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中文
Table of Content
13 August 2007, Volume 26 Issue 08
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Articles
ISSR analysis of genetic diversity of
Schima superba
populations at different altitudes.
JIN Ze-xin
1
;LI Jun-min
1
;CAI Yan-lin
1,2
2007, 26(08): 1143-1147 .
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In this paper,
Schima superba
populations were collected from different altitudes at Tiantai Mountain in Zhejiang Province, and their genetic diversity and genetic differentiation were analyzed by using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular technique. ISSR amplification was conducted with 12 primers for 80 individuals from 4 populations, and 154 polymorphic loci were detected from total 170 loci, with the percentage of polymorphic loci (
P
) being 90.59%. The Shannon’s information index (
I
) and Nei’s gene diversity (
h
) of
S. superba
at species level were 0.5033 and 0.3408, respectively, indicating a high genetic diversity of
S. superba
at species level, while the genetic diversity of
S. superba
at population level was lower than that at species level, with the mean values of
P
,
I
and
h
being 63.68%, 0.3789 and 0.2608, respectively. Molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis demonstrated that the among-population component accounted for 29.56% of the total variation, while the within-population component accounted for 70.44%, the genetic differentiation coefficient (
G
st
) among the populations being 0.2348. The gene flow among the populations was 1.6293, and the mean pair-wise genetic distance was 0.1500.
Evapotranspiration of
Leymus chinensis
steppe community at its different deteriorated phases.
WANG Jing
1,2
; BAOYIN Taogetao
2
2007, 26(08): 1148-1152 .
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By using micro-lysimeter, this paper measured the daily evapotranspiration of
Leymus chinensis
steppe community at its heavily deteriorated, moderately deteriorated, and non-deteriorated phases. The results showed that at all phases, the daily evapotranspiration of the community increased with its growth, being the maximum from mid June to mid July, and decreased then. Daily mean air temperature and soil water content were the main factors affecting the evapotranspiration of the community, and significant correlations were observed between the evapotranspiration and these two factors. The accumulated evapotranspiration in the whole growth season decreased with the deterioration of the community, and its amount was always lower than the accumulated precipitation.
Diurnal changes of photosynthetically active radiation parameters in soybean and corn canopies.
YANG Fei
1,2
;ZHANG Bai
1
;LI Feng-xiu
1,2
;GUO Zhi-xing
1,2
; JIN Hua-an
1,2
2007, 26(08): 1153-1158 .
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Based on the measurement of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) parameters in soybean and corn canopies as well as the calculation of reflectance and transmittance, the diurnal changes of the parameters and their affecting factors were studied in this paper. The results showed that the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) in the whole day was approached to a constant, especially at 8:00-11:00 and 14:00-16:00. The incidence curve of PAR in soybean canopy was smoother in sunny day than in cloudy day, but the reflectance and transmittance curves were not. Due to the absorbing and dispersing of cloud, the maximum PAR occurred one hour later in cloudy day than in sunny day. The spatial heterogeneity in vegetation canopy affected the parameters significantly, which had larger differences between different crops. Soybean canopy had a smaller spatial heterogeneity, and thus, the curves of its PAR parameters were much smoother. When the angle between linear quantum sensor and solar incidence projection was 30 degree, the bias extent of measured PAR parameters was the least, being 0.657%.
Effects of seed-soaking with La(NO
3
)
3
on seed germination and seedling growth of rape under Cd stress.
WU Xue-feng
1,2
;JIN Song
1,2
;CHU Ling
1
;LIU Deng-yi
1
2007, 26(08): 1159-1164 .
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In a water culture experiment, this paper studied the effects of seed-soaking with La(NO
3
)
3
on the seed germination and seedling growth of
Brassica napus
under Cd stress. The results showed that when the Cd concentration was lower than 10 mg·L
-1
, seed-soaking with 0-50 mg·L
-1
of La(NO
3
)
3
could enhance seed vigor, promote seedling growth,and increase lipase activity as well as the cell mitosis index of seedling root. The optimal concentration of La(NO
3
)
3
was 10 mg·L
-1
, under which, lipase activity increased by 40.41%-65.09% and cell mitosis index increased by 62.76%-77.02%,compared with the control. When the Cd concentration was higher than 10 mg·L
-1
, seed-soaking with La(NO
3
)
3
had an obviously weakened alleviation effect on Cd stress,
i. e. ,
only lipase activity increased significantly, while other indices had little variation.
Distribution patterns and characteristics of
Nitraria tangutorun
nebkha at its different evolvement stages in the Minqin County of Gansu Province.
DU Jian-hui
1,2
;YAN Ping
1,2
;E You-hao
1,3
2007, 26(08): 1165-1170 .
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After a thorough investigation on the
Nitraria tangutorun
nebkhas at its different evolvement stages in the Minqin County of Gansu Province, this paper studied the spatial pattern and shape index of the nebkha, with the local environmental conditions analyzed. The results showed that the
N. tangutorun
nebkha in Minqin County was mainly at its stable stage, although this stage could not last too long. With the increase of the distance from dune, the nebkha at its different evolvement stages had a regular distribution, and the main reason for this was the interaction among vegetation, surface soil water, and wind. The shape index of the nebkha showed different variation trends with evolvement stage,
i. e. ,
no obvious correlation between height and horizontal component at rudimental stage, a second-order polynomial increase of height with increasing horizontal component at developing stage, a logarithmic increase of height with increasing horizontal component at stabilizing stage, and poor correlation between height and horizontal component at degrading stage.
Landscape diversity of Napahai wetland plant community in Northwest Yunnan of China.
XIAO De-rong;TIAN Kun;YUAN Hua;LI Ning-yun;XU Shou-guo
2007, 26(08): 1171-1176 .
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The Napahai wetland in Northwest Yunnan is a typical degraded plateau wetland. By the temporal-spatial substitution method and 3S technology, and combining with filed survey, the landscape diversity of the plant community in Napahai wetland was studied, with the driving forces investigated. The results showed that under human disturbance, the succession from primary swamp and swampy meadow to meadow and reclaimed wetland plant community accelerated, wetland environment kept losing, and its function declined gradually. The spatial variation pattern of the landscape diversity of plant community at different succession stage was the response to the change of wetland environment, which reflected the current status of the aquatic environment and function of the wetland, as well as the type and intensity of human disturbance.
Quantitative analysis of
Cyclobalanopsis glauca
community on Karst hills of Guilin.
HU Gang; LIANG Shi-chu; ZHANG Zhong-hua; XIE Qiang
2007, 26(08): 1177-1181 .
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By using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), the quantitative classification and ordination of
Cyclobalanopsis glauca
community on Karst hills of Guilin were conducted. Based on the results of TWINSPAN classification, 60 quadrats of
C. glauca
community were classified into 8 association types, with their community characteristics described. Both DCA ordination and TWINSPAN classification exhibited consistent results. DCA ordination preferably reflected the relationships between association types and environmental gradient: The first axis of DCA mainly reflected the gradient change of slope, and the diagonal line of the two-dimensional ordination diagram of DCA indicated the gradient change of aspect. The species composition and distribution of
C. glauca
community on Karst hills were mainly affected by the slope.
Plant species diversity of different age
Pinus tabulaeformis
plantations and its relations with soil fertility.
WANG Chao; WANG Xiao-an; WANG Ling
2007, 26(08): 1182-1186 .
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By adopting the concept of space as a substitute for time, a field investigation was conducted in the Malan forest region on Loess Plateau to study the plant species diversity of
Pinus tabulaeformis
plantations at different restoration stages and the changes of soil fertility. The results showed that the species richness, diversity and evenness of
P. tabulaeformis
plantations increased with the increasing year of restoration, with the largest species richness in about 30 years old plantation and the biggest species evenness and dominance in about 20 years old plantation;the planting of
P. tabulaeformis
changed the features of plant community, with the species composition and proportion being quite different from those of wasteland, and the 22 and 28 years old
P. tabulaeformis
plantations had the biggest Sorensen index;planting
P. tabulaeformis
had definite contribution to soil fertility,
e. g
. , 28 years old
P. tabulaeformis
plantation had higher contents of soil organic matter and available nitrogen than the others, and with the increasing year of restoration, soil humus layer became thicker and soil pH increased.
Soil physical and chemical properties, phosphatase activity, and N
2
O emission in winter wheat field on Loess Plateau.
LI Xi-xiang; BAI Hong-ying; DING Qi; LUO Xin-ping
2007, 26(08): 1187-1192 .
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Field experiments were carried out on Loess Plateau to investigate the effects of cropping on the physical and chemical properties, phosphatase activity, and N
2
O emission of upland soils. The results showed that planting winter wheat could increase soil N
2
O emission, regardless of fertilization or mulching. The N
2
O flux was higher in wheat field than in fallowed field, and decreased in the order of film-mulching＞routine treatment＞single phosphorus fertilization. In conventionally tilled and film-mulched treatments, soil water content was lower in wheat field than in fallowed field, while NH
4
+
-N content was in adverse. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the difference of N
2
O flux between wheat field and fallowed field was negatively correlated to the increment of soil organic matter, and the amount of energy material was the key factor determining the changes of soil N
2
O emission. There was a significant negative correlation between soil phosphatase activity and N
2
O emission, and thus, it’s of significance for the phosphorus-deficient soil on Loess Plateau to increase its phosphatase activity to mitigate the N
2
O emission.
Effects of long-term PAHs-containing wastewater irrigation on lowland rice soil enzyme activities and microbial populations.
ZHANG Jing
1,2
;ZHANG Hui-wen
1
;CONG Feng
3
;ZHANG Qin
1,2
;LI Xin-yu
1
;SU Zhen-cheng
1
;ZHANG Cheng-gang
1
2007, 26(08): 1193-1198 .
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A case study was conducted in the Shenfu irrigation area to investigate the effects of long-term PAHs-containing wastewater irrigation on the activities of dehydrogenase, polyphenol oxidase and urease and on the microbial populations in lowland rice soil. The results showed that after a long-term PAHs-containing wastewater irrigation, the PAHs content in test soil ranged from 319.5 to 6 362.8 μg·kg
-1
, which surpassed the environmental standard seriously. With the increasing year of freshwater irrigation, soil PAHs content decreased to different degrees, up to the level below environmental standard. Correlation analysis indicated that the quantities of soil microbial and main functional populations were mainly affected by soil physical and chemical properties, and less affected by soil PAHs content. The numbers of soil bacteria had very significantly positive correlations with soil total N, while the test enzyme activities were significantly positively correlated with the contents of soil organic C, total P and PAHs.
Microbial diversity in fluidized pellet-bed bioreactor.
YUAN Hong-lin;LIU Yong-jun;WANG Xiao-chang;MA Mei-ling;ZUO Li- li
2007, 26(08): 1199-1203 .
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To study the microbial diversity of granular sludge in fluidized pellet-bed (FPB) bioreactor, the sludge at different heights (10, 60 and 110 cm) of FPB was sampled, and the genomic DNA of microbial community was extracted directly. After purifying the genomic DNA, 16S rRNA genes were amplified, and the amplified DNA fragments were separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The characteristic bands of DGGE were sequenced, and the phylogenetic diversity of microbes in the FPB bioreactor was surveyed based on the homology analysis of 16S rRNA sequences. The results indicated that the obtained 18 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) all belonged to
Eubacteria
, of which, 61% was
Proteobacteria
, 17% was
Actinobacteria
, 11% was low G+C gram-positive bacterium, and 11% belonged to other bacterial branches.
Feasibility of bioleached sewage sludge in land application.
HUA Yu-mei1,2;CHEN Ying-xu1;WU Wei-xiang1, TIAN Guang-m ing1
2007, 26(08): 1204-1209 .
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Based on the analysis of heavy metals, nutrients and sulfate in bioleached sewage sludge, the feasibility of this sludge in land application was approached in this paper. The results showed that after bioleaching, most of the heavy metals in the supernatant of the sludge were removed through solid-liquid separation, and the removal efficiency of Cu, Pb and Zn was 84.1%, 34.8% and 80.0%, respectively. The heavy metals remained in the sludge were mainly existed in stable forms, which made a higher security for land application. The bioleaching loss of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in sludge was 38.2%, 52.1% and 42.8%, respectively, but the sludge still remained satisfactory fertilizer value. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the sulfate remained in the sludge after bioleaching was mostly combined with calcium, resulting in a negligible environmental impact.
Screening of effective macro-fungi strains with high extracellular laccase-productivity.
SU Guo-cheng
1,2
;WANG Jian-feng
3,4
;ZHOU Chang-yi
1
;CAI Hui-nong
1
;SU Wen-jin
1
;WANG Zhang
3
;LIU Jian-ling
4
2007, 26(08): 1210-1216 .
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Based on the redox reaction of special substrates catalyzed by fungal laccase, an effective screening method for isolating laccase-producing macro-fungi strains was designed. Guaiacol and α-naphthol were used for color-developing in determining this enzymatic reaction and as the factors for restrictive selection, and lignin was used as an inducer to enhance the enzymatic productivity. The extracellular laccase-productivity of general macro-fungi and edible mushroom strains preserved in our laboratories or purchased from other institutions and supermarkets was investigated, but none of the strains could effectively produce laccase, or the produced laccase had very low activity. Taking our method as the means for primary isolation, 15 potent laccase-producing macro-fungi strains were successfully isolated from wild woody districts like poplar forest land.Three high-efficient macro-fungi strains, A21, X18 and Y11, were further screened, with the extracellular laccase activities being 255.9, 248.7 and 277.3 U·ml
-1
, respectively, which could be used as the strains with considerable potential of industrialization.
Screening of plant extracts against eggplant
Verticillium dahliae
.
ZHOU Xuan; ZHOU Bao-li; LI Zhi-wen; DONG Chun-feng
2007, 26(08): 1217-1221 .
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Plant extracts from 73 species of 29 families of vegetables, flowers,trees, field crops and weeds were selected to test their fungitoxicity against eggplant
Verticillium dahliae
. Indoor bioassay and field experiment indicated that leaf extracts of
Vitis amurensis
and
Allium fistulosum
had stronger inhibitory effects on
V. dahliae
, with the inhibitory rate on its mycelium growth being 68.44% and 61.31%, respectively. The preventive effect of the two extracts (with the control effect of 75.76% and 71.72%, respectively) was equivalent to that of commercial pesticides. Branch and leaf extracts of
Eugenia caryophyllata
and
Salix babylonica
, leaf extracts of
Mentha canadensis
,
Capsicum frutescens
,
Lycopersicom escutentum
,
Cucurbita moschata
,
Allium tuberosum
,
Juglans regia
,
Ginkgo biloba
,
Cirsium japonicum
,
Pogpstemon patchouli
,
Sonchus brachyotus
and
Tagetes erecta
, root extract of
Cleome spinosa
, fruit extract of
Zanthoxylum bungeanum
, and pericarp extract of
Citrus
reticulata were also good in fungitoxicity, which could be regarded as optimal plant materials in screening botanical fungicides against other pathogens.
