Table of Content

10 October 2004, Volume 23 Issue 05

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Protective maturity and regeneration for water and soil conservation forest (WSCF) of Robinia pseudoacacia in Loess Plateau

ZHU Jiaojun, JIANG Fengqi, FAN Zhiping, LIU Zhigang

2004, (5):  1-6. 

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On the basis of the discussion on protective maturity of water and soil conservation forest (WSCF),investigations on Robinia pseudoacacia WSCFin Weibei Loess Plateau were made.The investigation items included stem diameter,tree height,crown,structure,stem analysis,soil,site condition and so on.Total 80 sample plots were obtained.Based on the investigation data,initial protective maturity age (IPMA),maximum age of protective maturity (PMA_max),regeneration age (RA) and protective maturity period (PMP) of R.pseudoacacia WSCF were determined.In the case of normal density (initial stem density =2 m×2 m,the preserved rate =80%) of Robina pseudoacacia WSCF,the results were as follows: IPMA=11～16 years,PMA_max=25 years,RA =42 years and PMP=26～31 years.Three phases for management of WSCFwere divided according to protective maturity ages.These results may provide some references in management of R.pseudoacacia WSCF.

Change of red-crowned crane breeding habitat and the analysis of breeding capacity in Shuangtaihekou National Nature Reserve

HU Yuanman, SHU Ying, LI Xiuzhen, WANG Ling, LI Yuxiang, YANG Yucheng

2004, (5):  7-12. 

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Using area transition matrix and landscape indices,the change of red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) breeding habitat in Shuangtaihekou National Nature Reserve was analized.The results showed that the area of red-crowned cranes breeding habitat was reduced while the heterogeneity and the fragmentation was increased.The change of the habitat quality can directly cause the change of the number breeding of red-crowned cranes.The number of breeding red-crowned crane in Shuangtaihekou National Nature Reserve was reduced from 1989 to 1998,mainly due to the activity of human beings,such as road construcition and oil drilling.

Effect of long-term irrigation and fertilization on nitrogen,phosphorous,and potassium pools of cinnamon soil in semi-arid area IEffect on nitrogen pool of cinnamon soil farmland

LIU Zuoxin, ZHENG Zhaopei, FENG Yanping, LI Guifang

2004, (5):  13-18. 

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With quadratic regression general rotation design,a long-term field trial was carried out in the semi-arid area of western Liaoning,to study the effects of irrigation and fertilization on soil nitrogen pool.The results showed that the contents of soil total nitrogen and hydrolyzable nitrogen can be reduced by irrigation.Soil nitrogen content was increased by the application of N fertilizer.Soil nitrogen content declined at first and then increased with the increasing application of phosphorous fertilizer.Soil nitrogen,especially hydrolyzable nitrogen,was remarkably improved with straw mulching application.Therefore,straw mulching is an efficient measure to maintain and improve the regime of soil nitrogen nutrition.

Effect of long-term irrigation and fertilization on nitrogen,phosphorous,and potassium pools of cinnamon soil in semi-arid area ⅡEffect on potassium pool of cinnamon soil farmland

ZHENG Zhaopei, SONG Dexiang, LIU Zuoxin

2004, (5):  19-23. 

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With quadratic regression general rotation design,a long-term field experiment was carried out in semi-arid area of western Liaoning,to study the effects of irrigation and fertilization on soil potassium content.The results showed that soil total Kcontent increased with the increasing nitrogen,straw and phosphorus application,but decreased with the increasing quantum of water.The application of phosphorus had the most notable effect and the effect of straw was in the next place.Soil available K content decreased with the increasing water,nitrogen and phosphorus application,but increased with the increasing straw application.The application of straw had the most notable effect and the effect of phosphorus was in the next place.In addition,application of nitrogen and phosphorus may increase the content of soil total Kbut decrease the content of soil available K.The change of the two represented negative correlations.

Important factors controlling CO₂ emission rates from forest soil

WANG Miao, HAN Shijie, WANG Yuesi

2004, (5):  24-29. 

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The soil CO₂ emission fluxes in two treatments in the broad-leaved & Korean pine (Pinus koreansis) forest of Changbai Mountain were evaluated with closed static chamber technique. The results showed that there were similarly seasonal variation trends for soil CO₂ emission rates in soil and litter-free soil. The maximum soil CO₂ emission was in July and the minimum was in February. In summer the peak for diurnal CO₂ emission occurred at 14:00～18:00 p.m. Effects of 11 environmental factors on soil CO₂ emission fluxes were examined by multivariate analysis of variance. Results showed that soil CO₂ emission rate was positively correlated to the temperature at 0 cm depth and soil moisture at 20 cm depth in the broad-leaved & Korean pine forest. The annual soil respiration amount was estimated as 3911 g CO₂· m^-2·ya^-1 for soil with litters and 2804 g CO₂·m^-2·yr^-1 for litter-free soil respectively. CO₂ emission amounting from the litters accounted for 28% of total soil CO₂ emission.

Structure and dynamics of Betula ermanii population on the Northern slope of Changbai Mountain

YU Dapao, ZHOU Li, DONG Baili, DAI Limin, WANG Qingli

2004, (5):  30-34. 

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With the method of spatial sere substituting for time sere, by trunk size structure in place of age structure, using life table, survival analysis and pattern analysis, the structure and dynamics of Betula ermanii population at different elevation on the Northern slope of Changbai Mountain were studied. Along the altitude the population density increased, distribution range of size class decreased, survival curves changed from DeeveyⅡtype to DeeveyⅠtype, and population size structure transited from stationary to growing type. It indicated that Betula ermanii population at different elevations developed at different stages. Moreover, with the tree growth, population distribution pattern varied from contagious type to random type.

Postfire succession of larch forest in the northern slope of Daxinganling

WANG Xugao, LI Xiuzhen, HE Hongshi, LENG Wenfang, WEN Qingchun

2004, (5):  35-41. 

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With method of deducing time series from spatial series for vegetation succession,we analyzed the vegetational dynamics in Huzhong burned area of Daxinganling in recent 20 years.The results showed that the number of species,especially herbs,increased rapidly in the burned area soon after fire.But as time went on,the number of herbs decreased obviously,with great composition change,and coverage declination.Conversely,the coverage of shrubs and trees increased gradually,but the number of species and composition did not vary significantly.Throughout succession,the ratio of high frequency species was high and increasing,which did not obviously conform to Raunkiaer's law of frequency that the ratio of high frequency species was low in relatively steady communities.In addition,the similarities of shrubs in different burned areas were higher than those of herbs.The similarities of herbs in the burned area of close years were higher than those in the burned area of distant years.There was no obvious rule among the similarities of shrub species in the burned area of various years.

Soil CO₂ flux in several typical forests of Mt.Changbai

LIN Lisha, HAN Shijie, WANG Yuesi, GU Zhijing

2004, (5):  42-45. 

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The soil CO₂ flux of four temperate forest types was studied in Mt.Changbai. The soil CO₂ flux in the four typical forests was significantly different at short time scale. The released CO₂ flux of the four typical forest indicated obvious spatial heterogeneity. The rate of released CO₂ flux was the highest in Populus-Betula mixed forest and the lowest in populus forest. The sequence was: Populus-Betula mixed forest > broad leaved-Korean pine forest > Betula forest > Populus forest. Daily course of soil CO₂ flux was very different in the four forest types. Except for Populus-Betula mixed forest, in which the changes of CO₂ flux exhibited a single peak and showed relative consistency with changes of temperature, there were no regular changes of CO₂ flux in other forest types. The litter influenced the CO₂ flux significantly in each forest type. The CO₂ flux in the forest where soil was covered with litter was higher than that with out litter. The average value was 262.86～556.55 mgC·m^-2·h^-1 in the forests with the litter and 205.85～395.69 mg·m^-2·h^-1 in the forests without litter. The contribution of litter to total soil CO₂ flux was 14 %to 30%.

Variation characteristics of soil N₂O emission flux in broad-leaved Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountain

XIAO Dongmei, WANG Miao, JI Lanzhu, HAN Shijie, WANG Yuesi

2004, (5):  46-52. 

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The soil N₂O emission fluxes in the two plots of broad-leaved Korean pine forest were measured by static closed chamber-gas chromatograph in Changbai Mountain.The results showed that litter increased N₂O emission flux of the forest soil by 36.89%.Broad-leaved & Korean pine forest soil of Changbai Mountain was an important source of atmospheric N₂O .But in exceptional weather,it was the sink by absorbing N₂O in the atmosphere.The N₂O emission flux of the forest soil ranged from -41.48 to 291.84μg·m^-2·h^-1,with the mean of 68.7μg·m^-2·h^-1,which was much higher than other types of forest.Furthermore,its variation range was also broader.The N₂O emission flux range of the litter-free soil was from -23.24 to 93.75μg·m^-2·h^-1,with an average of 33.79μg·m^-2·h^-1.The two plots showed similar seasonal variations with the highest emission flux in Spring,the higher in Summer and the lower in Autumn and Winter.The diurnal variation was also similar: The maxima of the two plots both occurred at 18 O'clock,and the minima appeared at 12 O'clock and 14 O′,clock.The results also indicated that N₂O emission flux of the forest soil was positively correlated to soil temperatures at 0 cm and 5 cm depth,while N₂O emission flux of the litter-free soil only had relation with the soil temperature at 5 cm depth.

Effects of water regimes on soil biological properties in a paddy field

OU Wei, LI Qi, LIANG Wenju, JIANG Yong, WEN Dazhong

2004, (5):  53-56. 

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Effects of water regimes on soil biological properties were investigated in a field study during a rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing season in the Lower Reaches of Liaohe Plain.The number of bacterial-feeding nematodes at pre-tillage stage was higher in CK and FC than in MC and IC.Percolation-controlling markedly decreased the number of bacterial-feeding nematodes at yellow ripeness stage and that of fungal-feeding nematodes at pre-tillage stage.The number of fungal-feeding nematodes was found to be lower than that of bacterial-feeding nematodes in aquic brown soil.Percolation-controlling significantly decreased soil microbial biomass C at pre-tillage stage.Water regimes exhibited no effects on bacterial-feeding nematodes,fungal-feeding nematodes,microbial biomass Cand microbial biomass Nduring rice tillering and heading stages.No significant correlations were found between the number of bacterial-feeding nematodes,fungal-feeding nematodes and C,N in microbial biomass.

A comparative study on seed weight,shape and germination characteristics of 7 Artemisia species

LI Xuehua, LIU Zhimin, JIANG Deming, LI Xiaolan, YAN Qiaoling

2004, (5):  57-60. 

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A laboratory study was made on seed weight,shape and germination characteristics of 7 Artemisia species (A.halodendron,A.wudanica,A.sacrorum,A.sieversiana,A.scoparia,A. lavandulaefolia Afrigida).Seeds of A.wudanica and A.halodendron,pioneer species in sandy land,were big and not round,which was one of the mechnisms of species adapted to drift sand.Seed of A.scoporia was small and round,which means that this species perhaps has the persistent soil seed bank,which explained the reason that A.scoporia has more strong anti-disturbing ability.There were 3 germination patterns of 7 Artemisia species: germination pattern of A.sieversiana,A.sacrorum,A.halodendron and A.frigida were rapid in the early stage and slow in the later stage,respectively.A.lavandulaefolia and A.scoparia were slow in the whole germination course.A.wudanica was slow in the early and later stages,but rapid in the middle stage.A.wudanica delayed the peak emergence of germination rate,which was its mechnism of more adaptablity in drift land than A.halodendron.Accordirg to the germination pattern,seed dormancy or post-mature was the strategy of in A.scoporia,while opportunism was the strategy of A.sieversiana.Germination of A.scoparia,A.lavandulaefolia and A.frigida had the mechanism of share survival risks.Seed weight and shape had no relationship to the germination percentage.But seed weight was significantly positively related to seed shape.

Pollutants residue in soil and the eco-toxicity after irrigation with petroleum wastewater

SONG Yufang, ZHOU Qixing, SONG Xueying, ZHANG Wei

2004, (5):  61-66. 

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Soil samples were collected from several sites in the up,middle and dowstream along the petrol-wastewater irrigation channel,eastern Shenyang.Concentrations of heavy metals (Cd) and mineral oil were analyzed.The eco-toxicity of soil was evaluated.Heavy metals (Cd) were determined by AAS (atom adsorption spectrometer),mineral oil was measured by UVspectrometer.The eco-toxicity of soil was based on the method of international standardization of organization (ISO) and OECDguideline with some modification.With inhibition rates of root elongation of wheat as endpoint' seed germination test was performed and the duration period was 50h.With mortality rate and inhibition rate of weight growth as endpoint' earthworms test was conducted and the experimental period was 28d.Results showed that all soil tested have low accumulation of mineral oil measured with concentration of 66.22～1391.14 mg·kg^-1.Cd was slightly higher than the background value with content of 0.06～0.37mg·kg^-1.Soil showed a strong stimulation effect on root elongation of plant,and a lethal and sub-lethal effect on earthworms was observed.The stimulation rate of root elongation based on germination test was -28.61% to -54.65%.The mortality rates of earthworms at maximum were stimulated and then 10%.The body weight growth were stimulated and then inhibited from -5.13% to -28.05% in 14d,and -31.78% to 8.08% in< 28d.Study indicated that long-term of irrigation with petroleum wastewater resulted in the low residue of mineral oil and observed eco-toxicity.

Effects of FACE (free-air carbon dioxide enrichment) on nitrifiers and denitrifiers in wheat field soil

YUE Jin, SHI Yi, HUANG Guohong, LI Yang, ZHU Jianguo

2004, (5):  67-70. 

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Elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations may alter nitrifiers and denitrifiers which are related to soil Nturnover.Afree-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) experiment was conducted to evaluate changes in the rice-wheat rotation ecosystem under enriched CO₂ conditions from 2001 at Wuxi,China.We measured numbers of nitrifiers and denitrifers from FACE wheat fields and wheat fields with ambient levels of CO₂ during the 2003 wheat-growing seasons.Nitrifiers and denitrifiers populations were estimated by the most probable number (MPN) method.The results showed that raised atmospheric CO₂ concentrations decreased nitrifiers numbers in the upper soil layer at jointing and ripening stages,whereas at booting stage, nitrifiers number from FAC Eplots was higher than that from ambient plots.Nitrifiers populations from FACE plots were lower than that from ambient plots at wintering and ripening stages in the lower soil layer.Increased CO₂ has negative influence on nitrifiers number.There is no significant difference between denitrifiers numbers from FACE plots and ambient plots in the upper soil layer.At jointing stage denitrifiers numbers from FACE plots were lower than that from ambient plots in the lower soil layer.Denitrifiers are not sensitive to changes that altered by elevated CO₂.

Effect of fertilization on soil potential nutrients(P and K) and crop yields

YU Wantai, ZHANG Lu, MA Qiang, ZHAO Shaohua, SHEN Shanmin

2004, (5):  71-76. 

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Mid-and long-term experiment was designed to study the release rate of soil P,K and fertilizer effects under different fertilization systems at Liaohe Plain,and the process of building macro nutrients pool.The results showed that the effects of N and P fertilizer for increasing maize production were significant.But Kfertilizer had not such effects.As far as soybean was concerned,Pand Kfertilizer all had obvious effects.The difference between quantity of nutrients and yields under different fertilization treatment was similar.However,the changed extent was different.The former was greatly higher than the latter,which indicated that the increase of grain yield and nutrients exhaustion were not proportional.The ability of P-supplication in soybean fields was better than that in maize fielels.With time running after fertilization,the quantity of residual P and K that come into available nutrients pool declined,and varied with different element.

Effect of “Old-man forest” of Larix gmelinii on forest landscape change in Daxinganling Mountain

XU Chonggang, HU Yuanman, YU Chang, LI Xiuzhen, BU Renchang, HE Hongshi

2004, (5):  77-83. 

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In this study,we used a spatially explicit forest landscape model,LANDIS,to explore the succession dynamics in Huzhong Forest Bureau under two harvest scenarios: (1) the old-man trees are harvested and (2) the old-man trees are not harvested.Results showed that more over-matured cohorts appeared under harvest scenario (1) than scenario (2).Subsequently,the forest landscape component and pattern without harvest are more stable than that under harvest.Undisturbed old-man-forest is more resistant to anthropogenic disturbances (e.g.harvest).In view of this,it is recommended to reserve the old-man-forest area for the sustainable development of forest in the Daxinganling Mountain.

Zero-plane displacement and roughness length of the mixed forest of broad-leaved and Korean-pine in Changbai Mountain

ZHAO Xiaosong, GUAN Dexin, WU Jiabing, JIN Changjie, HAN Shijie

2004, (5):  84-88,115. 

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Based on logarithm law of wind profile under neutral stratification,zero-plane displacement d and roughness length z₀ of the mixed forest of broad-leaved and Korean-pine in Changbai Mountain were calculated with Newton iteration according to the 16 months profile measurements of wind speed,air temperature,humidity and pressure.The results showed that d and z₀ had obvious seasonal variation.In growing season was relatively high and z₀ was lower.Normalized values,d/h and z₀/h,were in the magnitude of 0.867,0.764 and 4.47?10^-2,3.59?10^-2 in growing season and dormant season, respectively. d/h and z₀/h were positively and negatively correlated with leaf area indexes of the forest.Sensitive analysis showed that the iteration approach of calculating d and z₀ demanded high precision measurements of wind speed in the profiles.This work should be based on the long term measurements with high-precision instruments.

Effects of fertilization on soil microbe and enzyme activity in Pinus tabulaeformis and Robinia Pseudoacaia mixed forest

WANG Jian, LIU Zuoxin, CAI Chongguang

2004, (5):  89-92. 

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The compared experiment has been conducted to study the effects of fertilization in the soil of Pinus tabulaeformis and Robinia pseudoacaia mixed forest with urea,phosphate ammonium and compound fertilizer to soil microbial population and enzyme activity.The results showed that compound fertilizer and urea significantly improved the population of soil microbe,with an increase of 42.1% and 18.4% respectively during the growth season compared to control.The compound fertilizer improved the population of azotobacter and potassium bacteria,and the phosphate ammonium enhanced the population of phosphobacteria.The enzyme activity of soil was boosted up with significantly seasonal change after treatment with different fertilizers.

Influence of water stress on growth and biomass allocation of dominant tree species in mixed forest of broad-leaved and Korean pine at Changbai Mountain

XIAO Dongmei, WANG Miao, JI Lanzhu

2004, (5):  93-97. 

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Pinus koraiensis,Fraxinus mandsurica,Juglans mandshurica,Tilia amurensis,the four dominant trees in the mixed forest of broad-leaved and Korean pine at Changbai Mountain,were investigated in terms of their growth responses to different water treatments.The water content were 85% ～100%(CK),65%～85% (MW) and 45%～65%(LW) of field water-holding capacity.The results showed that soil water content had significant effect on the growth indexes such as single leaf area,dry weight of single leaf,number of leaves,dry weight of shoots and root length,etc.However,the responses of tested species to different water stresses were different.Under medium water stress,the ratio values of under-ground biomass/above-ground biomass for P.koraiensis and F. mandsurica increased by 79.31% and 23.91%, compared with that of CK.Whereas,the ratios for J. mandshurica and T. amurensis decreased by 42.32% and 7.92%,respectively.Only P. koraiensis species had high ratio of under-ground biomass/above-ground biomass under severe water stress.Therefore,P. koraiensis was the most drought-tolerant species among the tested tree species, and F. mandsurica only adapted to medium water stress,while J. mandshurica and T.amurensis were unfit for growing in drought conditions.

Effects of seeding time on grain yield,yield components and growth duration in different rice varieties

LI Xiufen, JIA Yan, HUANG Yuancai, ZANG Xin

2004, (5):  98-100. 

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In this experiment,the effects of seeding time on the yield,yield components and growth duration in different rice varieties were studied.The results indicated that the grain yield declined with the delaying of rice seeding time,mainly caused by decrease of ripened grains per panicle.In addition,the reduce of 1000-grain weight and ripened panicles also contribute to the yield decrease.For the need that have to delay rice seeding time,some corresponding countermeasures were provided.

Dynamic varivation of diameter grade using non-linear programme—a case study on broadleaved and Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain

WANG Fei, DAI Limin, SHAO Guofan, GU Huiyan, HUI Shurong, XIONG Xiaobo, WANG Hui

2004, (5):  101-105. 

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The objective of this study was to present a matrix model of uneven-aged broadleaved and Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain,based on equations of ingrowth,upgrowth and mortality model.Predictions were tested against post-sample observations for short-term accuracy.This growth model was then applied to study dynamic varivation of diameter grade,and effects on different cutting intensity to periodic average increment,annual yield and refaunation time were also analysed.The validity of the model was tested,which can provide the basic data for forest management policy makers.

Comparison of five broad-leaved seedlings' physiological characteristics in natural secondary forest of eastern Liaoning

ZHANG Fang, HU Wanliang, KONG Xiangwen

2004, (5):  106-110. 

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Artificially controlled light illumination on five major broad-leaved seedlings (2 years) was tested in the mountains area of Liaoning,in order to study their physiological characteristics. The results showed that alls species have very feeble photosynthesis under lower light environment (relative illumination 10%),with maxmium net photosynthetic rate (Pn) at 4～6 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1.There was a little significant difference among species. The photosynthesis changes with the illumination and showed significant difference between species. The Pn of Tilia amurensis, F.mandshurica, and F.rhynchophylla increase slowly while that of Pherodendron amurense and Quercus mongolica increase quickly. At the same time, the light complementation point (LCP) and dark expiration rate of T. amurensis, F. mandshurica, and F. rhynchophylla are lower respectively and can accumulate substances using lower light. The LCPof P. amurense and Q. mongolica, however, are higher and have great photosynthetic potential using facula under crown. The changes of light have an effect on accumulation of seedlings' dry biomass. The biomass of T. amurensis, F. mandshurica, and F. rhynchophylla under full light environment is 2.91～5.44 times higher than that under feeble light (RI 10%).Biomass of P. amurense and P.Q.mongolica under full light environment is 16.62～19.42 times higher than that under feeble light (10%).

Effect of UV-B radiation and Hg²⁺ combined treatment on physiological metabolism and growth of black wheat seedlings

DU Yingyun, SHI Yi, LIU Zhenwei

2004, (5):  111-115. 

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The black wheat seedlings treated with 1.35 w穖^-2 dose of UV-Birradiation and 1.29 mmol稬^-1concentration of Hg²⁺ were studied under laboratory conditions.The results showed that the contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids (Car) and rate of PSIIelectron transport decreased,activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) also decreased but less obvious,while the reduction capacity of TTC in roots decreased.However electrolyte leakage (EL) and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂ increased.The plant height and fresh weight decreased 12 days treatment after treater.The effect of combined treatment on the content of MDA and H₂O₂were larger than treatment with Hg²⁺only.

Structure of stand and canopy characteristics of disturbed communities of broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest in Changbai Mountain

CHEN Gao, DAI Limin, ZHOU Li

2004, (5):  116-120. 

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By sampling investigation,community structures of overcut original forest,secondary birch forests and larch plantation forest caused by different disturbances had been analyzed and classified gap fraction and leaf area index,and two community canopy structure index had been analyzed.Results of gap fraction were:original broadleaved Korean pine forest (0.194),original broadleaved stand (0.185),structure switched stand (0.315),structure reserved stand (0.363),structure destroyed stand (0.235),heavy disturbed stand (0.550),secondary birch stand (0.213), and larch plantations (0.227).Results of leaf area index were:original broadleaved Korean pine forest (1.766),original broadleaved stand (1.680),structure switched stand (1.250),structure reserved stand (1.028),structure destroyed stand (1.550),heavily disturbed stand (0.635), secondary birch stand (1.731), and larch plantations (1.473).

Ecological functions of shelter forest along Yangtze river in Hunan Province

HE Youjun, CHEN Xiaoping, YE Xiaoshi, TIAN Yuxin, LI Xiquan

2004, (5):  121-125. 

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Based on the longterm observation in the Hilly Region of Central Hunan (HRCH) and Mountainous Area of Northwestern Hunan (MANH),the ecological functions and benefits of shelter forest along Yangtze river in Hunan Province were analyzed.Taking the barren land as control,the decrease in runoff on afforested slope ranged from 3.3% to 17.16% in HRCH and from 8.01% to 17.42% in MANH.Especially,a more significant difference was found in the water holding function of soil.The water holding capacity of afforested soil increased by 47.1%～119.6% in HRCH and by 43.0%～108.7% in MANH.The permeation ratio of afforested soil increased by 90.9%～131.8% in HRCH and by 295.6%～456.54% in MANH.The amount of earth eroded on the afforested slope was only 15.3%～35.7% of that on barren land.Among the forest types observed,the mixed plantation forest and secondary mixed forest had significantly lower runoff,amount of earth eroded and rate of earth transportation, and higher water holding capacity and permeation ratio than pure forests,indicating that the mixed forest had developed better ecological functions.The ecological benefits of shelter forest along Yangtze river in Hunan Province was estimated to be 3.501 billion Yuan RMB.

Soil nitrogen transformation and cycling in forest ecosystem

CHEN Fusheng, ZENG Dehui, HE Xingyuan

2004, (5):  126-133. 

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Nitrogen transformation and cycling in forest soils are of signification importance to the function of forest ecosystems.In this paper,the research history and status were summarized.The processes of soil nitrogen input,interior transformation and output,including litter return,fertilization,atmosphere desposition,ammonification nitrogen fixation,ammonification,nitrification,denitrification,plant uptake,NH₃ volatilization and NO₃^- leaching,were introduced.Finally,the tendency of study on soil nitrogen transformtion and cycling was concluded according to research methods,objects,objectives and contents.

Natural distribution of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica on sandy land and its cultivation as an exotic species

KANG Hongzhang, ZHU Jiaojun, LI Zhihui, XU Meiling

2004, (5):  134-139. 

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As a valuable conifer tree species (cold-resistant,drought-resistant and fast-growing tree),P.sylvestris var.mongolica has become a major tree species on sandy land in arid and semi-arid areas in “Three north” regions (north,northwest and northeast of China).However,the plantations of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica on sandy land have declined at different degrees since early 1990s.In spite of such situation,P.sylvestris var.mongolica has widely introduced to the sandy land in arid and semi-arid areas in the “Three North” regions.Therefore,it is very important to understand the reasons why the declination of P.sylvestris var.mongolica plantation on sandy land occurred.Based on a wide range of literature collection on P.sylvestris var.mongolica,the distribution of natural stands and the present status of natural resources of P.sylvestris var.mongolica were summarized,and the research progress of cultivation of P.sylvestris var.mongolica on sandy land as an exotic species was reviewed,including the regionalization of provenance,the comparison of seed mass,the heredity characteristic of seed and the adaptability of P.sylvestris var.mongolica on sandy land.Some problems that needed to be solved at present and in the future about the research on cultivation of P.sylvestris var.mongolica on sandy land as an exotic species were also discussed,and suggestions were given.

Development of landscape ecology perceived from the Journal of Landscape Ecology

LENG Wenfang, XIAO Duning, LI Yuehui, HU Yuanman, HE Hongshi

2004, (5):  140-144. 

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Landscape Ecology is a core journal of landscape ecological research.This paper explores the development of landscape ecology system (theory-principle,methodology and applications),study subjects (pattern,process and change) and study object (landscape components and landscape elements) from the keywords of totally 572 papers published in Landscape Ecology from 1987 (the first issue published) to 2003. We classified the keywords and analyzed the research foci for each period,and predicted the future trends of landscape ecology.

Advances in flushing agents used for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil

KE Xin, LI Peijun, GONG Zongqiang, YIN Wei, SU Dan

2004, (5):  145-149. 

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Soil flushing is an effective method for the remediation of soil contaminated by heavy metals,and it is an important complement to the bioremediation of contaminated soil and makes remediation of contaminated soil more systematic.Flushing agents are the key to determine the washing efficiency.This paper reviews the status and mechanism of flushing agents.The application foreground of some new flushing agents such as organic acids and biosurfactants was discussed.At the same time,the feasibility of citric acid wastewater and monosodium glutamate wastewater used for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils was analyzed as well.

Advances in the research of biomarkers of contaminated soils

LIU Wan, LI Peijun, ZHOU Qixing, SUN Tieheng

2004, (5):  150-155. 

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As biological responses that indicate deleterious effects of contaminants on the environment,biomarkers are one of the most effective ways of monitoring and analyzing contaminated soils quantitatively.In this paper,the latest advances in some typical biomarkers indicating soil pollution,such as cytochrome P450 enzymes,antioxygenases in cells and the DNA fingerprint technique were reviewed.Application prospects for assessment and early diagnosis of the bioremediated effectiveness of contaminated soil by these biomarkers were discussed.

Advances in the integrated evaluation of farmland fertility

ZHENG Lichen, YU Wantai, MA Qiang, WANG Yongbao

2004, (5):  156-161. 

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It seems very difficult to assess the farmland fertility quality generally and objectively, because of influences from both natural and human factors. In order to avoid the subjectivity in the evaluation processes, some mathematical methods were introduced to this field in recent years, with which the numerical evaluation can be conducted. This paper introduced and compared several evaluation methods of farmland fertility. At the same time, it has introduced the sampling techniques, minimum database systems of evaluation indicators, and numerical methods of integrated evaluation in detail. With the development of GPS and GIS, the evaluation methods of soil fertility quality will be more perfect, which provide theoretical basis for the rational use of soil resources.

Characteristics and succession rules of vegetation types in Changbai Mountain

XU Wenduo, HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei, LIU Changfu

2004, (5):  162-174. 

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Vegetaion characters and succession rules were generalized,based on the investigations and long-term positional observation in.the Changbai Mountain,the property,composition,structure and distribution of Changbai Mountain's zonal and azonal vegetation types were described in detail.The relationship between vegetation succession of Changbai Mountain and volcanic outbreaks were discussed.Pinus koraiensis-Abies holophylla broad-leaved mixed forest is considered to be the vertical distribution baseband of Changbai Mountain vegetation,and it is also the zonal vegetation type of Changbai Mountain.Chronically influenced by human activity,zonal vegetation was weakened and large area of natural secondary forest and farmland were formed.To restore zonal vegetation,zonal tree species should be introduced,and stabilized and proper structural forest community structure should be established.

Discussion on urban forest classification

HE Xingyuan, LIU Changfu, CHEN Wei, GUAN Zhenjun, ZHAO Guiling

2004, (5):  175-178,185. 

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This paper introduced the concept and present classification status of urban forest,and formulated the importance and urgency of urban forest classification. Principles and basis of urban forest classification were brought forward in this paper,with 4 classification levels of urban forest suggested: urban forest class,urban forest subclass,urban forest group and urban forest type.According to these 4 levels,urban forest was classified into 5 classes: subordinated forest,road forest,scenic and relaxation forest,ecological & public welfare forest and production and management forest,with 16 urban forest subclasses.Some advices on urban forest classification were put forward.

Ecological environment and its sustainable management of Horqin steppe—A report on the survey of Horqin sandy land

JIANG Deming, LIU Zhimin, KOU Zhenwu, ALAMUSA, LI Rongping

2004, (5):  179-185. 

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Ajoint survey on ecologial environmemt of Horqin steppe was carried out by both Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences and China Central Television in August,2003.The investigation showed that grassland is degrading seriously.Land reclamation in a large scale is one of main reason of grassland degradation and decrease of grassland area.According to the investigation,a major issue is the remarkable declination of water resources,including declination of river water, lake water and falling of the ground-water table.Investigation showed that the desertification area in Horqin steppe is decreasing.The established artificial vegetation is increasingly reforced and its effect is remarkable. At present,however,area covered with the sand dunes out of control is still very large,and to control this area is considered as a very hard work.

Research progress in alfalfa allelopathy

LI Yuzhan, LIANG Wenju, JIANG Yong

2004, (5):  186-191. 

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Medicago sativa is a perennial legume with high nutrition and multiple ecological functions,cultivated comprehensively all over the world.Generally,M.sativa has a productivity peak at the 2nd～4th plant year,and it is difficult to reestablish M.sativa in the same field after a short interval.M.sativa plant contains water-soluble substances that are toxic to itself (autotoxicity) and to other plants (allelopathy).The research progress in M.sativa allelopathy was reviewed in this paper,including the main allelochemicals of M.sativa,factors influencing M.sativa allelopathy,and the applied research on M.sativa allelopathy.Moreover,the future research directions of M.sativa allelopathy were put forward.

Characteristics and regulation of greenhouse soil environment

LI Dongpo, WU Zhijie, LIANG Chenghua, CHEN Lijun

2004, (5):  192-197. 

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This paper analyzed the characteristics of soil after greenhause cultivation.The soil had problems such as nutrient accumulation,heavy density, acidification,salinization and continuous cultivation.The soil produced harmful gas,which largely affected the soil microbial community.These problems of soil were caused by overuse of fertilizer,long-term continuous cultivation,closed air condition,single crop species,irreasonable fertilizaton and chemical accumulation.Measures for controlling greenhouse soil degradation should combine biological control,agricultural cultivation,ground environment and engineering method together.The application of soil biology will be a new direction for studying the improvement of greenhouse soil environment in the future.

Advances in the research of methanotroph

LIANG Zhanbei, SHI Yi, YUE Jin

2004, (5):  198-205. 

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Methanotrophs use methane as a sole carbon and energy source and play an important role in the balance of atmospheric methane. They can also degrade halogenated hydrocarbons,which has potential value in contamination bioremediation.Based on the taxonomy of methanotrophic bacteria,a preliminary conclusion was drawn on the mechanism of methane oxidation by methanotroph,its physiology and distribution in ecosystems, and methods to study methane-oxidizing bacteria,as well as potential use of methanotroph in biodegradation of toxic chemicals.In this paper we also analyzed the current problems in the studies of methanotrophs,and pointed out the directions for future research work in this field.

Emergy evaluation and sustainable development of ecological-economic system-case study of Yanbian in Jilin Province

XIONG Xiaobo, DAI Limin, SHAO Guofan, GU Huiyan, WANG Fei

2004, (5):  206-211. 

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Emergy evaluation measures the human and environment's contribution to a region's economy.It is an important index of sustainable development.As a technology of quantitative analysis,the energy analysis of Yanbian's main resourses in Jilin Province was performed and compared to other regions and counties in order to study its sustainability and energy usage.The electricity use of Yanbian was just 7.847% of its total energy use,and was 39% and 33.19% that of American and Japan, respectively.The index of emergy sustainable development was 19.45,which indicated that its economy was in the period of under development.Meanwhile,the environmental loading was only 0.627, indicating abundant resources with high economic development potential.Suggestions for the sustainable development of Yanbian ecological-economic system were put forward.

A review on the relationships between forest and environmental factors

XU Meiling, ZHU Jiaojun, SUN Junde, KANG Hongzhang, XU Hui, ZHANG Huiwen

2004, (5):  212-217. 

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The species and the number of (ECM fungi) are influenced by many environmental factors,such as soil factor,climate and season,and site factor.In this paper,we reviewed the studies on the relationships between ECMfungi and environmental factors,which involved soil,season and climate,and site factors,and indicated the influence of environmental factors on ECMfungi.The paper also revealed the environmental problems that were focused on the study of ECMand provided the main content and orientation about the study.Based on these results,it could provide references for the sustainable management of the forest ecosystem,and for the application in restoration and rebuilding of degraded ecosystem.

Resources of medicinal bryophytes in north-eastern China and their exploitation

WU Yuhuan, YANG Haiying, LUO Hao, GAO Chien

2004, (5):  218-223. 

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Medicinal bryophytes,widely distributed and stored,are abundant in north eastern China.46 species of medicinal bryophytes,including six species of liverworts and 40 species of mosses are recorded.Their habitat,distribution,and therapeutic effect are discussed.Existing application of medicinal bryophyte is original and reasonable suggestions of exploitation and application are given.

Soil phosphorus pools and availability on Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica plantation

ZHAO Qiong, ZENG Dehui, CHEN Fusheng, CHEN Guangsheng, YU Zhanyuan, JI Xiaoyan

2004, (5):  224-227. 

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Concentrations and availability of different forms of soil phosphorus (P) in soil profile in Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica plantation were tested.Meanwhile,correlations between different forms of soil Pwere analyzed.The results indicated that concentrations of soil total P (0.05～0.18 mg·g^-1) and olsen-P (1.50～2.24 mg·kg^-1in surface soil) were very low,organic P accounted for 40%～80% of total P,and within inorganic P,Ca-P>Fe-P>Al-P.Concentrations of a total P,organic P and fractionas of inorganic P in the 0～5 cm horizon were significantly higher than those in deeper soil horizons.Additionally,phosphate leaching occured along soil profile.Olsen-Pwas significantly correlated with organic P,Fe-P,and Al-P. In conclusion,factors controlling soil Pavailability in our study sites were complex.Most probably,the transformation of different forms of inorganic P,especially Fe-Pand Al-P,was the main factor influencing the availability of soil P at the short time scale,while organic P was the most important potential of available P.

Effect of organic manure application on the fixation of potassium in brown soil & meadow soil

YANG Chunlu, LIANG Chenghua, SUN Tiehang, CHEN Xinzhi, DU Liyu

2004, (5):  228-231. 

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The characteristic of K-fixation on farming brown soil & meadow soil in Shenyang area and the effect of organic manure application on K-fixation was studied with constant moisture at water holding capacity and wetting-drying incubation experiments.In all studies,483.72 mg K·kg^-1 soil was applied before monitoring of K fixation.Results indicated that the process of fixation to extra-K was rapid in both of the two soils,and the fixation reaction reached equilibrium within 1day on field capacity incubation. The K-fixation capacity can be increased by 26.80%～33.27% with wetting-drying incubation compared to constant field capacity incubation.The power of K-fixation can be decreased by organic manure application with both kinds of incubation.The capacity of K-fixation decreased 25.71% and 36.62% on brown soil and meadow soil respectively after 15 days of wetting-drying incubation with 6% organic manure applied.

N₂O emission and preliminary estimation of annual N₂O emission from trees in mixed broad-leaved and Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountain

ZHANG Xiujun, XU Hui, CHEN Guanxiong

2004, (5):  232-235. 

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The sources of N₂O ,one of the major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,are still unclear till now. It was previously considered that only soil microbial process produced N₂O . In previous studies on N₂O emission from forest ecosystems,only measurements of N₂O emission from soil were conducted. The total N₂O emission from forest ecosystem may be underestimated if plants can emit N₂O under natural condition. The aim of this study was to provide evidences that plant per se,besides forest soil,is also an important source of the atmospheric N₂O in a forest ecosystem. Using the closed bag technique,the in situ measurements of N₂O emissions from branches and leaves of Fraxinus mandshurica,Pinnus koraiensis and Tilia amurrensis were conducted in a mixed broad-leaved Korean pine forest. The contribution of N₂O emission from trees in forest ecosystems was firstly estimated based on N₂O emission rates from these three tree species and soil in mixed broad-leaved Korean pine forest. The annual average of N₂O emissions from trees in mixed broad-leaved Korean pine forest was 0.8～1.03 times of that from soil. It was found that N₂O emission from trees were equal to or higher than N₂O emission from forest soil.

Applying research of mycorrhizae technology in the restoration of sand vegetation

WANG Lihua, HAN Guiyun, LI Lin, DENG Zhengzheng, KOU Zhenwu, LI Yingmei, DING Jianguo, REN Xueming

2004, (5):  236-240. 

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In Kubuqi sandland adjusting measures to local conditions and spots were emphasized particularly to restore vegetation with mycorrhizal technology.According to the local sand soil condition,A and B,which were treated with meadow peat or without,respectively,were used,and the local planting species,Pinus tablaeformis and P.sylvestris were selected,while the single innoculum and double innoculums were brought into effect.The results in indoor simulated experiments showed that:the single innoculum effects on P.tablaeformis was in order of Cr> Ra >Li >Hm.It was not strongly dependent on meadow peat for seedlings inoculated in double combination innoculum Ra+Li,Hm+Lih and Ra+Cr.But all of the seedlings in CK soil without meadow peat were not growing.Cr and Ra were recognized as the better innoculums for the restoration of sand vegetation.P.tablaeformis growth potential was higher than P.sylvestris whether using single innoculum or double combination.The results in outdoor minitype planting trials showed that:at the same plot three combination innoculum was better than double combination.The seedling biomass inoculated mycorrhizal innoculum was higher than that used compound fertilizers.Survival rate of seedlings treated with inoculums at different plots was lower than that applying compound fertilizers.It was conferred that due to time short mycelium and medium were not completely fermented in some of the cultured individuals.In combination with drought and soil temperature rising,the medium continue fermenting and decaying,which injured the relatively weak seedlings.Therefore the survival rate of seedlings was low.

Optimum treatment of extracting procyanidins from grape seeds

LÜ Guohong, FU Xing

2004, (5):  241-244. 

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Using organic solvents for the isolation of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds was a conventional method.Using water,methanol,ethanol and acetone as extractants,procyanidins were extracted from grape seeds.Colorimetry with ferric ions as catalytic agent was used to determinate the procyanidins in the grape seed extracts.Some factors affecting extraction process,such as concentration of extractants and the degree of crushed grape seeds were studied.The optimum conditions of extraction were obtained on the basis of optimum treatment: the degree of crushed grape seeds 100 mesh,the solvent 70% aqueous methanol.