Table of Content

10 February 2009, Volume 28 Issue 02

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Articles

Species composition and sprouting regeneration of Fagus engleriana community in Tianmushan Mountain.

YU Shuo^1,2;WANG Rong^1,2;LIU Min^1,2;YANG Shu-zhen³;LUO Yuan³;CHEN Xiao-yong^1,2

2009, 28(02):  182-187 . 

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Owing to the special requirements of humidity and temperature, Fagus engleriana in China mainly distributes in the mountains of subtropical areas, while its congeners distributed in Europe and North America are of the dominant species in temperate zones. In this paper, the species composition and sprout regeneration of F. engleriana community in Tianmushan Mountain National Nature Reserve were studied. In three 30 m×30 m sampling quadrates, 132 higher plant species were found, belonging to 51 families and 86 genera. The species (S)-area (A) relationship accorded with Arrhenius model, and the species-abundance relationship in the tree layer of the community met log-series model well (R2=09596). F. engleriana, Quercus serrata var. brevipetiolata, and Castanea henryi were the dominant species in tree layer, Hydrangea umbellate and Viburnum erosum were the dominant species in shrub layer, and Indocalamus tessellates and Carex tristachya were the dominant species in herb layer. Higher species diversity was found in the community, and the diversity in shrub and herb layers was negatively correlated with that in tree layer. The F. engleriana community in Tianmushan Mountain was of climax community. Sprout regeneration was very common in the community, and 55% of the species in tree layer had the ability of sprouting. Especially for F. engleriana, its sprout number had a significant positive correlation with the DBH of mother plants.

Flora in Songshu Mountains in Inner Mongolia and community characteristics of Pinus tabulaeformis forest.

ZOU Chun-jing^1,4;ZHOU Yuan²;XU Wen-duo³;SHIMIZU Hideyuki⁴

2009, 28(02):  188-196 . 

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Based on the investigations of the flora in Songshu Mountains in Inner Mongolia and the study of the community characteristics of Pinus tabulaeformis forest, the following results were obtained: (1) From the viewpoint of flora, Songshu Mountains located at the transitional area of Mongolia flora, North China flora, Changbai flora, and Darhurica flora. There were plenty of plant species, including 394 spermatophytes. The numbers of the family, genus, and species of the plants occupied 611%, 581%, and 411% of those on the Horqin sandy lands, respectively. (2) The geographic components of the flora in Songshu Mountains were dominated by temperate ones, occupying 9061% of the total, among which, temperate Asia component, Old World temperate component, and Sino-Japan component occupied 168%, 140% and 137%, respectively. (3) P. tabulaeformis forest was the only coniferous broadleaved mixed forest in Songshu Mountains and Horqin sandy lands. As for the life form of community, hemicryptophyte was plenty, being 407%, followed by phaenerophytes (222%) and geocryptophyte (255%). (4) The P. tabulaeformis forest in the sandy lands could be divided into two types, i.e., Ass. Lespedeza bicolor-Quercus mongolica+P. tabulaeformis and Ass. Prunus sibirica-P. tabulaeformis. The former distributed on lithoid dune, while the latter mainly located on the shadow slope of fixed dune. The community succession series was sandy pioneer community stage→rhizome herb-grass community stage→sandy shrub community stage→sandy P. tabulaeformis forest stage.

Niche analysis of Pinus massoniana in Yuelu Mountain of Hunan Province, China.

ZHANG Ke-rong^1,2,3;LIU Ying-di¹;ZHU Xiao-wen¹;ZHANG Quan-fa²;PENG Chi¹

2009, 28(02):  197-202 . 

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Based on the plot investigation data of Yuelu Mountain, a scenic site in South China, the niche breadth and niche overlap of the main plant species in Pinus massoniana forest were measured by applying Levins and Horn indices, respectively, and the age structure of P. massoniana population was analyzed by using size class instead of age method. The results showed that the niche breath of P. massoniana was the biggest in canopy layer while the smallest in shrub layer, and the age structure of P. massoniana population represented a declining pattern. P. massoniana was one of the dominant species in canopy layer, but regenerated poor and declined intensively. The species having larger niche overlap with P. massoniana in canopy layer were Cinnamomum camphora, Liquidambar formosana, Symplocos setchuensis, Ilex crenata, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, and Loropetalum chinensis, while in shrub layer were Castanopsis fargesii and C. sclerophylla.

Distribution pattern of tree species richness along an altitudinal gradient in Kanas of Xinjiang.

LIU Cui-ling¹;PAN Cun-de¹;WU Xiao-yong²;KOU Fu-tang²;TAN Wei-ping²

2009, 28(02):  203-208 . 

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By using direct gradient analysis, semivariogram analysis and fractal analysis, the distribution pattern of tree species richness in three transects along an altitudinal gradient in Kanas tourism district of Xinjiang was studied by transect method, and the variation characteristics of the tree species richness were described. The results indicated that the percentages of different tree species along the gradient had different change trends with altitude, and the tree species richness displayed a distinct decreasing trend along the gradient across all scales. Semivariogram analysis showed that the spatial heterogeneity of trees species richness was mainly caused by spatial autocorrelation at small or middle scale. Fractal analysis suggested that the fractal dimension of tree species richness was larger, and there was not inflexion at small or middle scale, reflecting that tree species richness had distinct spatial heterogeneity along altitudinal gradient in the same scale ranges because of the effects of random ecological processes.

Physiological characteristics of Phylanthus emblica seed stress-resistance and their influences on natural regeneration.

LI Kun^1,2;CUI Kai¹;ZHANG Chun-hua¹

2009, 28(02):  243-248 . 

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Phylanthus emblica is the characteristic and dominant species of the vegetation in xerothermic valley. With the simulation of the climate conditions in April in Yuanmou basin, a typical area in the xerothermic valley of Jinsha River, this paper studied the vigor dissipation of P. emblica seeds, and related physiological and biochemical mechanisms. The natural regeneration of P. emblica population was also investigated. The results showed that with prolonging high temperature and drought, the seed vigor of P. emblica decreased, the relative electrical conductivity, Pro content, and MDA content in seed had an increasing trend, and the respiration intensity, activities of SOD, POD and CAT, and soluble sugar content in seed showed a single-peaked pattern. The decrease of membrane protective enzyme activities and of protective matter content was the key factor for the decrease of seed vigor. The period from the 18th to the 24th day of stress treatment was the critical period for the stress-resistance of P. emblica seeds. In order to improve the natural regeneration ability of P. emblica seeds, some artificial measures should be taken from the last ten-day of April to the early and mid March of the year.

Taxol and 10-DAB contents of different provenance Taxus chinensis var. marei and related affecting factors.

KE Chun-ting;TONG Chuan;WANG Yu-zhen;HUANG Jia-fang;NI Jin-zhi;YANG Hong-yu

2009, 28(02):  231-236 . 

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The Liangye Mountain, Longqi Mountain, Qishan Mountain, Shuyang village, and Daping village in Fujian Province, where relatively concentrated with Taxus chinensis var. marei, were selected as the sites to collect the 1-year-old needle and bark samples of same DBH T. chinensis var. marei trees and the soil samples under the trees. The taxol and 10-DAB contents in the needles and barks were measured with UPLC, and the soil properties including pH, available phosphorus, available nitrogen, iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc were measured. The results showed that different provenance T. chinensis var. marei had greater differences in the taxol and 10-DAB contents in its 1-year-old needles and barks, suggesting the obvious effects of geographical location. The taxol content in barks had significant correlation with soil iron content (P＜001), but the taxol and 10-DAB contents in needles and barks had less correlation with the local climate parameters of the provenances (P＞005).

Principal components analysis of alcohol-soluble metabolites of Panax ginseng interacted with pathogens.

LI Yong;DING Wan-long

2009, 28(02):  249-254 . 

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By the method of nutrient solution cultivation, this paper studied the effects of pathogens infection on the root exudates collections at the early growth stage of Panax ginseng. In the collections of the control and the treatments infected with Sclerotinia schinseng, Phytophthora cactorum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Cylindrocarpon destructans, 27, 23, 17, 16, and 20 principal components were detected, and 11, 6, 6, 3, and 9 of them were validated with standards, respectively. The results showed that under the effects of pathogens infection, the number of principal components in Panax ginseng root exudates collections decreased significantly, and the kinds of the compounds varied evidently. The newly produced compounds were mainly of organic esters, benzoic and phenolic derivatives, while the disappeared compounds were miscellaneous.

Seasonal variation of iron content in typical wetland plants and in wetland farmland crops in Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China.

ZOU Yuan-chun^1,2;LÜ Xian-guo¹;JIANG Ming¹;DAI Guo-hua^1,2

2009, 28(02):  216-222 . 

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This paper studied the seasonal variation of iron content in different organs of Calamagrostis angustifolia, Carex meyeriana, and C. lasiocarpa, the dominant plant species on the natural wetland of Sanjiang Plain, and of soybean (Giycine max) and rice (Oryza sativa), the main crops planted on the wetland farmland of the Plain. In late growth season (September), the iron content in C. angustifolia, C. meyeriana, and C. lasiocarpa all presented a pyramid form, with the leaf iron content at the top of pyramid being 308%, 442%, and 118% of the sod layer (20〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗30 cm) iron content at the bottom of pyramid, respectively; while in early growth season (May), the profile of iron content fitted Logistic model well (R2=1000, 09902, and 09954, respectively). In the whole growth season, the iron content in the underground part of test wetland plants decreased gradually, while that in aboveground part changed with species and organs. By contrast with that of wetland plants, the iron pool of wetland farmland crops was mainly in roots, and increased with time during the growth season. The iron content in the aboveground part of the crops was far lower than that in crop roots, and in the aboveground part, leaf had the highest iron content. During growth season, the mean increasing rate of leaf iron content was higher for rice (7561%) than for soybean (567%). At maturing stage, the iron content in the grains of soybean and rice was the lowest, only being 550% and 044% of that in roots. The iron content in the same organs of different plant species varied with growth stage, and the iron accumulation of wetland plants was more significant than that of wetland farmland crops.

Ground surface dead fuel moisture content in Huzhong forest area of Great Xing’an Mountains and its environmental gradient analysis.

WANG Wen-juan^1,2;CHANG Yu¹;LIU Zhi-hua^1,2;CHEN Hong-wei^1,2;JING Guo-zhi³;ZHANG Hong-xin³;ZHANG Chang-meng³

2009, 28(02):  209-215 . 

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Ground surface dead fuel moisture content in forests is closely related to forest fires. To understand this moisture content and its relationship with environmental factors is of great significance in wildfire management. In this paper, the ground surface dead fuel moisture content in different forest types in Huzhong area of Great Xing’an Mountains was investigated, according to the classification standard of 1, 10, and 100 h. The results showed that Betala platyphlla-Populus davidiana forest and Chosenia arbutifolia forest had higher dead fuel moisture contents than the other forest types, but no distinct difference was observed in the other forest types. Among different Larix gmelinii forest types, Vaccinium vitis-idaea-Larix gmelinii forest had a higher dead fuel moisture content than the rest Larix gmelinii forest types, but there was no obvious difference as well. The detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) on the environmental gradient of ground surface dead fuel moisture content indicated that the first axis reflected the spatial gradients of altitude and topographic position, i.e., temperature condition, while the second axis reflected the gradients of aspect and stand density, i.e., humidity condition. Generally, the main factors affecting the spatial pattern of ground surface dead fuel moisture content in forests were altitude and topographic position. The two-dimensional plots of axis 1 and axis 2 could clearly express the spatial gradient of ground surface dead fuel moisture content in Huzhong forest area of Great Xing’an Mountains.

Characteristics of N, P and K cycling in Spartina alterniflora wetland ecosystem in Jiuduansha shoal of Yangtze River estuary.

YANG Yong-xing¹;LIU Chang-e^1，2;YANG Yang³

2009, 28(02):  223-230 . 

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In the upper, middle, and lower shoals of Jiuduansha shoal at Yangztse River estuary, an investigation was made on the content, distribution pattern, and cycling characteristics of nutrient elements N, P and K in invading species Spartina alterniflora wetland ecosystem. The results showed that among the S. alterniflora wetland ecosystems in the three shoals, the contents of soil total N, P, and K had relatively small differences, but those of soil available N, P, and K had larger differences. The total K content in soil profile was far higher than the contents of total N and P, with the order of total K>total N>total P. Soil available nutrient contents in the three shoals were in the order of available K > available N > available P. Soil available N, P, and K had different spatial distribution patterns from soil total N, P, and K, and their vertical differentiation in the profile was more obvious than that of soil total N, P, and K. The contents of N, P, and K at different soil depths in the same shoals or at the same soil depths in different shoals were different, and the difference of total N was obviously larger than that of total P and K. The plant K content was the highest, followed by N, and P. The return of nutrient elements in the wetland ecosystem was far greater than their reserve, and the absorption coefficient was in the order of N>P>K. There existed obvious differences in the utilization coefficient and cycling coefficient of N, P, and K among the three shoals of Jiuduansha shoal. The P in the upper shoal and the K in the middle and lower shoals had the highest utilization coefficient; while the K in the upper shoal, P in the middle shoal, and N in the lower shoal had the highest cycling coefficient.

Effects of groundwater table on growth characteristics of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. seedlings.

LIU Bo^1,2,3;ZENG Fan-jiang^1,3;GUO Hai-feng^1,2,3;ZENG Jie^1,2,3

2009, 28(02):  237-242 . 

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A one-growth-season investigation on the growth characteristics of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. seedlings under controlled groundwater tables was conducted in the Qira oasis in southern margin of Taklamakan Desert. The results indicated that 1) the plant height, branch number, and canopy breadth of the seedlings had good correlations with groundwater table, while leaf number had a larger fluctuation under different groundwater tables; 2) there was no significant difference in the basal stem under groundwater table of 25, 20, 15, and 10 m (P>005); 3) the vertical length of root was significantly affected by groundwater table (P<001); and 4) the root biomass, specific root length, and root surface area at different soil depths differed significantly under different groundwater tables (P<005).

Effects of red soil moisture condition on Citrus unshiu Marc.cv. Miyagawa Wase fruit growth and yield.

ZHOU Jing^1，2;CUI Jian^1,2

2009, 28(02):  261-264 . 

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The red soil moisture at fruit-swelling stage of Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa Wase was real-time monitored by FDR in 2003〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2004 to study the effects of relative soil moisture (RSM) on the fruit growth and yield indices of the citrus. When the RSM increased from 30% to 90%, both the fruit length and the fruit diameter were increasing while the ratio of fruit length to fruit diameter was in adverse, and the weekly accumulative increment of fruit diameter (195〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗226 cm) was higher than that of fruit length (160〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗174 cm). The fruit yield index had a parabolic variation trend with the increase of RSM, and reached the maximum when RSM was 75%. After an integrative consideration on the fruit growth and yield index, 75% RSM was suggested to be most beneficial to the fruit growth and high yielding of the citrus.

Community structure of soil fauna along an altitudinal gradient in Taibai Mountain of Tiantong Region, Zhejiang Province.

CHEN Xiao-niao;YOU Wen-hui;YI Lan

2009, 28(02):  270-276 . 

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An investigation was made on the soil fauna along an altitudinal gradient in the Taibai Mountain of Tiantong region, Zhejiang Province in summer 2007. Across the altitudinal gradient, a total of 12635 individuals belonging to 6 phyla, 15 classes and 33 orders were collected. With increasing altitude, the density of soil fauna decreased, but the group number was less affected. There was a higher co-occurrence of soil faunal communities along the altitudinal gradient, and Nematoda, Acarina, and Collembola were the dominant groups. Below the altitude 370 m, the Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index, and Margalef abundance index increased with increasing altitude; while above the altitude 370 m, the Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index decreased but the abundance index increased after an initial slight decrease.

Effects of air temperature on maize growth and its yield.

WANG Qi¹;MA Shu-qing²;GUO Jian-ping³;ZHANG Tie-lin⁴;YU Hai⁴;XU Li-ping⁴

2009, 28(02):  255-260 . 

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Aimed to investigate the effects of air temperature on maize growth and its yield, and to establish a monitoring and evaluation model of maize chilling injury, a ‘sowing by stages’ field experiment with three maize varieties and three sowing dates (early, medium, and late) was conducted in Yushu City of Jilin Province. The seedling growth rate, leaf area index (LAI), biomass, and yield of maize, as well as the air temperature, were observed. The results showed that the growth rate of maize had a close correlation with air temperature. If the mean air temperature raised by 1 ℃, the seedling emergence rate and vegetative growth rate would increase by 17% and 5%, respectively; and if the cumulative temperature increased by 100 ℃·d, the maximum LAI of maize would increase by about 10%, and the maximum biomass and per unit area yield of maize would increase by about 8%. If the mean air temperature in the growth period of maize (the period with daily mean temperature >10 ℃) decreased by 07 ℃, or the active cumulative temperature decreased by 100 ℃·d, the maturing stage of maize would be delayed 7 days, a moderate maize chilling injury would occur, and the biomass and yield of maize would decrease by about 8%. If the mean air temperature decreased by 1 ℃, or the cumulative temperature decreased by 140 ℃·d, the growth stage of maize would be delayed 10 days, severe maize chilling injury would occur, and maize yield would decrease by 10% or more. Under the prerequisite of suitable soil moisture condition, climate warming would be beneficial to the increase of per unit area maize yield in Northeast China.

Soil microbial biomass, respiration, and metabolic quotient along an altitudinal gradient in Wuyi Mountain of southeastern China.

ZHOU Yan¹;XU Xian-gen¹;WANG Feng¹;RUAN Hong-hua¹;WANG Jia-she²;FANG Yan-hong²;WU Yan-yu²;XU Zi-kun²

2009, 28(02):  265-269 . 

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Soil microbial biomass, respiration, and metabolic quotient are the sensitive indicators of soil quality. The measurement of these variables in evergreen broadleaf forest (EBF), coniferous forest (CF), dwarf forest (DF), and alpine meadow (AM) along an altitudinal gradient in the natural reserve area in Wuyi Mountain of Fujian Province showed that soil microbial biomass and respiration increased with increasing altitude but decreased with soil depth, while soil microbial metabolic quotient qMB and qCO2 had no definite variation pattern along the altitudinal gradient. The qMB was the highest (223%±028%) in 0〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗10 cm soil layer in AM and the lowest (051%±009%) in 25〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗40 cm soil layer in EBF, and CF had a higher qMB than DF. The qCO2 was the highest (588%±094%) in 25〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗40 cm soil layer in CF and the lowest (138%±009%) in 0〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗10 cm soil layer in AM. In the same stands, qMB decreased with increasing soil depth, while qCO2 was not. Soil microbial biomass, respiration, qMB, and qCO2 had significant linear correlations with soil total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorous (P<005), being possible to be used as the good indicators to assess soil quality.

Effects of industrial wastewater on heart rate, body length and antioxidases of Moina macrocopa.

WANG Qian;ZHANG Chen-jia;LIU Zhan-feng;WANG Lan

2009, 28(02):  300-303 . 

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An acute toxicity test was conducted to assess the toxicity of an industrial wastewater to Moina macrocopa. The 24 h and 48 h semi-lethal (LC50) for M. macrocopa were 1768% and 1456%, respectively, indicating that the industrial wastewater was very toxic. Based on the LC50, six concentrations (0, 1%, 2%, 4%, 8% and 16%) of the industrial wastewater were installed to study their effects on the heart rate, body length, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) of M. macrocopa. The results showed that with increasing concentration of wastewater and with increasing time, the heart rate and body length of M. macrocopa increased first and decreased then; while the activities of GST, CAT and SOD had a trend of increasing at low concentration wastewater but decreasing at high concentration wastewater. When exposed to the wastewater, SOD activity had a larger variation than GST and CAT activities, suggesting that SOD could be an important enzyme for organisms to resist bad environment, and a sensitive bio-indicator for wastewater monitoring.

Distribution characteristics of fish eggs and larvae in Acipenser sinensis Natural Reserve at Changjiang River Estuary.

JIANG Mei;WANG Yun-long;SHEN Xin-qiang;ZHUANG Ping

2009, 28(02):  288-292 . 

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Based on the two cruises investigation in Acipenser sinensis Natural Reserve and its adjacent waters (31°1958′N〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗31°38′N, 121°3208′N〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗122°11.65′E) in May and August 2004, the seasonal variations of species composition and quantitative distribution of fish eggs and larvae in the study area were studied, with the relevant environmental affecting factors analyzed. The results showed that in study area, the species composition and quantitative distribution of fish eggs and larvae varied remarkably in different seasons. The species composition varied greatly between May and August, and the species number was greater in May than in August. Coilia mystus was the dominant species, and its quantitative variation directly affected the variation of the total amount of fish eggs and larvae. The fish eggs and larvae had a smaller distribution range in August than in May, and mainly concentrated in the north branch waters and the southeast part of east tidal Chongming Island. Relatively small quantity of fish eggs and larvae was observed at the south coast of Chongming Island. Such a distribution feature of fish eggs and larvae basically reflected the differences in the seasonal variation of water movement, hydrological conditions, and wedging rate of seawater in the south and north branch waters in the study area.

Community structure of soil mesofauna under different land use patterns in purple soil hilly area of Sichuan Basin.

WU Yu-hong¹;CAI Qing-nian²;LIN Chao-wen³;ZHAO Xin²;CHENG Xu²

2009, 28(02):  277-282 . 

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In winter 2006 and spring 2007, an investigation was made on the soil mesofauna under four land use patterns (field margin, farmland, orchard, and forestland returned from farmland) in purple soil hilly area of Sichuan Basin. A total of 5756 soil mesofauna individuals belonging to 8 classes were captured. The community structure of soil mesofauna in study area varied significantly with land use pattern. Field margin, orchard, and forestland had a significantly higher individual density than farmland both in winter and in spring, and a significantly higher DG diversity index than farmland in spring. The individual density and group number of soil mesofauna all decreased with increasing soil depth, but the surface gathering of individual density was more obvious than that of group number. Land use pattern strongly affected the community structure of soil mesofauna, and field margin and forestland played important roles in conserving the diversity of soil mesofauna.

Diurnal behaviors time budgets and activity rhythms of Gazella subgutturosa in winter.

XIA Can-jun^1,2;QIAO Jian-fang^1,2;YANG Wei-kang¹;XU Wen-xuan^1,2;LIU Wei^1,2;LI Ying^1,2

2009, 28(02):  283-287 . 

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By the method of focal-sampling, the diurnal behaviors (including foraging, vigilance, resting, moving, and ‘others’) of Gazella subgutturosa in Kalamaili Mountain Nature Reserve were observed in December 2007, with the behaviors time budgets and activity rhythms studied. For the females, 680% of time was spent on foraging, 70% on vigilance, 196% on resting, 50% on moving, and 04% on ‘others’; while for the males, 29.6% of time was spent on foraging, 19.2% on vigilance, 29.3% on resting, 20.6% on moving, and 13% on ‘others’. Both for the females and for the males, there existed significant differences (P<001) in the time budgets of their behaviors except ‘others’. For the females, the peaks of foraging, moving, vigilance, and resting were at 11:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗12:00, 13:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗14:00 and 17:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗18:00, 13:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗15:00 and 18:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗19:00, 13:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗14:00, and 12:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗13:00 and 16:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗17:00, respectively; while for the males, the peaks of corresponding behaviors were at 10:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗11:00, 13:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗14:00 and 17:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗18:00, 13:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗14:00 and 18:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗19:00, 13:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗14:00 and 18:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗19:00, and 15:00〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗16:00, respectively. Among different periods of time, the females’ activity rhythms of foraging, moving, vigilance, and resting, and the males’ activity rhythms of foraging and vigilance were significantly different.

Stock structure of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) from the log school by purse seine in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean.

XU Liu-xiong;WANG Xue-fang;ZHU Guo-ping;YE Xu-chang;WANG Chun-lei

2009, 28(02):  293-299 . 

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Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) is one of the main target species of tuna purse seine fishery. The study of its biological characteristics will help the better understanding of its stock structure, and have significance to the reasonable utilization of the resource. Based on the observation data of 975 skipjack tuna from the log school sampled on board purse seine vessels operated in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean waters from October 2006 to February 2007 and from October 2007 to January 2008, the basic biological characteristics such as fork length (FL), mass (BM), FL-BM relationship, sex ratio, and gonad maturity stage were analyzed by power regression and other statistic methods. The results indicated that the fork length distribution of the skipjack tuna did not follow normal distribution (P<005). The fork length was from 243 to 733 mm, and the dominant one was from 302 to 500 mm, accounting for 80.62% of the total sampled fish. There was significant difference (t=3106, P>005) in the FL distribution between females and males. The FL-BM relationship could be described as BM=60983×10-6 FL31870 (R2=09618), and no significant difference was found in such a relationship between females and males (ANCOVA, F=2756, P>005). There existed significant difference in the female-male ratio between the fork length sets from 351 to 400 mm (χ2=7784, P<005) and from 401 to 450 mm (χ2=17147, P<005). The average female-male ratio of the skipjack tuna was about 1∶〖KG-*2〗083, and also showed significant difference (χ2=5878, P<005). The gonad maturity of the skipjack tuna was dominant by the maturity stages of Ⅳ and lower, accounted for 8411% of the total number of sampled fish, and the estimated sizes at first maturity of female and male skipjack tuna were 520.62 and 52752 mm, respectively, being higher than the observed minimum maturity sizes.

Scenic sites selection in forest park based on land suitability evaluation.

ZHOU Rui^1,2;LI Yue-hui¹;HU Yuan-man¹;HE Hong-shi¹; LIU Miao¹

2009, 28(02):  304-308 . 

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With the help of digital elevation model and geographic information system, five indicators of cost data, including slope, aspect, relief, relative distance of existing tourism roads, and relative distance of existing view points, were selected to evaluate the land suitability of Houshi National Forest Park in Xinbin of Fushun City. An integrated suitability evaluation model was then established, and the lands with the potential of developing and constructing scenic sites in the Park were classified into four classes of suitability. The lands of classes I and II occupied 897% of the total area of the Park (especially of class 2, they occupied more than half of the total area), while those of classes Ⅲ and Ⅳ only occupied 97% and 06% of the total, respectively, which indicated that most parts of the Park could be selected as the sites for the development and construction of view points.

Research progress on ecological risk assessment.

SUN Hong-bo^1,2;YANG Gui-shan¹;SU Wei-zhong¹;WAN Rong-rong¹

2009, 28(02):  335-341 . 

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Ecological risk assessment integrates the ecological research, decision-making, and environment management efficiently, being applied to treat with the problems in ecological environment all over the world. The research of ecological risk assessment experienced a twenty-year development course of 1) risk source being developed from single to multiple, 2) risk receptor being developed from single to multiple, and 3) risk assessment scale being developed from population and ecosystem level to regional landscape level. In the previous researches, risk receptor was mostly at individual or population level, which should be extended. The qualitative and semi-quantitative methods adopted previously could not fit the demands of current research scale and integrated assessment, and thus, large-scale integrated quantitative assessment method and model based on the viewpoint of sustainable development would be the main research focus in the future.

Optional developing options in non-optimal tourism district: A case of rural tourism from the upper reaches of Minjiang River.

YANG De-wei^1,2;CHEN You-jun³

2009, 28(02):  309-313 . 

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Rural tourism development and management is an issue worthy to be concerned with. By using the methods of participatory rural tourism appraisal and analytic hierarchy process, the issues of development strategies, development potential, operation mechanism, and interest coordination in relation to three designed models of rural tourism development in Moutuo village of Qiang Minority Community were discussed. The results revealed that market-oriented and resources-oriented rural tourism development models were fitful to Moutuo village at its primary stage of tourism development, and industry-oriented rural tourism development model had greater development potential. Polycentric management pattern should be introduced to the chosen models for overcoming the barriers of non-optimal characteristics and coordinating the interests of tourism involvers, while failure to do this could result in a destructive feedback loop, leading to the local ecosystem degradation and lower community support, and thus, the lose of competitiveness of rural tourism.

Adaptive strategies of wetland plants in salt stress environment.

LI Feng^1,2;XIE Yong-hong¹;QIN Ying-ying³

2009, 28(02):  314-321 . 

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Due to the effects of global climate change, special habitat, and human disturbance, wetland plants are usually suffered from intermittent or permanent salt stress, bringing in profound effects on their survival, growth, distribution, and reproduction. During the process of long-time adaptive evolution, wetland plants adopted a series of special strategies to acclimate to salt stress. The main strategies are: 1) life history adjustment, e.g., to adjust seed germination time, implement seed dormancy and viviparity, and change reproductive manner to escape from direct salt stress, 2) morphological adjustment, e.g., to adjust biomass allocation pattern, age stem, defoliate, and carnify vegetative organs to isolate the redundant Na+ to the inactive-metabolism shoots or exclude the Na+ from tissues; 3) anatomic adjustment, e.g., to sink stoma, develop aerenchyma, and thicken cuticle and phellogen to maintain normal photosynthesis and respiration; 4) physiological and biochemical adjustment, e.g., to exclude and excrete salt, compartmentalize ions, adjust osmosis, do selective absorption, regulate hormones, and induce antioxidative enzymes to maintain the osmotic equilibrium and eliminate the active oxygen (ROS) in cell; and 5) molecular level adjustment, e.g., to start up many salt-induced genes to regulate the metabolic responses to salt stress. In the future, the studies on the Ca2+-regulation of proline synthesis, adaptive strategies under conditions of variable salt contents, and functional maintenance of root systems should be strengthened.

Effects of dung deposition on grassland ecosystem: A review.

HE Yi-xin;SUN Geng;LUO Peng;WU Ning

2009, 28(02):  322-328 . 

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Dung deposition is one of the main ways that grazing affects grassland ecosystem. In this paper, the research progress on the process of dung decomposition and the effects of dung deposition on the soil physical and chemical properties, soil microbial activity, plant community structure and biomass, and livestock grazing pattern of grassland ecosystem were reviewed, and the future research on the dung deposition on grassland ecosystem was proposed.

Temperature dynamic monitoring model of cold disaster event in Guangdong Province.

TANG Li-sheng; DU Yao-dong; CHEN Xin-guang; LI Chun-mei

2009, 28(02):  366-370 . 

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By using the digital elevation model data derived from 1∶〖KG-*2〗250000 topographic map and the real-time air temperature observation data from meteorological stations, the distribution test of the air temperature data and the spatial interpolation with normal Kriging technique were made, and based on the air temperature lapse rate, solar radiation model of slope, as well as correlation between solar radiation and air temperature, the spatial distribution simulation of mean daily air temperature for the cryogenic freezing rain and snow weather process from January 13 to February 13, 2008 was conducted, with the consideration of the effects of practical altitude, slope, and aspect. The simulation results were tested to be efficient.

Research advances on remediation mechanisms and technologies of BTEX-contaminated environment.

WANG Ping¹;ZHOU Qi-xing^1,2

2009, 28(02):  329-334 . 

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BTEX; 优先污染物; 污染环境; 人体健康; 生态修复

Effects of lead stress on antioxidant enzymes in Bruguiera gymnorrhiza seedlings.

TAO Yi-ming¹;CHEN Yan-zhen^1,2;LIANG Yang-lin¹;XU Mei-yan¹;DUAN Wen-fang¹

2009, 28(02):  342-345 . 

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Bruguiera gymnorrhiza seedlings in sandy culture were treated with Hoagland nutrient solution containing 0〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗40 mmol·L-1 of Pb(NO3)2. After treated for two months, the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were determined, and their isoenzymes were analyzed by electrophoresis. The results showed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes in B. gymnorrhiza seedlings roots and leaves increased under 1〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗10 mmol ·L-1 Pb but decreased under 20〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗40 mmol·L-1 Pb. Lead mainly affected the activities of anion type POD isoenzymes. 20〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗40 mmol·L-1 Pb strongly inhibited the activities of all CAT isoenzymes in roots, while 30〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗40 mmol·L-1Pb induced one additional Cu/Zn-SOD isoenzyme LS-3 and three additional CAT isoenzymes RC-3, LC-2, and LC-3.

Quantitative analysis of bird egg color by using fiber spectrophotometer.

YANG Can-chao^1,2,3;CAI Yan²;ZHANG Shu-ping¹;LIANG Wei²

2009, 28(02):  346-349 . 

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In this paper, fiber spectrophotometer was first used in China to quantitatively analyze the egg color of Grey Bushchat (Saxicola ferrea) and Chinese Babax (Babax lanceolatus). The spectral measurement within the range of 300〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗700 nm showed that the egg color of the two bird species had significant differences in brightness and in green, yellow, and red chroma, but less difference in blue chroma. The spectral reflection ratios of visible light were of approximately parallel for the two bird species, with the same peak and foot, while those of ultra-violet were changing from high to low in differences. Principal component analysis of spectral reflection and shape indicated that the first three components together explained 999% and 998% of variation in the spectra of egg color of S. ferrea and B. lanceolatus, respectively. The first principal component (PC1) representing egg brightness explained 937% and 893% of variation, while the second principal component (PC2) representing egg chromatic variation accounted for 55% and 9.1% of the total variance, respectively. Using fiber spectrophotometer to quantitatively analyze bird egg color could provide more objective and scientific data for the study of bird classification, phylogenic evolution, and behavioral ecology, and develop new research area and angel of view.

Application of electrical resistivity tomography in studying water uptake process in tree trunk.

WU Hua-qiao^1,2;ZHOU Qi-you¹;LIU Han-le¹;TANG Ming-jie²

2009, 28(02):  350-356 . 

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In this paper, the widely used electrical resistivity tomography in geophysics was successfully applied to monitor the distribution character of electrical resistivity in the sections of tree trunk, and, with the images obtained, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of water in the trunk were analyzed. The results that the water content in tree trunk sections had an increasing trend from the core to the outside along radial direction. The sections at higher position generally had higher water content than those at lower position, but it was not true when plenty of water was supplied. Even under the sufficient supply of water, the water uptake process in tree trunk was not a kind of saturated propulsive movement, but of an axial preferential movement. By using the electrical resistivity variation data, the preferential flow of water movement in tree trunk sections could be reasonably located.

Freshwater marsh wetland information extraction based on QUEST decision tree integrating with multi-source data.

NA Xiao-dong^1,2;ZHANG Shu-qing¹;Li Xiao-feng^1,2;YU Huan^1,2;LIU Chun-yue^1,2

2009, 28(02):  357-365 . 

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Taking the northeast part of Sanjiang Plain as a case, the information extraction method for typical freshwater marsh wetland was approached. By using TM images and based on semi-variograms and Z-test, different scales texture features of typical vegetations in study area were comparatively studied, and the optimum window size, texture features, and their derivative spectral bands were selected to maximize the structural separation of the vegetations. The quick, unbiased, and efficient statistical tree (QUEST) algorithm was used to build the decision tree model of wetland information extraction, integrating the spectral and texture features with assistant geographical data. The classification results based on QUEST algorithm were examined by confusion matrix accuracy assessment using field GPS samples, and the validation showed that the total classification accuracy was 8458%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0816. It was suggested that the accuracy of classification based on QUEST algorithm was higher than that based on maximum likelihood classification (MLC) supervised method, being proved to be an effective means to extract inland freshwater marsh wetland information.

Prediction of vegetations dynamic changes in central Nujiang watershed based on Markov process model.

LI Hui^1,2;BAI Yang³;YANG Shu-hua^2,4;ZHU Xue¹;ZHAO Kai¹

2009, 28(02):  371-376 . 

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By using GIS, RS and GPS techniques and the TM images of 1994 and 2004 , the changes of vegetation landscape patterns in central Nujiang watershed in 1 994〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2004 were studied, and the prediction of the changes in ne xt ten years was made by using Markov process model. The results showed that the matrix of the la ndscape in study area was composed of shrub and grass, with other landscape patc hes embedded. In 1994〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2004, the most transfers among landscape types were betwe en shrub-grass, semi-humid evergreen broadleaved forest, and coniferous-broad leaved mixed forest. The greatest change occurred in shrub-grass and semi-humid e vergreen broadleaved forest at low elevation, while no obvious change was observed in coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest and cold temperate coniferous forest at high elevation. It was predicted that in the next ten years, the influence of hu man interference on the vegetation succession in the whole watershed would be fu rther increased, the areas of shrub-grass and cold temperate coniferous forest would increase while those of semi-humid evergreen broadleaved forest and humid evergreen broadleaved forest would decrease, the landscape as a whole would be fr agmented, and the regional eco-environment would be seriously affected.

Effects of species richness on weed invasion in an artificial grassland ecosystem in eastern Tibetan Plateau.

LI Ang^1,2;GU Meng-he¹;ZHANG Shi-ting¹;ZHOU Xian-hui¹;WANG Yang¹;LI Wei¹;DU Guo-zhen¹

2009, 28(02):  177-181 . 

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The relationship between species richness and ecosystem function is one of the core issues in recent biodiversity research, while weed invasion resistance is an important modality of ecosystem function. Through the construction of artificial grassland ecosystem with the wild grass species Elymus nutans, Festuca sinensis and F. ovina in eastern Tibetan Plateau, this paper studied the relationship between species richness and weed invasion and the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that with the increase of species richness, the species number, individual number, and biomass of invaded weeds all decreased significantly (P<005), and had significant positive correlations (P<001) with each other. This negative relationship between species richness and weed invasion could be the result of the interaction between selective and complementary effects. In 2004〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2007, the species number and biomass of invaded weeds had an increasing trend, while the individual number changed insignificantly.