Table of Content

10 August 2008, Volume 27 Issue 08

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Articles

Effects of light intensity and nitrogen supply on photosynthetic characters of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings.

HUO Chang-fu-SUN Hai-long;WANG Zheng-quan;FAN Zhi-qiang;ZHAO Xiao-min

2008, 27(08):  1255-1261 . 

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One-year old Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings were sand-cultured and subjected to different light intensity (2 levels) and N supply (4 levels) to examine their photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence response to environmental change. The results showed that comparing with full light, shading decreased the maximum photosynthesis rate (A_max), light compensation point (LCP) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) obviously, while increased the apparent quantum yield (AQY), maximum fluorescence (F_m) and maximal photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) markedly. The total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents and chlorophyll a/b per unit area of leaf were lower under shading. At two light levels, the F_m,F_v/F_m,φ_PSⅡand qP increased with increasing N supply (P<0.05), and φ_PSⅡ increased more quickly at lower N levels than at higher N levels. Light intensity and N supply had a significant interaction on the F_m,φ_PSⅡ, F_v/F_m,qN and qP （P<0.01）.One-year old Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings were sand-cultured and subjected to different light intensity (2 levels) and N supply (4 levels) to examine their photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence response to environmental change. The results showed that comparing with full light, shading decreased the maximum photosynthesis rate (A_max), light compensation point (LCP) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) obviously, while increased the apparent quantum yield (AQY), maximum fluorescence (F_m) and maximal photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) markedly. The total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents and chlorophyll a/b per unit area of leaf were lower under shading. At two light levels, the F_m,F_v/F_m,φ_PSⅡand qP increased with increasing N supply (P<0.05), and φ_PSⅡ increased more quickly at lower N levels than at higher N levels. Light intensity and N supply had a significant interaction on the F_m,φ_PSⅡ, F_v/F_m,qN and qP （P<0.01）.

Spatial variation pattern of Platycladus orientalis stem sap flow.

LIU De-liang¹;LI Ji-yue^2,3;MA Da²

2008, 27(08):  1262-1268 . 

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With the aid of TDP (thermal dissipation sapwood flow velocity probe) and autometeorological station, the spatial variation pattern of Platycladus orientalis stem sap flow in Miaofengshan Experimental Forest Farm of Beijing Forestry University was studied in 2005. The results showed that the sap flow velocity (SFV) increased with increasing trunk height, and the peak time of sap flow appeared earlier at upper trunk part than at lower. The sap flow curve was narrower and sharper, and the curve slope was greater at upper trunk part than at lower part. The average maximum SFV at the trunk heights of 6.6, 4.6, 2.6, and 0.6 m was 0.015, 0.009, 0.006, and 0.003 cm·s^-1, respectively, in July 2005. Both the SFV and the water consumption amount of different diametric single trees were increased with increasing diameter, but the change of SFV was not linear. Soil water content limited the water consumption capacity of the tree, and the sap flow flux had a distinct exponential correlation with soil water content, especially in 20-40 cm soil layer. Different meteorological factors had different effects on the stem sap flow. Radiation intensity, air temperature, and wind speed were positively correlated to the sap flow index belonged to the first principal component that affected the sap flow directly; while air relative humidity and soil temperature were negatively correlated to the sap flow index belonged to the second principal component that affected the sap flow slowly. By stepwise regression, a multiple linear equation describing the relationships between sap flow and meteorological factors was established, and it was feasible to use meteorological factors to forecast stem sap flow.

Effects of shading on Taxus chinensis var. mairei growth and its taxol content.

WANG Chang-wei¹;TONG Chuan²;LI Wen-jian¹;XIONG Dao-jin¹

2008, 27(08):  1269-1273 . 

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The growth of 1-, 3-, and 5-year-old seedlings and young trees of Taxus chinensis var. mairei were studied under more than one year shading, and the contents of taxol and its precursor (10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ) in 5-yearold young trees of T. chinensisvar. maireiwere determined under different shading treatments. Light was one of the important environmental factors affecting the growth of young T. chinensis var. mairei individuals. Only under shading, 1-year-old seedlings grew up healthily and had a high survival rate; under full light, about 50% of 3-year-old young trees died; while 30% shading was suitable for the healthy growth of 5-year-old young trees. The contents of taxol and 10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ in 5-year-old young trees were higher under full light than under shading treatments. Different ages of T. chinensis var.mairei individuals required different shading conditions to maintain their healthy growth. For T. chinensis var. mairei, the most appropriate light condition for the biosynthesis and accumulation of taxol and 10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ was not fully identical with the most suitable light condition for growth.

Intra- and inter-specific competition intensities inPinus massoniana Symplocos szechumensis mixed plantation.

SUN Lan^1,2;SU Zhi-xian²;ZHANG Su-lan²;YAN Xian-chun¹;ZOU Li-juan^1,2

2008, 27(08):  1274-1278 . 

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Two 30 m×30 m plots in Pinus massoniana Symplocos szechumensis mixed plantation in Jinchengshan National Forest Park of Nanchong, Sichuan Province were installed, and 30 representative individuals of P. massoniana in each plot were chosen as objective trees to measure their diameter at breast height, plant height, branch height, and crown diameter. Such measurements were also taken for all the competitive trees within and out of 6 m from the objective trees. Within an area with radius of 6 m, two circles were divided. The inner one was composed of the competitive trees that were nearest to the objective tree, while the outer one was composed of the rest competitive trees. Hegyi’s simple competition index was used. The intra- and inter-specific competition intensities either in inner or in outer circle decreased with the increasing diameter class of the trees. The competition intensities were in the order of intraspecific competition of P. massoniana in inner circles>interspecific competition between P. massoniana and S. szechumensis in inner circles>intraspecific competition of P. massoniana in outer circles>interspecific competition in outer circles.

Genetic diversity of five naturally reserved Ormosia hosiei populations in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces.

ZHAOYing¹;HE Yun-fang²;ZHOU Zhi-chun¹;FENG Jian-guo³, JIN Guoqing¹;WANG Bang-shun³

2008, 27(08):  1279-1283 . 

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Ormosia hosiei is an endangered and precious timber species in South China. Its wood is a top-grade material for furniture, ornament, and sculpture. By using ISSR molecular markers, the genetic diversity and differentiation of five naturally reserved O. hosiei populations in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces were investigated. The results showed thatO. hosiei had a high degree of genetic diversity. The percentage of its polymorphic loci was 91.46%, and the total gene diversity was 0.3981, being significantly higher than those of the other rare and endangered species. Although the five naturally reserved populations were smaller in size, they had a higher level of genetic diversity, with the percentage of population polymorphic loci, Nei’s genetic diversity, and Shannon’s information diversity index being 81.71%-89.02%, 0.3498-0.3831 and 0.5026-0.5506, respectively. The existing populations were all old stands that reserved after excessive deforestation, and the genetic differentiation between these populations was small because of short fragmented time. Molecular variance analysis demonstrated that the among-population and within-population component accounted for 6.45% and 93.55% of the total genetic variation, respectively. Naturally reserved O. hosiei populations with larger size had higher genetic diversity, which would be protected with priority.

Dynamics of community succession and species diversity of vegetations in beach wetlands of Hangzhou Bay.

WU Tong-gui; WU Ming;XIAO Jiang-hua

2008, 27(08):  1284-1289 . 

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Line transect and plot sampling methods were applied to investigate the vegetation communities developed in different years in beach wetlands of Hangzhou Bay. DCA (detrended correspondence analysis) ordination technique was used to clarify the dynamics and direction of vegetation community succession, and the Pielou’s evenness index, Margalef’s richness index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and Simpson’s diversity index were introduced to analyze the dynamics of species diversity during community succession. The results showed that the succession series of vegetation communities in test area wasScirpus mariqueter→Phragmites communis→Tamarix chinensis+Phragmites communis→Salix matsudan+Imperata cylindrica. With the succession progressed, the species richness increased significantly, evenness decreased, while species diversity increased first and decreased then.

Spatial distribution characteristics of species populations in Glycine soja community.

WU Dong-li^1,2;ZHANG Jin-tun³;WANG Chun-yi¹; XUE Hong-xi⁴

2008, 27(08):  1290-1295 . 

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Glycine soja mainly distributes in eastern Asia, and its germplasm is abundant in China. However, G. soja is under the threat of extinction because of human disturbances, and has been ranked as an endangered species in China. For its conservation, 28 species in G. soja community were studied with Spearman’s rank correlation to assess the interspecific relationships of G. soja community in Beijing. The results indicated that there were no significant relationships between G. soja and most of other species, which implied thatG. soja was distributed independently in the community. The species having ositive associations with G. soja owned similar biological features and habitats, while those having negative associations with G. soja wned different biological features and habitats. Most interspecific associations of species-pairs among the 28 species were not significant, which indicated that the community development was not perfect, and the interspecific relationship was not stable. Analyses of rank correlation coefficient and niche overlap showed that the degree of niche overlap was high when interspecific association for pairs of species was high. The 28 species were divided into 4 ecological groups by using rank correlation and niche overlap, and the species in the same ecological groups had the same utilization ways of resources and the same ecological demands.

Sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature in a Quercus variabilis secondary forest and a Pinus taeda plantation in north subtropical area of China: A laboratory simulation.

XIANG Shan-shan¹;WANG Guo-bing¹;LUO Zhi-jian²;RUAN Hong-hua¹;ZHANG Zeng-xin¹;LUAN Yi-ling¹

2008, 27(08):  1296-1301 . 

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The sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature is one of the uncertain factors affecting global warming. In order to understand the difference of this sensitivity in natural broadleaf forest and artificial coniferous forest with the exclusion of other factors’ influence, a laboratory simulation was conducted with the soil samples (0-10 cm) collected from a Quercus variabilis secondary forest and a Pinus taeda plantation in Jiangsu Province of Southeastern China. The samples were incubated in closedjars in laboratory at 5 ℃, 15 ℃, 25 ℃, and 35 ℃, respectively, and alkaliabsorption method was applied to measure soil respiration. Soil physical and chemical properties were also measured. The results showed that the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature (Q₁₀ value) was larger in Q. variabilis secondary forest than in P. taeda plantation. At 5 ℃, 15 ℃, and 25 ℃, there was no significant difference in the amount of cumulative CO₂ released from soil respiration in the two forest stands, and the dynamic changes of soil CO₂ release were similar. At 35 ℃, the amount of cumulative CO₂ released from soil respiration was significantly higher in Q. variabilis secondary forest than in P. taeda plantation; while at 25 ℃, it was in adverse. The soil total carbon, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus contents and C/N ratio were higher in Q. variabilis secondary forest than in P. taeda plantation. It was suggested that under the predicted global warming scenarios, natural broadleaf forests might release more CO₂ than artificial coniferous forests.

Effect of different land use patterns on soil microbial biomass carbon and its turnover rate in an aquic soil.

YU Wan-tai; JIANG Zi-shao; ZHOU Hua, MA Qiang 

2008, 27(08):  1302-1306 . 

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A longterm fertilization experiment was conducted on an aquic brown soil in the lower reaches of Liaohe River plain to study the effects of different land use patterns on soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The results showed that in agroecosystem the MBC values decreased in the following order: integrated use of NPK and recycled manure >CK>NPK>bare land. A large numbers of plant residue returned to soil had increased the content of organic carbon and humic substances, resulting in a higher MBC in waste land. The content of MBC, either in woodland or in mowing land, decreased significantly than that of in wasteland. The rate of soil MBC was as follows: NPK+C>woodland>wasteland>mowing land>CK>NPK >bare land.

Effects of grazing-prohibition on species biodiversity of typical steppe in Xilinguole.

XU Zhong-qi¹;LI Wen-hua²;XU Qing¹;MIN Qing-wen²;WANG Ying-shun³;HE Xu-sheng³

2008, 27(08):  1307-1312 . 

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In order to understand the effects of grazingprohibition on the species diversity of typical steppe, the species composition of typical steppe in Xilinguole of Inner Mongolia was investigated under the conditions of free grazing and of grazingprohibition since 1987, 1997, and 2003. The results showed that grazingprohibition did not change the composition of dominant species markedly, but affected the relative importance of the species, with the dominance of dominant species increased. At the same time, grazingprohibition enhanced the species diversity of the typical steppe in a definite period of time, but, as the period of grazingprohibition extended, the species diversity and the richness of the typical steppe decreased. Moreover, under the same conditions of grazing or grazingprohibition, the steppe with better water condition had higher species diversity. It was concluded that an appropriate duration of grazingprohibition and favorable water condition was in favor of the maintenance of the species diversity of typical steppe, and the decline in species diversity of typical steppe in the region could be ascribed to the overgrazing and droughty environment condition.

Habitat selection by Moschus moschiferus in summer in Daxing’an Mountains.

ZHANG Hai-long¹;WU Jian-ping¹;LIU Yong-zhi²;ZHANG Yong¹

2008, 27(08):  1313-1316 . 

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By the method of mechanical transect line, the habitat selection by Moschus moschiferus in summer in Heilongjiang Huzhong National Nature Reserve was studied from July 2005 to August 2006. Mann-Whitey U test showed that M. moschiferus favored the habitats with low tree density, low canopy density, steeper slope gradient, and high sheltering. X₂ test showed that in summer, M. moschiferus preferred to live in the conifer and broadleaf mixed forest at the mid-up slope position far away from human disturbance, close to detritus slope and water source, and of half shady and half sunny. Principal component analysis showed that the first 6 principal components, i.e., human disturbance, forest type, slope location, water source, space, and canopy density, explained 77.28% of all eigenvalues, being able to better reflect the characters of habitat.

Behavioral differences between wild-caught and captive-bred adult male alpine musk deer in enclosure environment.

MENG Xiu-xiang^1,2，3;Genevieve PERKINS¹;YANG Qi-sen²;FENG Zuo-jian²;XU Hong-fa³

2008, 27(08):  1317-1321 . 

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The behavior of alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus) has been poorly documented, and the captive breeding management of the deer has been primarily based on trial and error. The main aim of this study was to record and compare the behavioral patterns of wild-caught and captive-born adult male alpine musk deer to explore their potential differences. During August 2004 to January 2005, the behavioral patterns of the deer were recorded at the Musk Deer Breed Center in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province of China. Focal sampling and alloccurrence recording were used to observe the behaviors of 17 wild-caught (WC) and 6 captive-born (CB) adult males, The frequencies of 12 behaviors such as resting and standing-alert were recorded, and the behavioral frequencies in mating and non-mating seasons were compared. The results showed that most of the behavioral patterns between WC and CB male musk deer were not significantly different, because of the same enclosure environment and management model. However, due to the effects of artificial lactation on their behavioral development in infancy, the WC males expressed significantly more frequent conflict interactions than the CB males (P<0.05) in both non-mating and mating seasons, while the CB males exhibited more frequent amicable interactions than the WC males (P<0.01) in mating season. Furthermore, the males expressed significantly less frequent resting behavior but more standing-alert, locomotion, environment sniffing, and conflict interaction in mating season than in non-mating season (P<0.01).

Optimization of environmental factors for the growth of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae strains MA4 and MAlm1.

YANG La-ying¹;GAN Lu²;LIU Li²;WEN Ming-fu²;HUANG Jun-sheng¹

2008, 27(08):  1322-1326 . 

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Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae is a kind of broad spectrum entomopathogenic fungi, and thus, to increase its growth rate and sporification is of important significance. In this study, the environmental factors affecting hypha growth and second generation sporulation of two M. anisopliae var. anisopliae strains MA4 and MAlm1, such as culture temperature, initial pH of culture medium, entire volume of liquid, illumination, and microelements, were determined. The results showed that the optimal growth and sporification conditions for MA4 strain were 28 ℃, pH 7, 75 ml/250 ml installment, 24 h light/day with Mn addition; while those for MAlm1 strain were 28 ℃, pH 9, 75 ml/250 ml installment, 0 h light/day, and Cu addition.

Growth and reproduction of amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri) in Naozhou Island area.

FENG Bo; LU Huo-sheng;LIAO Chuan-yi;ZHANG Jing

2008, 27(08):  1327-1331 . 

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An investigation was made on the amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri) and its habitat environment in Naozhou Island area from March to December 2006, aimed to provide information on the amphioxus conservation in South China Sea. It was found that B. belcher mainly distributed in the narrow range around 20°55.35′N and 110°31.5′E, and covered an area of 4.08 km². Its average resource density was 209 ind·m^-2, with a maximum of 1 053 ind·m^-2, and its average biomass was 40.8 g·m^-2, with a maximum of 424 g·m^-2. Its body length had an obvious seasonal fluctuation, and its spawning season was from March to July. The larva thrived in autumn and winter. There existed great differences in gonad maturity and sex ratio in different seasons and growth stages, with maximum sex maturity ratio up to 51% in spring. The body length at 50% maturity was 54 mm, and the sex ratio in the 30-55 mm length cohort was 1∶1. Females outnumbered males when the body length was above 55 mm. The equation for amphioxus body masslength relationship was W=00014 L^3.2898. When the body length reached 60 mm, the reducing coefficient of amphioxus population was 0.361 cm^-1.

Toxicity effects of nonylphenol on tadpoles Rana chensinensis growth and development.

ZHENG Xiao-jing;ZHANG Yu-hui

2008, 27(08):  1332-1336 . 

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The individuals of tadpoles Rana chensinesis at stages 26-28 were exposed to 0.05-0.5 mg nonylphenol (NP) per liter water to estimate the acute toxicity effects of NP. The results showed that the regression equations between the individuals’ death probability and the logarithm of NP concentration for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were y=8.4087x+10.202, y=9.5104x+11.745, y=10.284x+12.498， y=10.619x+13.095, with the mean LC₅₀ values being 0.24, 0.20, 0.19 and 0.17 mg·L^-1 respectively. The safe concentration (SC) was 0.017 mg·L^-1, and the 96 h LC₀ value was 0.14 mg·L^-1, suggesting that the death probability of tadpoles R. chensinensis individuals had a positive linear correlation with definite range of NP concentrations. In order to examine the effects of lower concentration NP on the growth and development of R. chensinensis, the individuals at stage 26 were continuously exposed to 100, 60, 30, and 10 μg·L^-1 of NP till metamorphosis, with 3 and 0.3 μg·L^-1 of E₂ as positive control. The body mass, total length, and the duration of metamorphosis were determined at 20 days, 40 days, and after metamorphosis. It was shown that <100 μg·L^-1 of NP had no effects on the mortality of tadpoles R. chensinensis, while 10 and 100 μg·L^-1 of NP had the similar effects of 3 μg·L^-1 E₂, i.e., delayed the time of metamorphosis, and decreased the body mass of froglets after metamorphosis. It was suggested that NP with the concentration of <100 μg·L^-1 did not directly damage the organism, but disrupted its endocrine activity to affect the development of tadpoles R. chensinensis.

Effects of lanthanum on antioxidant activity and esterase isozymes in kidney and gill of Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus.

ZHANG Gui-sheng

2008, 27(08):  1337-1340 . 

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The effects of different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 2.0 and 5.0 mg·L^-1) of La³⁺ on the antioxidant activity and esterase (EST) isozymes in kidney and gill ofCyprinus carpio Linnaeus were studied by renewal test. The results indicated that within the test concentration range of LaCl₃ and after treated for 4 months, the SOD activities in C. carpio gill was inhibited significantly, while the SOD activity in kidney and the LPO content in gill had no significant differences with the control. The kidney’s LPO content at 0.01, 0.1 and 5.0 mg·L^-1 of La³⁺ had no significant difference with the control, butwas much higher at 2.0 mg·L^-1 of La³⁺. The POD activities in kidney and gill at 0.01 and 0.1 mg·L^-1 of La³⁺ were significantly higher than the control, but were inhibited significantly at 5.0 mg·L^-1 of La³⁺. PAGE test showed that under effects of La³⁺, the band lightness of SOD and EST in kidney and gill changed distinctly, several bands of EST isozymes in kidney and gill disappeared, and some new bands of EST isozymes in kidney were observed. These effects varied with different La³⁺ concentrations.

Community composition and structure of understory bird in evergreen broadleaved forest in Chebaling of Guangdong.

TONG Fu-chun¹;HONG Yong-mi²;LIN Yan-jia¹;LI Hui²;ZOU Fa-sheng²

2008, 27(08):  1341-1344 . 

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By the method of net-capture, the community composition and structure of understory bird in evergreen broadleaved forest in Chebaling of Guangdong Province were studied from November 2006 to April 2007. A total of 309 individuals belonging to 23 species, 10 families and 3 orders were captured during 1 781.3 net-hours. Passeriformes was the main component, and Grey-cheeked Fulvetta (Alcippe morrisonia) and Grey Treepie (Dendrocitta formosae) were the dominant species. From the viewpoint of feeding habits, insectivorous birds were the main, with 143 individuals and 13 species captured, accounting for 46.3% and 56.5% of the total, respectively. Babblers possessed a high proportion in the understory bird community.

Soil heavy metals concentrations and their enrichment characteristics by plants in tungsten mine areas of South Jiangxi.

LIU Zu-gen¹;YANG Guo-hua¹;YANG Fan²; LIU Lei²;FANG Hong-ya¹; HUANG Jing;ming¹

2008, 27(08):  1345-1350 . 

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Soil and plant samples were collected from the tailing areas of four stateowed tungsten mines (i.e., Xihuashan, Dangping, Piaotang, and Xialong) in South of Jiangxi Province, and their heavy metal concentrations were analyzed. The results showed that in the tailing areas of the four state tungsten mines, soils were contaminated by Zn, Cd, Mo, Cu, Pb and W, with the concentrations of Cd and Mo being higher than those of the others, and the soil contamination was more serious in the tailing area of Xialong tungsten mine. 53 species belonging to 31 families and 52 genera were found in the four areas, and the enrichment coefficient of the heavy metals in these plants ranked as Zn>Cd>Mo>Cu>Pb>W. Owing to the different tolerant mechanisms, these plants were characterized by different enrichment capability, e.g., Dicranopteris dichotoma, Solanum nigrum, and Rumex acetosa could enrich more heavy metals in their stem and leaf, being feasible to be used for the phytoremediation of heavy metals-contaminated soils, Blechnum orientale, Urena procumbens and Woodwardia prolifera could enrich more heavy metals in their root, being available to be used for phytostabilization, while Setaria viridis, Bidens bipinnata and Perilla frutescens could hardly enrich heavy metals, being possible to be used as the pioneer plants for the revegetation of mining wastelands.

Prevention of barnacles on planted Rhizophora stylosa Griff seedlings with pesticide malathion and related ecophysiological effects.

HE Bin-yuan^1,2;LAI Ting-he²;WANG Mao¹; QIU Guang-long²;ZHENG Hai-lei¹

2008, 27(08):  1351-1356 . 

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A one-year experiment on the prevention of the barnacles on planted Rhizophora stylosa- Griff seedlings with malathion was conducted at Yingluo bay of Guangxi, China. Four pesticide concentrations (1/200, 1/400, 1/600, and 1/800 seawater solution of the original malathion concentration (45%)) and four spraying frequencies (every 3, 7, 14, and 28 days) were installed. The results showed that with increasing pesticide concentration and spraying frequency, the barnacle biomass on the seedlings decreased significantly, and all the treatments had a significantly lower barnacle biomass than the control (P<0.001). The seedlings stem biomass and height did not have definite patterns of responses to the pesticide concentration and spraying frequency. At the same pesticide concentration, spraying it every 28 days gave the lowest root biomass, leaf biomass and leaf area, and the more the spraying frequency, the more the leaves preserved. Also at the same pesticide concentration, spraying it every 28 days gave the highest mortality (11%-22%) of the seedlings, while spraying every 3, 7 and 14 days only gave 0-5% of the mortality. However, the mortality in control group reached 39%. Statistical analysis indicated that the seedlings mortality had a significant positive correlation with barnacle biomass (P<0.001), significant negative correlations with leaf biomass, leaf number, root biomass, and neonatal biomass (P<0.001), but no significant correlations with seedlings stem height, stem biomass, and remained propagule biomass. Spraying malathion decreased the seedlings leaf chlorophyll content, but increased the leaf Chl (a/b) ratios and SOD and POD activities. It was proposed that in case of mangrove forestation on tidal flats at mean sea level, spraying malathion at the concentration of 1/800 and with a frequency of every 14 days could prevent barnacle effectively.

Present situation of fish mercury pollution in heavily mercury-contaminated Baihua reservoir in Guizhou.

YAN Hai-yu¹;FENG Xin-bin¹;LIU Ting²;SHANG Li-hai¹;LI Zhonggen¹;LI Guang-hui^1,3

2008, 27(08):  1357-1361 . 

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汞污染； 鱼； 污染现状

Effects of straw incorporation on the solubility of cadmium and copper in flooded soil.

SHAN Yu-hua;LI Chang-gui;CHEN Chen;WANG Xiao-zhi;FENG Ke

2008, 27(08):  1362-1366 . 

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The migration and bioavailability of heavy metals in polluted soil are dependent on their solubility, which could be affected by many factors including organic manure incorporation. With wheat and rice straw as materials, an incubation experiment was conducted under flooded soil condition to investigate the effects of straw incorporation on the solubility of Cu and Cd in soil, and the relationships between the solubility and soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The results showed that straw incorporation could significantly enhance the solubility of Cu and Cd in soil, and the concentrations of Cu and Cd in soil solution increased with the incorporation rate of straw. Compared with that of Cd, the solubility of Cu was more sensitive to straw incorporation. The peak concentrations of Cu and Cd in wheat straw treatment were 98% and 31% higher than those in rice straw treatment, respectively, while the peak concentration of soil DOC in wheat straw treatment was approximately 40% higher than that in rice straw treatment. A significant positive correlation was observed between the solubility of soil Cu and Cd and soil DOC. The solubility of Cu was more sensitive to soil DOC concentration, and the enhancing efficiency of soil DOC to Cu solubility was approximately 4 times of that to Cd solubility.

Cadmium adsorption on goethite under effects of main inorganic anions in seawater.

CHEN Liang^1,2;JIA Yong-feng¹;ZHANG Xue-xia^1,2;LüHong-tao^1,2;SHI Rong^1,2

2008, 27(08):  1367-1372 . 

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Batch adsorption experiment was conducted to study the effects of seawater pH, Cl^-, SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and HCO₃^- on the adsorption of cadmium on goethite. It was found that cadmium adsorption on goethite was highly pH dependent. The cadmium adsorption was suppressed by Cl^-, SO₄^2- and NO₃^- at pH 8, but enhanced by Cl^- and SO₄^2- at low pH. HCO₃^- promoted the cadmium adsorption at pH 4-10. The order of cadmium and SO₄^2- addition at pH 8 was found to strongly affect the adsorbed amount of cadmium. Much larger amount of cadmium was adsorbed on goethite when cadmium was added first, compared to the conditions when SO₄^2- was added first or when cadmium and SO₄^2- were added simultaneously.

Material and energy consumption and environmental impacts of beer industry in China.

LI Na^1,2; HU Dan^1;FENG Qiang³

2008, 27(08):  1373-1378 . 

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Material flow analysis (MFA) was used to analyze the material and energy consumption and the environmental load of beer industry in China in 2000-2005, and life cycle assessment (LCA) was adopted to assess the environmental impacts of the beer production. The results showed that from 2000 to 2005, the consumption of material and energy for China beer industry had an increasing trend. With the progress of technology, the pollutant discharge coefficient for one unit beer production (1 kL) decreased year by year, but the annual discharge of pollutants from the beer industry still kept rising. Among the potential environmental impacts of beer industry in China, the eutrophication effect caused by discharged wastewater was most important, and from 2000 to 2005, the environmental impact potential values of the beer industry for eutrophication, dust, global warming, acidification, and solid wastes were all kept growing. Implementing ecological transition of beer industry and establishing circular industry would be necessary for the sustainable development of beer industry in China.

Analysis of climatic dry and wet conditions in Yamdok Tso Lake Basin of Tibet.

DU Jun^1;HU Jun^2;TANG Shu-jun^3;Luobuciren^4;LHKA Pa¹

2008, 27(08):  1379-1385 . 

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The 1961-2006 inter-annual and inter-decadal variations of potential evapotransporation and drywet index in Yamdok Tso Lake Basin of Tibet were analyzed by PenmanMonteith model, with the meteorological factors affecting the variation of the drywet index identified. The results indicated that in 1961-2006, the annual potential evapotranspiration was decreased with a rate of 13.1 mm·10 a^-1. The seasonal potential evapotranspiration also had a decreasing trend, with the maximum in winter and the minimum in summer. Though the annual and seasonal variations of the dry-wet index were not obvious, the dry-wet index itself increased significantly in 1981-2006, both at the annual and the seasonal scales except in winter. The maximum increasing rate occurred in summer, which was attributed to the increased precipitation and decreased evapotransporation in this region in the recent 26 years. Except that in the 1980s, most of the average annual drywet index was higher, with the maximum in the 1990s. The climate changed toward an obvious warm-wet type, with dry-wet index increasing. The obviously increased dry-wet index could be mainly attributed to the obviously increased precipitation and temperature and the decreased mean daily range of temperature, together with the obviously declined sunshine hours which also played an important role in the dry-wet index. In recent years, the water level of the Yamdok Tso Lake ascended obviously, which was resulted from the increasing precipitation, temperature, and snow-melting.

Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs): A review.

YANG Wei-wei¹;LI Zhen-ji¹;AN Yu²;XIE Qing-qing¹;ZHAO Yu-qiang¹;SHEN Ying-bai²

2008, 27(08):  1386-1392 . 

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Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important roles in three levels of trophic relationship of plant-herbivore-natural enemy, volatile signaling in plantplant interactions, and changes of plant adaptability. The emission of VOCs has the traits of specificity, systematicness, timedependence, and rhythmicity. VOCs affect the behaviors of herbivores in host-choice, oviposition, and courtship, and help predators or parasitoids to locate feeding herbivores. Four steps characterize the transfer of VOCs signals between plants,i.e., signal release from emitter plant, transport, and absorption and perception by receiver plant. The two methods commonly used for VOCs collection are adsorptionsolvent desorption and adsorptionthermal desorption.

Allocation and transformation of photosynthetic carbon in belowground part of crops during their growth period: A review.

JIN Jian^1,2;WANG Guang-hua¹; LIU Xiao-bing¹;ZHANG Lei³; MI Liang¹; LIU Jun-jie¹;Stephen J HERBERT⁴ 

2008, 27(08):  1393-1399 . 

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Photosynthetic carbon is an important component in the carbon cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system, and the main source of soil organic carbon. In farmland ecosystems, the fate and metabolic mechanism of photosynthetic carbon in belowground part of crops during their growth period are usually ignored, but are indispensable for understanding the plant-soil-microbe interaction, change of soil quality, and global carbon cycling. In this paper, the allocation of photosynthetic carbon in belowground part of crops during their growth period, the contribution of this allocation to soil organic carbon, and the roles of soil microbes in the turnover of the photosynthetic carbon, as well as carbon-labeling technology, were reviewed. It was proposed that the study of photosynthetic carbon in typical soil types should be strengthened, and the contribution of photosynthetic carbon to different components of soil organic carbon should be defined, with the focuses on the allocation pattern of photosynthetic carbon in the belowground parts of soybean and maize, the relationships between the carbon compounds released from roots and their utilization by soil microbes, and the effects of climate factors and agronomic practices on the carbon allocation.

Research method, content, and prospect on seed bank of freshwater wetland.

HOU Zhi-yong^1,2;XIE Yong-hong²;YU Xiao-ying¹;REN Bo^1,2;YANG Gang^1,2

2008, 27(08):  1400-1405 . 

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Seed bank is defined as the summation of viable seeds existing on soil surface and in soil. The study of seed bank is an important basis for exploring the structure, function, and dynamics of wetland vegetations, and also, an important complementarity in studying wetland biodiversity, being of directive significance in understanding the dynamics of vegetation succession, vegetation regeneration, and vegetation restoration of damaged wetland. Based on the researches about the seed bank of freshwater wetland at home and abroad, this paper summarized the formation of wetland seed bank, its study methods, temporal and spatial distribution patterns, relationships with vegetation composition, effects of hydrology on the composition of the seed bank, and applications of the seed bank in wetland restoration. The future researches about the temporal dynamics of wetland seed bank, classification of the seed bank, relationships between the seed bank and vegetation composition, and construction of wetland landscape by using the seed bank were also prospected.

COI sequence, the DNA barcode affecting animal taxonomy and ecology.

GUAN Shen-min; GAO Bang-quan

2008, 27(08):  1406-1412 . 

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DNA barcode is a special DNA sequence which can be used as a tool for species identification. At present, the most commonly used DNA barcode in zoological study is a sequence coming from cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI). With the establishment of standard data bases, the COIbased DNA barcode has gained its wide application in animal taxonomy and ecology, and profoundly affected these research fields. However, the silent assumptions for DNA barcode that related to the evolution history and inheritance of mitochondria and speciation haven’t been completely confirmed, and thus, some problems are created. This paper discussed the effects of COIbased DNA barcode on animal taxonomy and ecology, the existing problems in its studies, and the future prospect of its applications.

Assessment of metals toxicity in environment by using bioluminescent bacteria bioassay: A review.

WEI Dong-pu;MA Yi-bing;CHEN Shi-bao;SUN Jian-guang

2008, 27(08):  1413-1421 . 

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Bioluminescent bacteria test is a rapid, sensitive, and cost effective direct bioassay for risk assessment and monitoring of environmental pollutants. This paper briefly reviewed the principles of bioluminescent bacteria test and its applications in water environment, and summarized the factors affecting the metals toxicity in water environment, such as pH, ligands, and interactions between metals. The applications of bioluminescent bacteria test in solid phase samples, the advantages and limitations of different extraction procedures, and the relationships between metals toxicity and speciation in soil were commented. It was proposed that the mechanisms of metals toxicity to bacteria and the standardization and optimization of bioluminescence bacteria test for soil samples should be the important issues in the future. The development of rapid, cost effective, and standardized methods by using bioluminescence bacteria would be significant to the risk assessment and monitoring of metals in soil environment.

Landscape visualization and its applications.

CHANG Yu¹;HU Yuan-man¹;BU Ren-cang¹; MENG Zhi-tao²;DU Qiang-gen²;ZHAO Jia-ming²

2008, 27(08):  1422-1429 . 

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This paper introduced the concept of landscape visualization, gave retrospection of its advance course, presented the visualization methods of main landscape elements such as topography, vegetation, water body, artificial structure (architectures and infrastructures, etc.), animals (including human), atmosphere and light, and elaborated the applications of landscape visualization in landscape planning, landscape change, climate change, urban landscape, landscape visual impact assessment, and forest management. The development trends of landscape visualization were also proposed.

Nest site characteristics of three heron species in Wuhu and adjacent regions.

LI Yong-min^1，2; NIE Chuan-peng²;LIU Sheng-jie²;WU Xiao-bing¹

2008, 27(08):  1430-1433 . 

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The nest site characteristics of little egret (Egretta garzetta), blackcrowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) and Chinese pond heron (Ardeola bacchus) were studied by collecting samples from four heronries in Wuhu and adjacent regions in 2005. Eleven nest-site variables, i.e., nest tree species, nest height, nest tree height, coverage above nest, coverage of 1 m around nest, diameter of nest tree at breast height, distance of nest from tree center, diameter of nest branch, distance of nest to heronry edge, slope location, and altitude, were measured, and the nest site characteristics of test heron species were analyzed by the methods of one-way analysis of variances and principal component analysis. The results showed that the main components better described the nest habitats were nest site, nest tree, protection, and slope location, with the contribution rate being 25.51%, 24.42%, 13.19%, and 12.32%, respectively, and the major factors affecting the nest-site selection of test herons were microhabitat fitness and predation pressure.

Comparison betweenFusarium sacchari and industrial enzyme preparation on the biotransformation of effective component in Panax notoginseng stems and leaves.

HAN Ying¹;HU Xiao-min²;JIANG Bin-hui²;ZHAO Yu-qing³

2008, 27(08):  1434-1437 . 

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The antitumor component ginsenoside compound K (C-K) in Panax notoginseng stems and leaves was bio-transformed with biotechnology. The effects of Fusarium sacchar and industrial enzyme preparations β-glucanase and cellulase on the biotransformation of total saponins in P. notoginseng’s leaf and stem were compared, and, with C-K as determination object, the preparation procedure with higher transformation activity and C-K yield was screened. The results showed that the C-K yield transformed by F. saccharwas was 215 times of that in crude saponion, and 2-3 and 3 times of that by β-glucanase and cellulase, respectively.

Forecasting model of rice planthoppers occurrence degree based on projection pursuit regression.

LOU Wei-ping¹;CHEN Xian-qing²;WU Li-hong³;FENG Zhong-ming⁴;ZHANGHan²

2008, 27(08):  1438-1443 . 

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The occurrence degree of rice planthoppers is nonnormal and nonlinear related to climatic parameters, while classical statistic methods can hardly reach stable predictions for the occurrence degree. Artificial neural network (ANN) is an efficient way to estimate the occurrence degree, but fails to work when only a few training samples are available. Projection pursuit regression (PPR) model is an efficient way to solve nonnormal and non-linear problems, which projects high-dimensional data onto lowdimensional subspaces and analyzes the structure of the data on lowdimension. In this study, PPR method was applied to predict the occurrence degree of rice planthoppers on single cropping late rice in Xinchang of Zhejiang Province. The prediction derived from PPR was also compared with those from BP ANN and linear regression model. The results showed that both ANN and PPR model achieved historical coincidence rate of 100%, but the prediction bias of PPR was larger than that of ANN. The linear regression model showed less historical coincidence rate and larger bias than ANN and PPR model, while PPR model could access more satisfied prediction than ANN and linear regression model, being a potential method on the prediction of the outbreak of rice planthoppers.

Application of ecosystem health evaluation method in analysis of degraded Haloxylon ammodendron community.

CHANG Zhao-feng^1,2; HAN Fu-gui^1,2;ZHONG Sheng-nian^1,2; LI Fa-ming^1,2; HE Fang-lan^1,2;ZHANG Ying-chang^1,2;CAI Cheng-wu^1,2

2008, 27(08):  1444-1449 . 

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Determination of health sequence’s evaluation indices is the key of health sequenceanalysis. In this paper, fuzzy discrimination method was used to analyze the health status of Haloxylon ammodendron community in Minqin sandy region, and a health evaluation index system for degraded plant communities was established, including plant state index, morbidity index, biodiversity index, and natural regeneration capacity index. The results better reflected the health status of different communities, and the relationships between community health sequence and dominant and associated plant species. In general, the comparative study on the health status evaluation of several targets was much easier than that of only one target. For desert plant communities, first and secondgrade discriminations should be conducted with trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants separately, and a sensitivity analysis should be carried out on secondgrade discrimination.

Optimal selection of ecological restoration scenarios for Beijing northring water system.

ZENG Yong¹;ZHAO Yan-wei²;YANG Zhi-feng²;LIU Jing-ling²

2008, 27(08):  1450-1454 . 

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The implementation of ecological restoration of Beijing north-ring water system is of significance for the ecological degradation control and ecological services improvement of Beijing. In terms of the targets on ecological flow, water quality, and aquatic ecological conservation, five ecological restoration scenarios named as no-action scenario (S₀), pollution control scenario (S₁), integrative low-intensity ecological restoration scenario (S₂), integrative middleintensity ecological restoration scenario (S₃), and integrative highintensity ecological restoration scenario (S₄) were proposed. According to the results of model simulation, the optimal selection was conducted by using TOPSIS method. The scenarios S₂, S₃ and S₄ had 0.73, 0.81 and 0.93 of the approaching degrees to ideal point, respectively, with the ecological flow, water quality, and aquatic ecology complied with the required planning targets. They were finally selected as the recommended nearfuture, middleterm, and longterm implementation scenarios, respectively.