and Rg. Fur thermore, to strengthen the incident light of 530〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗570 nm could stimulate the increase of kaempferol content in Hippochaete hiemale, but it needs to be confirmed by field test.

Cluster analysis of eight artificial forest stands in South China based on soil physical properties.

CAO He;XUE Li;XIE Teng-fang;WANG Xiang’e;FU Jing-dan;ZHENG Wei-guo

2009, 28(04):  620-625 . 

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The soil physical properties in eight artificial forest stands in Sout h China were measured, and the stands were clustered into four groups, based on their soil physical characters. The first group included Acacia mangium, Castano psis fissa-Pinus caribaea, Michelia macclurei-Schima superba, Schima superba, and Pinus elliottii stands. Their soil bulk density was smaller in upper layer t han in deeper layers, capillary porosity was medium or relatively small, non-ca pillary porosity was medium or relatively great, non-capillary porosity and tot al porosity were greater in upper layer than in deeper layers, moisture content was medium or relatively great and decreased or kept steady with increasing dept h, and capillary moisture content was medium or relatively small except for A. mangium stand. The second group was Tectona grandis stand. Its soil bulk d ensity in all layers was great and closed each other, capillary porosity and cap illary moisture content were relatively great, and non-capillary porosity and m oisture content were small. The third soil group was Taxodium distichum stand. Its soil moisture content in all layers was much greater than that of other stands, soil bulk density, capillary porosity, non-capillary porosity of upper and mid dle layers were medium, capillary moisture content in these layers was great, so il bulk density and non-capillary porosity in lower layer were great, whereas c apillary porosity and capillary moisture content in this layer were small. The f ourth group was Eucalypys urophylla stand. Its soil bulk density was greater in upp er layer than in deeper layers, capillary porosity and capillary moisture conten t in all layers were great, whereas non-capillary porosity and moisture content were small.

Dynamic changes of vegetation’s soil conservation value in Yuyang District of Northern Shaanxi in recent 30 years.

MO Hong-wei^1,2; REN Zhi-yuan¹

2009, 28(04):  626-631 . 

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Based on the data of climate, topography, soil, and remote sensing ima ges, and by using the universal soil loss equation (USLE) and geographic informa tion system (GIS) techniques, the spatiotemporal dynamic changes of vegetation’ s soil conservation value in Yuyang District of Northern Shaanxi were analyzed. The results showed that in 1978〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2005, the total mean annual ve getation’s soil conservation value in the District increased by 28037×106 yuan, with an inc rement about 676%, among which, 365% increment was in 1978〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗19 89 and 228% increment was in 1989〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2005. The increment of the total vegetation’s soil conservation value in wind-blown sand region was abou t 17 times as that in loess hilly-gully region, while the mean per unit veget ation’s soil conservation value in loess hilly-gully region was about 46 times as that in sand-blown region. In Yuyang District, its outer suburb had th e highest mean per unit vegetation’s soil conservation value, followed by subur b, and urban area, but its suburb had the highest increment of total vegetation ’s soil conservation value, followed by urban area, and outer suburb.

Effects of nitrogen fertilization and planting density on Ageratina adenophora growth and its competitive traits.

TIAN Yao-hua^1,2,3;FENG Yu-long¹;LIU Chao⁴

2009, 28(04):  577-588 . 

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Ageratina adenophora, a noxious perennial forb, has invaded a large ar ea of open habitats and grasslands in tropical and subtropical areas of southwes tern China. To study the invasion mechanism of A. adenophora from the viewpo int of vegetation-soil interaction, a field experiment was conducted with the m onocultures of A. adenophora, Sida szechuensis, Brachiaria decumbens, and Se taria anceps, and the mixed cultures (50%/50%) of A. adenophora and other th ree species under three levels of nitrogen fertilization and planting density. T he results showed that the monocultures of four test species exhibited considera ble nitrogen-acclimation ability. With the increase of nitrogen fertilization l evel, their root/crown ratio decreased, while specific leaf area increased. The increment of biomass growth with nitrogen fertilization level was S. anceps>B. decumbens>A. adenophora>S. szechuensis. In mixed cultures, the same trends existed. Under medium planting density, A. adenophora had the greatest adver se effects on S. szechuensis; while under low planting density and high nitr ogen fertilization level, S. anceps and B. decumbens suppressed A. ade nophora. These results revealed that the intraspecific competition of the domi nant species in mixed cultures increased with planting density, resulting in the decrease of interspecific competition and the decreased inhibitory effects of A. adenophora on the mixed species under high planting density. In summary, A. adenophora inhibited the growth of other species via increasing soil fertility to promote itself. The positive feedback between A. ade-nophora and soil env ironment was related to its invasiveness, ensuring its competitive dominance in community. In addition, S. anceps could be more suitable to replacement control.

Inflammability of living branches and leaves of 14 evergreen woody species during forost fireproof period.

LI Shi-you^1,2;MA Ai-li¹;WANG Shao-ming¹;ZHANG Qiao-rong¹;LIU Wen-sheng¹;MA Chang-le¹

2009, 28(04):  601-606 . 

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To comprehensively compare the inflammability of plants, a combustion experiment with living branches and leaves of 14 main evergreen woody plant spec ies in Kunming was conducted 9 times during forest fireproof period by using the equipment designed by the authors. Based on the determinations of samples’ moi sture content, igniting time, flaming combustion time, smoke temperature, and we ight loss, a characteristic parameter of inflammability, the ratio of net accumu lated smoke temperature during experimental period to igniting time of per unit mass fuel in comparison to no-sample control was put forward. According to the calculations of this parameter, the inflammability of test plant species was in the order of Rhododendron spinuliferum>Castanopsis orthacantha>Lithocarpus mairei>Michelia yunnanensis>Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides>Camellia pitardii>R hododendron siderophyllum>Myrica nana>Vacinium sprengelii>Cinnamomum gland uliferum>Ternstroemia gymnanthera>Rhododendron decorum>Eurya groffii>Ill icium simonsii. The causes inducing the inflammability difference of the 14 wo ody plant species were analyzed.

Impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on tree species composition and diversity of Fungshui forest community in Dongguan City of Guandong Province.

LÜ Hao-rong^1,2;LIU Song-song^1,3;YE Yong-chang¹;ZHU Jian-yun^1,2;MO Luo-jian¹;CHEN Hong-yue²

2009, 28(04):  613-619 . 

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This paper studied the tree species composition and diversity of three Fungshui forests under different degrees of anthropogenic disturbance in Daling shan Town of Dongguan City, Guangdong Province. Findings from the analysis with multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP) showed that there were significant differences in the species composition between low disturbance and medium distu rbance (P=0023, A=0216) and between low disturbance and high disturbance (P=0045, A=0226), while no significant difference was observed between medium disturbance and high disturbance (P=0124, A=0148). The average DB H and tree height in the three forests decreased with increasing intensity of an thropogenic disturbance. Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity inde x, Margalef richness index, and Pielou evenness index all showed a consistent pa ttern of medium disturbance>high disturbance>low disturbance, being in accordanc e with intermediate disturbance hypothesis. The Whittaker’s β-diversity value under low, medium, and high disturbances was 0501, 0647, and 0889, respec tively, which better reflected the habitat heterogeneity of the forests under di fferent degrees of anthropogenic disturbance.

Community structure and water environment of diatom in Small Three Gorges of Jialing River.

CHEN Feng;DENG Hong-ping;WANG Min-shu;LIU Chang-kun

2009, 28(04):  648-652 . 

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To study the diatom community structure and water quality in Small Three Gorges of Jialing River, diatom samples were collected at six sampling sites in dry season (November 2006-March 2007), level season (April-June 2007), and rainy season (July-September 2007). The species composition, cell density, diversity, and evenness index were analyzed, and the water quality was evaluated. A total of 78 species belonging to 2 classes, 10 families and 20 genera were recorded. Cell density was 053×104〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗358×104 ind·L-1, with a mean value of 155×104 ind·L-1; species diversity index was 162〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗296, with a mean value of 233; and evenness index was 028〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗056, with a mean value of 042. On the whole, the water quality of Small Three Gorges belonged to β-mesosaprobic. Shaxi stream and North hot spring had better water quality, belonging to oligosaprobid, followed by Beishi and Niushituo, belonging to β-mesosaprobic, and Yanjing and Maobeituo, belonging to α-mesosaprobic.

Copper toxicity to Astragalus sinicus.

NI Cai-ying¹;ZENG Heng²;JIAN Min-fei¹;ZHU Du¹

2009, 28(04):  653-659 . 

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A hydroponic experiment was conducted to study the effects of different concentration (CK, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 μmol·L-1) Cu in nutrient solution on the growth of Astragalus sinicus. At 5 μmol·L-1 of Cu, the under- and aboveground biomass of A. sinicus increased significantly, plant height had an increase, and nodules were mostly in pink, tended to be complex, heaped up, and bigger than the control. At 10 μmol·L-1 of Cu, the underground biomass still increased significantly, plant height had a larger increment than the control, but aboveground biomass had no significant increase, and root growth was inhibited and root length was shortened significantly. At 15 μmol·L-1 of Cu, an early manifestation of plant damage was observed, the root turned from white to brown, leaf turned from green to yellow, nodule number decreased, and under- and aboveground dry mass as well as branch number decreased significantly. When the Cu concentration reached to above 20 μmol·L-1, the plant was shortened noticeably, and the growth indicators including root length, root fresh mass and dry mass, branch number, stem length, and aboveground fresh mass and dry mass all decreased greatly. Observation under optical and transmission electron microscopes showed that the Cu-contaminated leaves were thickened, with the expansion of leaf cell and the incrassation of palisade tissues. The yellow leaves might result from the damage to chloroplasts. Cortical cell death in root system might also have a negative effect on root water absorption and transportation, causing plant water content decreased.

Effects of calcium application on super hybrid rice lodging resistance.

DENG Wen^1,3;QING Xian-guo⁴;PU Xi²;WANG Si-zhe²;GONG Hao-ru⁵

2009, 28(04):  632-637 . 

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The lodging resistance and related morphological and physiological traits of two super hybrid rice varieties Zhunliangyou 527 and Liangyou 293 at their late growth stage were investigated under three calcium application levels. The results showed that medium and high calcium application levels markedly improved the lodging-resistance of Zhunliangyou 527 at its late growth stage, but not benefited the decrease of the lodging index of Liangyou 293 at its ripening. There was a significant difference in the lodging resistance between the two varieties. The lodging index of test varieties increased obviously at their late growth stage, but their sensitive lodging stage differed. The lodging index had significant correlations with lodging resistance per plant, apparent lodging rate, plant height, aboveground biomass per plant, and dry mass and its transferring rate of stem and sheath.

Effects of grafting on eggplant seed germination and seedling growth and soil biological activity under continuous cropping.

YIN Yu-ling¹;ZHOU Bao-li¹;LI Yun-peng²;WANG Ru-hua³

2009, 28(04):  638-642 . 

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This paper studied the effects of grafted eggplant root exudates on the mycelium growth of Verticillium dahliae, effects of grafting on eggplant rhizosphere soil enzyme activity, V. dahliae amount, and microbial population, and effects of aqueous extracts of alternately and continuously cropped grafted eggplant soils on eggplant’s seed germination and seedling growth. The results showed that in 4〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗5 days incubation, grafted eggplant root exudates inhibited the mycelium growth of V. dahliae significantly. In grafted eggplant rhizosphere soil, the dehydrogenase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities were generally higher, and the V. dahliae amount at different growth stages of eggplant was all significantly lower, compared with those in non-grafted eggplant rhizosphere soil. Grafting changed the rhizosphere soil microbial community structure, i.e., increased the amount of bacteria and actinomyces and decreased the amount of fungi, resulting in an increase of the ratios of bacteria to fungi and of actinomyces to fungi. The aqueous extracts of alternately and continuously cropped grafted eggplant soils promoted eggplant’s seed germination and seedling growth (except root length), while the extracts of continuously cropped self-rooted eggplant soil inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth.

Effects of apex cutting on re-growth of Myriophyllum spicatum cultured in buckets.

ZUO Jin-cheng^1,2;MIAO Feng-ping³;WANG Ai-yun¹;ZHAO Ai-fen¹;WANG Zhong-li¹;WU Zhen-bin²

2009, 28(04):  643-647 . 

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Four consecutive cutting experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of cutting intensity, cutting frequency, and cutting date on the re-growth of Myriophyllum spicatum. The M. spicatum plants were cultured in buckets with a water depth of 24 cm, and three cutting intensities were taken at 6, 12 and 18 cm from the apex of the plants, respectively. The results showed that after the first cut-off at 18 cm from the apex in late August, the plants recovered after 41 days, but fewer lateral shoots generated. Therefore, the asexual reproduction would be negatively affected in this case. In contrast, the plants subjected to two initial cut-offs at 6 or 12 cm from the apex before late September recovered after 55 days, with more lateral shoots generated and with significant increase in total shoot length, which meant that the asexual reproduction would not be inhibited. After a second cut-off at 18 cm in early October or a third cut-off at 6 or 12 cm before late November, all the plants could survive in winter, with a recovery span of at least 4 months. The new shoots after each cutting were generated mostly from the cut place (over 40%), and secondly from turions (0〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗413%). The relative increase rate of dry mass declined, while the root/shoot ratio increased with the number of the cuttings.

Phenolic compounds accumulation in continuously cropped Rehmannia glutinosa soil and their effects on R. glutinosa growth.

WU Zong-wei;WANG Ming-dao;LIU Xin-yu;CHEN Hong-ge;JIA Xin-cheng

2009, 28(04):  660-664 . 

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To clarify the relationships between phenolic compounds and continuous cropping obstacle of Rehmannia glutinosa, the accumulation amounts of ferulic acid, vanillic acid, vanillin, and β-hydroxybenzoic acid in continuously cropped R. glutinosa soil were measured, and the effects of these four phenolic acids on R. glutinosa growth were studied with water culture. The results showed that in the growth period of R. glutinosa, soil ferulic acid, vanillic acid, and vanillin contents had a persistent increase, while β-hydroxybenzoic acid content increased first but decreased then. The addition of ferulic acid (8 μg·ml-1), vanillic acid (08 μg·ml-1), vanillin (12 μg·ml-1), and β-hydroxybenzoic acid (30 μg·ml-1) in water culture had stronger inhibitory effects on R. glutinosa root length, root mass, fresh plant mass, and plant height. Treating with test phenolic acids except β-hydroxybenzoic acid increased leaf chlorophyll content significantly, compared with the control. After treated with test phenolic acids, plant SOD and POD activities decreased after an initial increase, and plant malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased. In the treatment of ferulic acid, root SOD and POD activities were the lowest, and roots were rotted and dead. It was suggested that the test four phenolic acids might be the allelomechemicals of R. glutinosa.

Species and distribution of macrozoobenthos in the main stream of middle reaches of Luanhe River.

WANG Lin;GAN Hong;FU Xiao-cheng;WANG Fang

2009, 28(04):  671-676 . 

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An investigation of macrozoobenthos was conducted in the main stream of middle reaches of Luanhe River, an important river in North China in October 2007. The macrozoobenthos in the stream was richer in species. A total of 37 species were collected, 5 species of which were dominant species. The mean biomass was 54 g·m-2, and the mean density was 1128 ind·m-2. Only one species of Ephemeroptera was found in all sampling sites, suggesting that the water quality of the stream was good. The abundance, biomass, and biodiversity index of the macrozoobenthos in lower reaches were lower than those in upper reaches. Macrozoobenthos distribution had a close relation to habitat condition. Lower reaches were intensively disturbed by human activities, whose habitat condition was worse in quality, being not beneficial to the survival and reproduction of macrozoobenthos.

Element absorption and distribution in Typha angustifolia under Cu stress.

ZHAO Yan¹;XU Ying-chun¹;WU Xiao-li²;WANG Xi-xi¹;YANG Shu-qin¹

2009, 28(04):  665-670 . 

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By the method of hydroponic culture, this paper studied the absorption and distribution of Cu and other elements in Typha angustifolia under stress of different concentration Cu2+. The results showed that the Cu accumulation amount in T. angustifolia aboveground part and root increased markedly with increasing Cu2+ concentration in the medium. Under the same Cu stress, root had an obviously higher Cu accumulation than aboveground part. The Cu content in the same root tissues increased obviously with increasing Cu stress, and the root Cu content under the same Cu stresses was decreased in the order of pericycle tissues > cortex tissues > cuticle tissues. Low concentration Cu2+ (1 and 5 mg·L-1) in the medium had no significant effects on the Ca and Mg contents in aboveground part and root and the Mn content in aboveground part, while high concentration Cu2+ (80〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗100 mg·L-1) in the medium increased the Ca absorption but decreased the Mg, Mn, and Zn absorption remarkably. The Ca absorption increased while the Zn absorption decreased under the stress of 55〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗100 mg·L-1 Cu2+, and the Cl and K absorption increased under the stress of 55〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗80 mg·L-1 Cu2+ but decreased obviously under the stress of 100 mg·L-1 Cu2+. The accumulated Ca and Zn in root mainly distributed in pericycle tissues, while the accumulated Cl was mainly in cortex tissues.

Effects of Pieris rapae pupa mass on offspring number, sex ratio, and body size of gregarious parasitoid Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).

ZHANG Xiao-lan;MENG ling;LI Bao-ping

2009, 28(04):  677-680 . 

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To test the “host size-quality hypothesis”, the feeding time of Pieris rapae final instar larvae was manipulated to obtain a wide range of body size (mass) of host pupae, which were then individually exposed to parasitism b y gregarious parasitoid Pteromalus puparum. The offspring number of the para sitoid after a single attack was recorded, and the offspring sex ratio and body size were also observed. The results showed that the offspring production was li nearly increased with increasing host pupa mass at oviposition, being 31497 in dividuals per gram pupa mass on average. The proportion of offspring females and the body size (hind tibia length) of offspring males and females also increased with increasing host pupa mass. The results suggest that P. puparum could allocate its offspring number and sex ratio, so as to maximize its fitness, based on assessment of host pupa mass. The reproductive strategy of P. puparum and related factors were discussed.

Mating behavior and its affecting factors of Agrius convolvuli (Lepidoptera:Sphingidae).

JIANG Zhi-lin^1,2;WEN Li-zhang¹;LI You-zhi¹;LI Zheng-yue²

2009, 28(04):  688-691 . 

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To understand the mating behavior of Agrius convolvuli is a key for it s artificial rearing and reproduction. By the methods of behavior ecology, this paper observed the mating behavior of A. convolvuli moth, and investigated i ts mating pattern and mating rate under the conditions of different sex ratio, d ifferent space size, and different light period in laboratory. The results indic ated that both the males and the females were able to mate on the second night a fter emergence. The mating rate on the second night was the highest (539%) and then decreased gradually, but females normally copulated only once in their who le life spans. The diurnal mating activity occurred from 22:00 to 5:00, and peak ed from 22:00 to 24:00 and from 3:00 to 5:00. Furthermore, the mating rate was h ighly associated with sex ratio, light period, and space size. Newly emerged mal es and females could not mate in 24 h light or 24 h darkness, suggesting that th e interchange of light and darkness was required for successful mating of A. c onvolvuli. The mating rate was the highest (547%) at the sex ratio of 1 fema le to 1 male, and decreased obviously at other sex ratios. Females and males could mate successfully in the spaces of 120 m×060 m×035 m and 200 m×200 m×200 m, with the mating rate over 620%. It was suggested that in the arti ficial rearing and reproduction of A. convolvuli, establishing proper sex ra tio, mating space size, and light period would be beneficial to improve its mati ng rate and oviposition.

Allometric growth of artificial bred Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri larvae and juveniles.

ZHUANG Ping¹;SONG Chao^1,2;ZHANG Long-zhen¹;ZHANG Tao¹;HUANG Xiao-rong¹;WANG Bin³

2009, 28(04):  681-687 . 

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Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri is one of the most popular fresh water aquaculture species in China, and its artificial spawning is succeeded. In order to provide information that may improve fry rearing techniques, the allometric growth of A. baeri from newly hatched larvae (age, 0 day) to 53-day old juveniles and the significance of priority development of some organs were studied by using digital photomicrography and computer software (Image-Pro Plus 51) to measure and analyze the growth characteristics. The results showed that there were 3 inflexion points of full body length (FL) increase occurred at the ages of 9, 28 and 37 days, and thus, the FL increase might be divided into 4 periods. The mean FL increase rate of each period was 083, 079, 268 and 171 mm·d-1, respectively, with that of the third period being significantly higher than those of the rest periods. The relationship between body mass (BW) increase and age could be characterized by Gaussion equation (correlation coefficient R2=099). The relationship between BW and FL was BW=02×10-5FL272, which meant that the body mass of the larvae and juveniles had a negative allometric growth. During early development, some important organs also grew in allometry. The eye diameter increase firstly reached to the inflexion point at the age of 3〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗4 days, which might infer that eyes had priority to develop, and thus, young fish might have ability to escape from predators immediately after hatching. Mouth width increase reached to the inflexion point at the age of 17〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗18 days, which implied that active feeding enhanced hereafter. The growth inflexion points of pectoral fin, dorsal fin, and pelvic fin were at the ages of 16〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗17, 13〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗14, and 21〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗22 days, respectively, indicating that the swimming ability of young fish improved since then. These priority developments of important organs might help fish with active feeding and escaping from predators as early as possible, and thus, a higher survival rate might achieved during early development. To improve the artificial fry rearing techniques of A. baeri, specific conditions should be provided in time, according to the periodicity and priority of organ development, and consequently, important organs might have priority to develop normally, and the survival rate of early life stage might increase.

Soil phosphatase activity and its affecting factors in Baiyangdian wetland.

NIE Da-gang^1,2;WANG Liang^1,2;YIN Cheng-qing¹;WANG Wei-dong¹

2009, 28(04):  698-703 . 

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In order to understand the biological purification processes in wetland ecosystem, the soil phosphatase activity (PA) in shorefront of Baiyangdian wetland was determined, and the effects of related environmental factors including water level fluctuation, water temperature, and soil nutrient substrates were analyzed. It was found that the grey associated coefficient of soil PA with water level and water temperature was 0633 and 0619, respectively, suggesting that soil PA was significantly affected by the two environmental factors. Variance analysis showed that the soil PA in the shorefront had a greater seasonal fluctuation than that in the mesotrophic zone, indicating that the biodegradation of phosphoesters was affected by the nutrient substrates in wetland soil. A linear regression model of PA and major environmental factors was established, which could be used for the simulation and assessment of the wetland purification capacity.

Comparison of different Gekko japonicus populations reproductive traits.

ZHU Ling-jun¹;HU Ling-jun¹;ZHANG Yong-pu²;SHEN Jian-wei^1,3;DU Wei-guo¹

2009, 28(04):  692-697 . 

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The body size and reproductive life history of three gecko (Gekko ja ponicus) populations in Zhejiang Province of China were investigated, and the gecko eggs were incubated at 24 ℃, 28 ℃, and 31 ℃ to study the phenotypic tra its of the resultant hatchlings. Adult G. japonicus showed significant diffe rences in body sizes among the populations and between the sexes. The adults fro m Quzhou and Wenzhou populations were larger in snout-vent length and body mass than those from Hangzhou population, and the females in all the three populatio ns were bigger than the males. Egg mass and clutch mass did not differ among the three populations, whereas relative clutch mass was larger for Hangzhou populat ion than for Quzhou and Wenzhou populations. Incubation temperature affected the hatch duration and the tail length and head width of hatchlings significantly, but less affected the snout-vent length, body mass and locomotor performance of the hatchlings. Such effects of incubation temperature on eggs and hatchlings d id not show different patterns among the populations. This study demonstrated th e micro-geographic variations in body size, reproductive output, and hatching t raits of G. japonicus.

Effects of three species endophytic fungi on Atractylodes lancea growth and its essential oil composition.

ZHANG Bo;DAI Chuan-chao;FANG Fang;CHEN Jia-xin

2009, 28(04):  704-709 . 

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In a tissue culture experiment, this paper studied the effects of inoculating three species endophytic fungi on the growth and essential oil composition of Atractylodes lancea. After four weeks culture, inoculation of AL3 (Sclerotium sp.) increased the average root number and dry mass per host plant by 927% and 629% (P<001), respectively, while inoculation of AL4 (Cunninghamella sp.) and AL12 (Gilmaniella sp.) had less effect on host plant growth, compared with the control. Inoculating AL3, AL4, and AL12 increased the leaf PAL activity of A. lancea by 58, 80, and 111 times, respectively (P<001). The leaf POD, CAT and SOD activities were at the same levels as the control in treatment AL3, decreased by 91%, 371%, and 97% in treatment AL4, and increased by 104%, 212%, and 96% in treatment AL12, respectively. Inoculating AL3, AL4, and AL12 increased the total polyphenol content of A. lancea by 17977%, 8619%, and 8408%, respectively, and changed the relative percentage of four important components (atractylone, hinesol, β-eudesmol, and atractylodin) in essential oil.

Microbial diversity in Shihongtan sandstone type uranium deposit in Xinjiang.

GENG Hai-bo¹;AN Li-ping²;GUO Ying¹;CHEN Li¹;LIU Jie¹

2009, 28(04):  710-714 . 

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Microbes play important role in the formation of mineral deposit. In this paper, the microbes in different sub-zones of ore-hosting horizon of Shihongtan uranium deposit in Xinjiang were isolated, identified, and counted. The results showed that in the ore-hosting horizon, there were various kinds of aerobic and anaerobic microbes, and their distribution presented apparent regularity with the change of geological feature. In the oxidation zone of the horizon, the groups and quantity of the microbes were greater, and aerobic iron bacteria were prevailing; in the intermediate oxidation-reduction zone, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria coexisted, but the quantity of aerobic bacteria decreased to some extent; while in reduction zone, anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria were dominant. The results obtained were of significance in the exploitation of uranium deposit and the control of uranium pollution.

Spatial and temporal distribution of lightning fire in Northeast China based on LIS/OTD grid data.

ZHAO Jun-hui¹;KANG Xin-gang¹;GUO Guang-meng²;DONG Bin³;Zhou Mei⁴

2009, 28(04):  715-720 . 

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Lightning fire is highly frequent in Northeast China. Based on the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS)/Optical Transient Detector (OTD) data provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and by using the regional meteorological data, DEM data, and vegetation data, this paper analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution and related affecting factors of lightning fires in Northeast China. Spatially, lightning activity was more frequent in Hulunbeier and Heihe, and lightning fire was more concentrated in Daxinganling, Hulunbeier, and Heihe. Temporally, lightning peaked in July, while lightning fire peaked in June. Therefore, the spatial distributions of lightning activity and lightning fire were generally coincided. Daxinganlin had less lightning activity but frequent lightning fire, possibly because the greater undulation of topography, easy formation of thunderstorm under effects of atmospheric circulation, and wide distribution of combustible vegetative cover. The greater differences in the temporal distribution of lightning activity and lightning fire were mainly due to the more precipitation, higher relative humidity, and smaller wind velocity in July than in June.

Comparison of spatiotemporal dynamic changes of urban landscape patterns in four cities in Yangtze River Delta during urbanization.

QUAN Quan;TIAN Guang-jin;WANG Jian

2009, 28(04):  721-727 . 

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With the land use maps interpreted by the remote sensing images of Jia ngsu Province in 1990, 1995 and 2000 as data source, and by using GIS buffer ana lysis and landscape metrics, a comparative study was made on the spatiotemporal patterns of urban expansion and landscape dynamic change of Nanjing, Suzhou, Wux i, and Changzhou from 1990 to 2000. The results showed that from 1990 to 2000, t he four cities had both similar and unique features in the rapid urbanizati on process. Urban land kept increasing, but the increment and increasing rate we re higher in the first five years than in the late five years. From 1990 to 1995 , the four cities expanded mainly around central built-up areas. After 1995, th e urbanization of the four cities proceeded mostly in urban-rural fringes and de p ended on the emerging of new urban land patches. From 1996 to 2000, the most act ive zone in Nanjing was between 3 km and 6 km away from the city center, that in Wuxi moved from the zone between 9 km and 6 km to the zone between 6 km and 9 k m, the urban structure in Changzhou simplified most obviously, while the landsca pe fragmentation degree in Suzhou exhibited an increasing trend.

Relationships between watershed unit landscape pattern and agricultural non-point source pollution.

TANG Yan-ling^1,2;ZHANG Guang-xin¹

2009, 28(04):  740-746 . 

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Agricultural non-point source (AGNPS) pollution has become one of the main pollution modes of earth surface environment. Understanding on the relationships between landscape pattern and AGNPS pollution is crucial for further cognizing the occurrence mechanism of AGNPS pollution. This study quantified the relationships between landscape pattern and AGNPS pollution in 13 watershed units of Shitoukoumen Reservoir by detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA). The results showed that the first two DCCA axes significantly correlated to forest area ratio, vegetation index, landscape cohesion index, Shannon’s diversity index, farmland ratio, and rural built-up land ratio explained 92% of the relationships between landscape pattern and AGNPS pollution in study area, suggesting that DCCA was an effective method. The characteristics of nutrients discharge from watershed units changed significantly with landscape pattern gradient.

Green space landscape pattern and its optimization in eco-factory.

LI Cheng¹;TAO Yu-zhong³;SHEN Xing-hua¹;MENG Xian-lei¹;CHEN Fang-min¹;LI Rong¹;LI Jun-xiang^1,2

2009, 28(04):  728-733 . 

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Rational green space landscape pattern and proper plant community composition ar e essential to the ecological effect of urban green space system, and also, a ve ry important aspect in the planning and design of the system, especial ly for its construction in eco-factory. Under the supports of remote sensing an d GIS, the green space landscape pattern and the plant community composition in twelve functional units in Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. were analyzed, and the results demonstrated that there were three dominant green space landscape types in the Company, i.e., tree-shrub, tree-shrub-grass, and shrub-grass. In par ts of the 12 functional units, higher degrees of landscape fragmentation and of the isolation between green patches were observed, which would apparently affect the ecological functions and ecosystem services of the green space. Aiming at t hese problems, some suggestions including enlarging green patch area, increasing landscape connectivity with green corridors, complicating plant community struc ture,increasing more indigenous species, and enhancing green biomass in three dimensions were put forward to further improve and optimize the green space land scape pattern in the Company.

Spatial differentiation of ecological carrying capacity of Chongming Islands, Shanghai.

CHEN Le-tian¹;WANG Kai-yun¹;ZOU Chun-jing^1,2;ZHANG Gui-lian³;GONG Jin-nan¹;GE Zhen-ming^1,2

2009, 28(04):  734-739 . 

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According to the policy-decision of ecological island construction, and based on the 1998〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2004 statistic yearbooks of Chongming Island and the investigation in 2005〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2006, the evaluation index system of ecological carrying capacity of Chongming Island, Shanghai was established, which included one overall objective, 3 sub-objectives, and 41 indices. AHP method was used to evaluate the weights, State-Space Model was used to calculate ecological carrying capacity, and GIS spatial interpolation was used to analyze the spatial differentiation of ecological carrying capacity. The results showed that the overall ecological carrying capacity of Chongming Island was high, the environmental carrying capacity and resources supplying ability were good, while the human supporting ability was bad. Different function areas had different ecological carrying capacity, and various industries should be developed in accordance with their own practical status.

Effects of climate change on vegetations on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: A review.

YU Hai-ying; XU Jian-chu

2009, 28(04):  747-754 . 

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This paper summarized the effects of air temperature and precipitation on the sp atiotemporal variation of the vegetations on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from the 196 0s to the early 2000s. During this period, both the air temperature and the prec ipitation in this area had a general increasing trend, but existed annu al, seasonal, and geographical variability. Under the effects of this climate ch ange, vegetations had larger spatial and temporal variations. The vegetation cov er in central and northwest parts of the Plateau tended to decrease, while that in southeast part tended to improve. In the meanwhile, the timing of green- and yellow-turning of the vegetations as well as their species composition and com munity structure in some areas varied, and the vertical and horizontal vegetatio n belts moved. Net primary production showed a general increasing trend, while t he biomass in some areas was decreasing and the eco-environment was deteriorati ng, mainly due to freeze-thaw erosion and desertification. The future long term researches at both micro and macro levels to further confirm the effects of cli mate change on the vegetations were recommended.

Research advances of export coefficient model for non-point source pollution.

XUE Li-hong;YANG Lin-zhang

2009, 28(04):  755-761 . 

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Quantitative study of non-point source pollution is of significance in effective management of water quality. Export coefficient method, owing to its relatively fewer data input requirement, simple structure, and easy application, was widely used in the study of agricultural non-point source pollution, and obtained greater development. This paper introduced the development process of export coefficient model and its application in estimating agricultural non-point source pollutant load, and generalized the acquirement approaches of pollutant export coefficients and their values under different conditions. The scale effect of export coefficient, the coupling of export coefficient mode with hydrological model were proposed as the main study areas of the export coefficient models in the future.

Research progress in regional ecological risk assessment methods.

ZHOU Ting;MENG Ji-jun

2009, 28(04):  762-767 . 

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Ecological risk assessment is a newly developed research field of envi ronmental risk assessment, while regional ecological risk assessment, due to the spatial heterogeneity and the complexity in assessment, becomes a hotspot of ec ological risk assessment research. This paper reviewed the concepts, methods, an d development of ecological risk assessment and regional ecological risk assessm ent, summarized representative frameworks and processes, and introduced the conc eptual models, procedures for ecological tiered assessment of risks, and relativ e risk assessment model of regional ecological risk assessment, as well as relat ed case studies. Aiming at the problems in present regional ecological risk asse ssment researches, e.g., threshold estimation, exposure and harm analysis, q uantitative characterization, and uncertainty disposal, some aspects such as ind ex system, standards, quantification methods, and risk effect characterization o f the assessment should be further researched.

Bio-indicators for air quality assessment.

LIU Qi-ming;QIU Mei-rong;ZHANG Jin-li;HUANG Ning;HUANG Zhi-yong

2009, 28(04):  771-775 . 

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The sensitivity of plant to SO2 is a complicated and comprehensive character formed by the interactions of many factors, and often used to qualitatively describe air environmental quality. In this paper, the leaf appearance symptoms of plants exposed to different concentration SO2 were observed. The results showed that different plants had different sensitivity to SO2. The symptoms of plants exposed to low SO2 concentration for a long time were similar with those exposed to high SO2 concentration for a short time. The cell membrane permeability (electrical conductivity) of plants could directly reflect the damaged degree of plants. Based on the integrated data of plant appearance symptoms and physiological/biochemical indicators, a quantitative bio-evaluation model of air quality was established, which provided a basis for monitoring and evaluating atmospheric environment by plants.

Comparison of water consumption in a pear orchard estimated by heat pulse method nd infrared gas analyzer.

SUN Hui-zhen; LI Hai-chao

2009, 28(04):  768-770 . 

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The stem sap flow in different diameter classes of pear trees in a pear orchard in Yangling of Shaanxi Province was monitored by heat pulse method, and scaling -transformed into the sap flow in the orchard. In the meantime, a comparison wa s made between the sap flow in the orchard and the orchard transpiration obtaine d from the transformation of leaf transpiration rate measured by CIRAS-1 infrared gas analyzer. On the whole, the result of heat pulse method was consis tent with that of infrared gas analyzer. The pear orchard water consumption, bas ed on the stem sap flow of single tree and the leaf transpiration rate, was calc ulated as 52351 and 49805 mm, respectively. Basal diameter was the optimal s calar from individual tree up to pear orchard.

Forecast method of meteorological grade of Helicoverpa armigera occurrence trend.

XUE Xiao-ping^1,2; CHEN Yan-chun^1,2;LI Hong-yi^1,2

2009, 28(04):  776-780 . 

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Through the analysis of the historical data of Helicoverpa armigera oc currence and corresponding meteorological conditions in Shandong Province, the m ain meteorological factors affecting the occurrence of H. armigera were sele cted, and their affecting weight coefficients were determined by statistic metho d. Based on these, the grading domain values of the meteorological factors corre sponding to the occurrence grades of H. armigera were set off, and the forec ast model of meteorological grade of H. armigera occurrence trend was constructe d, which could offer a scientific basis for the control of H. armigera.

Geographical distribution patterns of zonal plant community species diversity in West Yunnan, China.

FENG Jian-meng¹;XU Cheng-dong²

2009, 28(04):  595-600 . 

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Based on field investigation and related literatures, the geographical distribution patterns of zonal plant community species diversity in West Yunnan of China were approached. The results showed that the species density had a dec reasing trend from south to north and from east to west, and decreased with incr easing altitude. On community scale, the species density was higher in southern part but relatively lower in northern part, being consistent to the spatial vari ation of mean annual air temperature and mean annual precipitation. To some exte nts, mean annual temperature might play a much stronger role. The change rate of species density was much higher along altitudinal gradient than along longitude and latitude gradients, possibly due to the greater change rate of mean annual air temperature at altitudinal gradient. There was an obvious difference in the distribution patterns of the species diversity between community-scale and regi onal-scale. On community scale, species diversity could be controlled by the en ergy level in the environment; while on regional scale, this diversity was possi bly related to the heterogeneity of habitats. Scale effect played a key role in the geographic distribution patterns of species diversity.