Table of Content

10 December 2008, Volume 27 Issue 12

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Articles

Coarse woody debris mass and its nutrients stock in tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China.

SONG Ze-wei^1,2; TANG Jian-wei¹

2008, 27(12):  2033-2041 . 

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Based on the investigation at three 1 hm² plots, the coarse woody debris (CWD) mass in a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, southwest China was estimated, with its nutrients stock measured. The CWD mass on the three plots was averagely 16.2 t·hm^-2, occupying approximately 4% of the living aboveground biomass, among which, snag, fallen tree, fallen tree debris, and large branches accounted for 32.5%, 33.2%, 12.6%, and 21.7%, respectively. The CWD mass estimated by this study was lower than that in tropical rain forests in Brazil and Southeast Asia, and its N, P, K, Ca, and Mg stock was 61.8, 3.4, 30.4, 118.3, and 16.5 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Fallen tree had the largest proportion of nutrients stock (31.9%-44.8% of the total), followed by snag (21.5%-28.7%), large branches (14.4%-28.9%) and fallen tree debris (10.3%-25.5%), and snag had higher C/N, C/P and N/P ratios than the others.

Distribution patterns of plant communities in the Yellow River Delta and related affecting factors.

SONG Chuang-ye^1,2; LIU Gao-huan¹; LIU Qing-sheng¹; CAO Ming-chang¹; HUANG Chong¹

2008, 27(12):  2042-2048 . 

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By using Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) and Detrending Canonical Correspondence Analysis (DCCA), the type and structure of the plant communities in the Yellow River Delta were analyzed, with the distribution pattern of the communities and related affecting factors approached. The vegetations on 134 sampling plots were classified into 7 communities. Robinia pseucdoacacia, Imperata cylindrical, and Miscanthus saccharifleus communities were distributed on the areas with good soil nutrient condition and high ground water depth, Suaeda heteroptera and Aeluropus sinensis communities were on the areas with high soil salt content but low organic matter and total nitrogen contents and low ground water depth, Phragmites communis community was widely scattered on low-land areas, and Tamarix chinensis community occurred on the areas with high soil salt content and low ground water depth. The classification of the community types mainly reflected the variations of soil salt content and ground water depth, which were decided by microtopography. Among the factors affecting the distribution patterns of the plant communities, environmental factor accounted for 45.2% of the variation, spatial factor accounted for 11.8%, interactions between environmental and spatial factors accounted for 2.23%, and the undetermined factors due to biological and anthropogenic factors accounted for 40.8%.

Seasonal dynamics of leaf area index of main broadleaf forest types in eastern Liaoning secondary forest zone.

LI Gen-zhu¹; WANG He-xin¹; ZHU Jiao-jun²

2008, 27(12):  2049-2055 . 

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Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus rhynchophulla, and Juglans mandshurica forests are the representative forest types in natural secondary forest zone of northeast China. By using digital camera with fish-eye lens, the hemispherical photographs of the three forest types were taken, and the parameters leaf area index, canopy porosity, and illumination factors were analyzed by Gap Light Analyzer. For the leaf area index of the three forest types, there was a similar variation trend, i.e., increased first and decreased then, with the maximum presented in mid-July or August for Q. mongolica and J.mandshurica forests while in mid-August or September for F. rhynchophulla forest. The canopy porosity of the three forest types also had a similar variation trend, but opposite to leaf area index, being decreased first and increased then, with the minimum presented in mid-June, July, August or September. The analysis of variation coefficients of leaf area index, transmitted direct gap light, and transmitted diffuse gap light indicated that the spatial pattern of leaf area index in July-September was the main factor affecting the spatial distribution of transmitted diffuse gap light. Leaf area index had an exponential regression relationship with canopy porosity.

Dynamics of Salix matsudana photosynthesis and its relations to environmental factors.

WU Tong-gui¹; ZHOU He-feng²; WU Ming¹; XIAO Jiang-hua¹; JIANG Ke-yi¹

2008, 27(12):  2056-2061 . 

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Salix matsudana is the only tree species in Hangzhou Bay wetland of East China. From May to November 2007, the diurnal and seasonal dynamics of its photosynthes is were determined with Li-6400 Portable Photosynthesis System, and the relationships between the dynamics and environmental factors were analyzed by stepwise multiple-regression and path analysis. The results showed the daily mean value of net photosynthesis rate P_n for each month was in the sequence of August>September>July>June>May>October>November. The diurnal course of P_n had a unimodal pattern in May, June, October and November, and a mid-depression in July, August and September. The dynamics of P_n was very sensitive to the leaf temperature (T_l), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) in May, June, October and November, to VPD, T_l, and relative humidity (RH) in July, August and September, and to T_l and VPD in the whole growth period. It was suggested there existed greater variations in the diurnal and seasonal dynamics of P_n in the growth period of S. matsudana, and the effects of test environmental factors differed each other to some extent.

Regeneration niche of main tree species in Quercus liaotungensis forest gaps in Ziwuling Mountain.

LI Yong-bing; WANG Hui; FU Jing

2008, 27(12):  2062-2066 . 

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Based on the investigation at 54 different size gaps of Quercus liaotungensis forest in Ziwuling Mountain, the regeneration niches of different tree species in the forest were analyzed. The results showed that with the variation of gap size, the dominance of the tree species in Q. liaotungensis forest had greater difference. According to their niche breadth in the gaps, the main tree species were classified into 4 types, i.e., wide, medium, comparatively narrow, and narrow, and most of them belonged to the type of narrow niche breadth. The main tree species in the gaps had a smaller niche overlap, with the smallest one in 100-200 m² gaps. The importance value and niche breadth of Q.liaotungensis were higher in 100-200 m² gaps than in 0-100 and 200-300m² gaps, indicating that 100-200 m² gaps were the good habitats for the natural regeneration of Q. liaotungensis.

Allelopathic effects of Aerba lupulin on several graminaceous grass species on alpine meadow.

TANG yan¹; SHANG Zhan-huan²; LI Xi-lai¹; MA Yu-shou³; WU Hai-yan³; LONG Rui-jun²

2008, 27(12):  2067-2072 . 

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The aqueous extracts from the above- and underground parts of Aerba lupulin, a dominant plant of secondary poisonous weed community on the black soil patch of degraded alpine meadow on Qinghai-Tibet plateau, were used to study their inhibitory effects on the seed germination and seedling growth of four graminaceous grass species on the plateau. The results indicated that the aqueous extract from the aboveground part of A. lupulin had significant inhibitory effects on the seed germination and seedling growth of test grass species, while the extract from the underground part of the plant had less allelopathic inhibitory effect. For the test grass species, the allelopathic sensitivity of their seed germination was in the order of Elymus nutans>E. sibiricus>Poa crymophila>Festuca sinensis, while that of their seedling growth was in the order of Elymus nutans> Festuca sinensis>Elymus sibiricus>Poa crymophila. Overall, the allelopathic sensitivity was in the order of Elymus nutans>E. sibiricus>Poa crymophila>Festuca sinensis, and of seed germination>seedling growth. The allelopathy of Aerba lupulinis was one of the factors that caused the spreading-out of poisonous weeds on the degraded alpine meadow and the ultimate formation of secondary poisonous weed community on black soil patch.

Allelopathic potential of Ageratina adenophora Spengel aqueous extracts and interference effect of their osmotic pressure.

YANG Guo-qing^1,2; WAN Fang-hao¹; LIU Wan-xue¹

2008, 27(12):  2073-2078 . 

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Different type aqueous extracts from the above-ground part of Ageratina adenophora Sprengel were prepared under the treatments of whole plant, clipped plant and air-dried plant for 6, 24 and 48 hours, aimed to evaluate their allelopathic potential to the seed germination and seedling growth of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.), and examine the interference effect of their osmotic pressure on the allelopathic potential. It was found that these aqueous extracts had significant allelopathic inhibitory potential, with the sequence of the treatment air-dried plant>clipped plant>whole plant, and of the treating time 48 h>24 h>6 h. The osmotic pressure of the aqueous extracts was also in the sequence of the treatment air-dried plant>clipped plant>whole plant, and increased with increasing concentration and treating time. The interference effect of the osmotic pressure was increased with increasing osmotic pressure, suggesting that osmotic pressure could be an important factor which interfered in the evaluation of the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts from A. adenophora, especially from its air-dried and clipped plants. It was proposed that whole-plant treatment should be preferred in the preparation of A. adenophora aqueous extracts.

Community characteristics of grassland sowed with mixed perennial gramineous species on desertified areas of northwest Sichuan.

HE Wen-xing; LI Hong-mei; CHEN Fang

2008, 27(12):  2079-2082 . 

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In order to restore the degraded and desertified grasslands on the northwest plateau of Sichuan, six gramineous species were used to establish various modes with different combinations of plant communities. The community characteristics and ecosystem stability of these combinations indicated that the species diversity in the communities decreased with the increase of evenness (r=0.94). Among the 13 reconstruction modes, the community Elymus nutans+Lolium multiflorum+Festuca rubra+Agropyron desertorum had higher coverage, biological yield, and species diversity, being suitable for the restoration of the degraded and desertified grasslands in northwest Sichuan. Among the test species, Elymus sibiricus, Elymus nutans, and Agropyron desertorum had the highest dominance.

Biomass dynamics of Spartina alterniflora at its sexual propagation stage in Shankou mangrove area of Guangxi, China.

QIN Ying-ying¹; JIANG Xiao-xiao¹; LI Feng^2,3; WEI Feng¹; LIANG Shi-chu¹

2008, 27(12):  2083-2086 . 

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The biomass dynamics of Spartina alterniflora at its sexual propagation stage in Shankou mangrove reserve of Guangxi, China was studied from June to November 2007. The results showed that at the beginning of the sexual propagation stage of S. alterniflora, the biomass of different vegetative organs increased over time, while at late propagation stage, the growth rates of root, stem, and leaf biomass were all negative, and the negative growth rate of stem was caused by the negative growth of root and leaf. The underground biomass was far less than aboveground biomass, and the biomass of different organs was in the order of stem>leaf>root>reproductive organs in all months except June. The proportion of root biomass to total biomass was decreased from 28.9% in June to 14.0% in November, and the biomass of reproductive organs only took a small part in the total biomass and increased with time.

Water consumption characteristics of common greening tree species Salix matsudana cv. ‘Pendula’.

WANG Yu-tao^1,3;LI Ji-yue^2,1;HU Dong-yan⁴;CHEN Chong¹;ZHANG Zuo-shuang⁴;LIU Dong-huan⁴;WANG Shu-biao⁴

2008, 27(12):  2087-2093 . 

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From May to October 2005, the sap flow velocity of greening tree species Salix matsudana cv. ‘Pendula’ in Beijing Botanical Garden was measured with heat dissipation technique, and the photosynthetic active radiation, wind velcoity, air relative humidity, air temperature, were determined simultaneously. The results showed that the sap flow velocity of S. matsudana varied steadily, with a diurnal variation curve of wide unimodal type, and the difference between day and night on sunny days was larger than that on cloudy days. The monthly mean sap flow velocity of S. matsudana began to increase from May, with the maximum in August (0.0050 cm·s^-1), and then decreased, with the minimum in October (0.0013 cm·s^-1). Solar radiation and air temperature were the most important factors affecting the sap flow velocity, while wind velocity was the least important one. The per hour water consumption of S.matsudana was more correlated with the sap wood area and the diameter at breast height than with the tree height and crown projection area.

Calorific values of dominant plant species on fluvial wetlands of semiarid northern China.

HAO Cui¹;LI Hong-yuan¹;JIANG Chao²;LI Duan¹;MENG Wei-qing¹

2008, 27(12):  2094-2098 . 

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Calorific value reflects the utilization efficiency of solar energy by plants, and also, is an important parameter about the conversion of solar energy into biomass and for energy flow analysis. In the meanwhile, it is an important basis in explaining the adaptability of plant populations. The change patterns of the calorific values of eight dominant plant species on Xilin River fluvial wetlands were studied by oxygen bomb calorimeter, with the causes of the change patterns analyzed. The results showed that the calorific values of the test plant species had no unified change pattern, which was possibly related to the partitioning ratio of calorific value in different plant organs and the timing when the reproductive period appeared. In general, spike had a higher calorific value than leaf and stem, and aquatic plants had obviously lower calorific value than mesophytes and wet mesophytes. Within a species, the change pattern of calorific value had certain relations to the phenophase, with approximately two lowest values and two highest values. Among the species, the differences in the calorific value were decided by the nature of the species themselves. Under the same habitat and climatic conditions, the species that contained more materials rich in energy could more easily accumulate calorific, and thus, more adaptable to grow under this environment.

Numerical simulation of urediniospore transmission of wheat stripe rust in its typical over-summering areas.

RONG Fei¹;ZHAI Bao-ping¹;JIANG Yu-ying²

2008, 27(12):  2099-2104 . 

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HYSPLIT-4 deposition model was employed to numerically simulate the 10 years urediniospore transmission of wheat stripe rust in its Aba and Longnan over-summering areas. The data were processed by the method of overlay calculation with ArcGIS 9, and thus, the probability distribution of the urediniospore deposition could be predicted. The results showed that if wind fields were favorable, the urediniospore in Longnan area could transmit to the winter wheat cropping areas in parts of Huanghuai region, middle and lower Yangtze River basin, and North China Plain, and would affect the rust infection on the autumn seedlings there, whereas the urediniospore transmission from Aba area had little influence on the infection. Based on the results of numerical simulation, it was supposed that the over-summering area of wheat stripe rust in Longnan could determine the infection of autumn seedlings in Guanzhong area directly. Both Aba and Longnan areas could provide a great deal of urediniospore to the winter propagating area of Sichuan basin and southern Shanxi. There was a frequent transmission of wheat stripe rust urediniospore between Aba and Longnan areas. Our study further confirmed the previous judgment about the continuum of the over-summering area of wheat stripe rust pathogen in Northwest China and Northwest Sichuan.

Distribution pattern of available soil water at planting for winter wheat in Huanghuai Plain.

LIU Rong-hua; FANG Wen-song; ZHU Zi-xi; MA Zhi-hong; XU Peng-peng; LI Shu-yan

2008, 27(12):  2105-2110 . 

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The available soil water at planting (ASWP) for winter wheat in Huanghuai Plain was mainly come from the precipitation in the period from July to the first ten-day of October. Based on the analysis of soil type and of precipitation pattern in summer time, and with 100 cm as the depth for calculating ASWP for winter wheat, the distribution pattern of ASWP in Huanghuai Plain was approached. The results showed that the ASWP had a linear relationship with the precipitation during the period from July to the first ten-day of October. The effective soil water content in normal years, plentiful precipitation years, and short precipitation years was 184-290 mm, 201-329 mm, and 148-265 mm, while the non-stressed soil water content at planting was 124-224 mm,135-266 mm, and 100-201 mm, respectively. The spatial distribution pattern of the ASWP for winter wheat in Huanghuai Plain had the characteristics of low in northwestern part and high in southwestern and eastern parts. In northwestern part, the sum of the ASWP in normal years plus the precipitation in growth period could not meet the water requirement of winter wheat, and 1-2 times irrigation would be necessary; while in southwestern and eastern parts, this sum could generally meet the growth and development of winter wheat, and no irrigation was needed.

Effects of climate warming on spring wheat growth and yield in high-altitude, cold and dankness region.

ZHAO Hong^1，3;HE Chun-yu²;WANG Run-yuan¹;YANG Qi-guo¹;DENG Zhen-yong¹;WANG He-ling¹

2008, 27(12):  2111-2117 . 

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Based on the 1987-2004 observation data obtained from Minxian agricultural meteorological station in Gansu Province, this paper studied the effects of climate warming on the spring wheat growth and yield in rain-fed agriculture area of high-altitude, cold, and dankness region. The results showed that in last 18 years, the temperature in this region increased but precipitation decreased. Furthermore, the magnitude and rate of temperature increase were far more than those of the average in last 50 years over China. Under the climate warming, the growth period of spring wheat shortened, and its yield increased.Spring wheat had different responses to the climate warming at its different growth stages, and so did the responses of its yield and yield components. The temperature increase at flowering-milking stage had a significant relationship (P<0.01) with spring wheat yield, and the temperature increase at sprouting-jointing and flowing-maturity stages and the temperature decrease at jointing-booting stage induced the increase of grain numbers per spike and the decrease of sterility spike rate, resulting in an increased yield at last. Each 1 ℃ increase in daily mean temperature during spring wheat development could shorten the whole growth period by 9.2 days and increase the yield by 26.2%. It was predicted that future climate warming would further affect spring wheat growth and yield.

Spatial pattern of red-crowned crane nest-sites based on Voronoi diagram.

QIN Xi-wen^1,2,3;ZHANG Shu-qing¹;LI Xiao-feng¹;NA Xiao-dong¹;LIU Chun-yue¹

2008, 27(12):  2118-2122 . 

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By using the investigation data of red-crowned crane nest-sites in the Zhalong National Nature Reserve in 1996 and 2003-2007, the characteristics of the spatial distribution of the nest-sites were analyzed, and the topological index (Voronoi diagram area) was calculated. The results showed that the spatial distribution of red-crowned crane nest-sites featured in the form of spatial clustering. The nest-sites, residential areas, national highways, and railways in the reserve in 2006 were used as the objects to construct Voronoi diagrams, which better explained the influences of human activities on the spatial pattern of the nest-sites and would be beneficial to the protection of red-crowned crane habitats.

Habitat feature of giant pandas’ high-frequency activity areas on southern slope of the Qinling Mountains and habitat selection of giant panda.

LIU Xue-hua¹, JIN Xue-lin²

2008, 27(12):  2123-2128 . 

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In this paper, a series of habitat factors (including elevation, slope, aspect, stream density, habitat types, and bamboo species) in the giant pandas’ high-frequency activity areas of Foping and Changqing ature eserves in the Qinling Mountains were investigated, and the relations of these factors with the locations of giant pandas’ activity were analyzed. The research aimed to explore the preferred habitat features for giant pandas and to provide scientific supports for finding their possible potential habitats. The results showed that the habitat features of the two reserves had both similarity and difference. There existed a high-frequency activity area of giant pandas in each of the reserves, which showed macro-habitat characteristics. In the high-frequency activity areas, the habitat selection of giant pandas matched well with the habitat availability. The selected habitats by giant pandas had an elevation of 1200-2600 m, a slope of 20-40 degrees, a stream density of 2-3 per square kilometer, a vegetation of mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests, and a distribution of bamboo species Bashania fargesii and Fargesia qinlingensis.

Effects of disturbances on soil nematode communities in secondary forest ecosystems of Northeast China.

JIAO Xiang-li^1，2;ZHU Jiao-jun¹;Zhang Jin-xin¹;Yan Qiao-ling¹;Yang Kai¹

2008, 27(12):  2129-2135 . 

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Soil nematode is an important component of soil ecosystem, and plays important roles in litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In May, July, and September 2007, investigations were made to study the effects of disturbances on the diversity of soil nematodes in secondary forest and larch plantation of Northeast China, with bare land as the control. The results showed that the individual number and richness of soil nematodes decreased with the increase of disturbance intensity, being in the order of secondary forest < larch plantation < bare land. Based on nematode faunal analysis, which is helpful to understand the status of nematode food web under disturbances, the environment of bare land was under stress, and the nematode food web was threatened and disturbed most heavily. On the contrary, the structures of the food web in secondary forest and larch plantation were relatively mature and disturbed less heavily. Disturbances changed the species composition of soil nematode community, i.e., the nematode diversity decreased with the increase of disturbance. All of the results suggested that the disturbance of aboveground part (forest vegetation) had irdluenced underground ecosystem.

Thermal tolerance of juvenile Silurus meridionalis Chen.

WANG Yun-song¹;CAO Zhen-dong¹;FU Shi-jian¹;WANG Yu-xiang²

2008, 27(12):  2136-2140 . 

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To understand the effects of different acclimation temperature on the thermal tolerance of juvenile Silurus meridionalis Chen, the juveniles with a mass of 16.9±0.3 g were acclimated at water temperature 10 ℃, 20 ℃ and 30 ℃ for 2weeks, and their thermal tolerance under a temperature variation rate of 1℃·h^-1 was evaluated. The results showed that the critical thermal maximum (CT_max), lethal thermal maximum (LT_max), critical thermal minimum (CT_min), and lethal thermal minimum (LT_min) at acclimation temperatures 10 ℃, 20 ℃ and 30 ℃ were 34.13 ℃, 38.22 ℃ and 39.41℃, 34.84 ℃, 38.63 ℃ and 39.53℃, 4.88 ℃, 5.90 ℃ and 9.80 ℃, and 4.12 ℃, 5.03 ℃ and 8.29 ℃, respectively,i.e., the test parameters all increased with increasing acclimation temperature. The thermal tolerance amplitude at 10 ℃, 20 ℃ and 30 ℃ was 29.25 ℃, 32.32 ℃ and 29.61 ℃, respectively. Within the range of acclimation temperature 10 ℃-20 ℃, the acclimation response ratio (ARR) at high and low temperatures was 0.41 and 0.12;while within the range of acclimation temperature 20 ℃-30 ℃ , the ARR was 0.10 and 0.39. The thermal tolerance polygon area of the juveniles within the range of acclimation temperature 10 ℃-30 ℃ was calculated as 617.5 ℃². It was indicated that the thermal tolerance of S. meridionalis was dependent on acclimation temperature.

Population differentiation of striped flea beetle Phyllotreta striolata: RAPD analysis.

FU Jian-wei^1,2;CHENG Xiao-long¹;YOU Min-sheng¹

2008, 27(12):  2141-2145 . 

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The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis on the differentiation of 19 geographical populations of striped flea beetle Phyllotreta striolata in Fujian Province showed that a better reproducibility was achieved when the same primers were used for the amplification of same P. striolata population, and higher differences were observed when the same primers were used for the amplification of different populations. The 19 populations of P. striolata could be divided into four groups, i.e., southeastern coastal region group, northwestern group, Quanzhou group, and Dongshan island group, and the genetic distance of the populations was related to geographical distance. The occurrence of Quanzhou group and Dongshan island group indicated that the differentiation among the geographical populations of P. striolata could be caused by the effects of landform, vegetable planting, and insecticide application.

Diurnal activity rhythm and time budget of Lacerta vivipara in simulated habitat.

LIU Peng;LIU Zhi-tao;LI Dian-wei;ZHAO Wen-ge

2008, 27(12):  2146-2152 . 

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By the methods of instantaneous and scan sampling and of all-occurrence recording, the diurnal activity rhythm and time budget of Lacerta vivipara in Xiaoxing’an Mountains of Heilongjiang Province were studied from May to July, 2007. The results showed that basking and resting were the main activities of L. vivipara, and the remaining time was devoted to feeding, social activities, and others. The duration for feeding and other activities was shorter, while that for basking was longer in cloudy days than in fine days. Though the daily activity rhythms of male, female, and juvenile L. vivipara under different weather conditions all showed two peaks, there still existed differences in the beginning and standing time of their activities, the appearing and standing time of the activities peaks, and the values of the peaks. In fine days, the beginning time of the activities was earlier, and the duration and interval time were longer; while in cloudy days, the duration for activities was shorter, and the appearance frequency of activities peaks was higher. The males devoted more time to activities and appeared more at activities peaks than the females, while the juveniles began activities later and appeared lesser than the adults. Air temperature, ground temperature, and illumination affected the daily activity rhythm of L. vivipara, and illumination was the most important affecting factor. The lizard began to come out when the relative illumination reached to 40%. Temperature mainly affected the numbers of activities, and the activities peaks occurred when the ground temperature was 23 ℃-32 ℃ and air temperature was 21 ℃-29 ℃.

Biodiversity conservation corridor design based on habitat selection of gaur (Bos gaurus): A case study from Xishuangbanna, China.

GAN Hong-xie^1,2;HU Hua-bin¹

2008, 27(12):  2153-2158 . 

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Landscape fragmentation is one of the major causes of biodiversity loss, which can impede the mobility and gene exchange of organisms, and thus, lead to the possible loss of certain species. Biodiversity conservation corridor is recognized as a physical network to connect isolated nature reserves. Aimed to assist the setting-up of biodiversity conservation corridors in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS), an approach to design a corridor between two national nature reserves in Xishuangbanna for the conservation of gaur (Bos gaurus) was explored. According to the acquired information on the land use and the passages of gaur during field survey, and based on the recent satellite images and digital elevation model (DEM), the habitat feature preferred by gaur was analyzed in terms of forest type and its distribution as well as the topographic factors including altitude and slope, and a suitable corridor scenario was proposed. Some suggestions for the management of proposed corridor were also put forward.

Age structure and growth characteristics of wild Tanichthys albonubes population.

SHI Fang^1,2,3;LIN Xiao-tao¹;SUN Jun¹;LIU Han-sheng^1,4;CHEN Guo-zhu¹

2008, 27(12):  2159-2166 . 

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By using otolith-age identification technique, an every two months investigation was made on the day-age, total length, and body mass of Tanichthys albonubes in the natural waters near Luzitian village, Conghua City of Guangdong from June 2005 to April 2006. The results indicated that the T. albonubes collected in June 2005, August and October 2005, December 2005 and February 2006, and April 2006 had a day-age of 40-70, 10-130, mostly beyond 50, and mostly under 50 days, respectively. As compared with that of artificial T. albonubes population, the otolith increment of wild population was higher in definition and contrast, but not regular in width. The long diameter of wild T. albonubes otolith was linearly correlated with body length, and power-functionally correlated with body mass. The early growth of wild T. albonubes fitted exponential functions L=1.4685D^0.5824 (r=0.9081,P<0.001,n=266) and M=0.0048D^2.0122 (r=0.8844,P<0.001,n=266), where L, M and D represented body length, body mass and day-age, respectively. The age structure of wild T. albonubes was most complex in August and October, and accordingly, the breeding season of this fish was estimated from March to December.

Distribution of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) and its relation to selenium content in soil-plant-animal (human being) ecosystem in Tibet.

LI Shun-jiang^1,2;LI Wei¹;HU Xia³;YANG Lin-sheng²;XIRAO Ruo-deng⁴

2008, 27(12):  2167-2170 . 

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The selenium contents in the soil, food, and children’s hair samples collected from Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) and non-KBD areas in Tibet were deter mined to approach the relationship between the distribution of KBD and the selenium content in soil-plant-animal (human being) ecosystem in Tibet. The results showed that in Tibet, there was an overall low level of selenium. The selenium content in the samples collected from KBD areas was significantly lower than that in non-KBD areas (P<0.05). The low soil selenium content in KBD areas was the critical reason leading to the low selenium level in grain and human bodies in these areas, and the KBD prevalence in Tibet. Therefore, to improve soil environment and to increase soil selenium content would be the critical way to prevent the KBD prevalence in Tibet. Moreover, selenium supplement could obviously improve the selenium content of children’s hair, and prevent and control KBD effectively. However, this supplement should be insisted on longtime.

Effects of long-term fertilization on aggregates size distribution and carbon stock in black soil. 

LENG Yan-hui;WANG Jing-kuan;LI Shuang-yi

2008, 27(12):  2171-2177 . 

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Soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from an experimental field with 22 years fertilization to study the effects of different fertilizations (no fertilization, NP, NPK, and NPK plus organic manure) on the composition of aggregates, organic carbon contents, and carbon stock in black soil. The aggregates were separated into five size classes (>2, 1-2, 0.25-1, 0.05-0.25, and <0.05 mm) by wet sieving and dry sieving. The results showed that the aggregates were dominated by the size class 0.25-1 mm. Through wet sieving , different size water-stable aggregates were redistributed in their amounts, i.e., the size class 0.25-1 mm still dominated, but the amount of macro-aggregates decreased while that of micro-aggregates increased. Under long-term application of chemical fertilizers and of NPK plus organic manure, especially of the latter, the amounts of macro-(>2 mm) and micro-(0.05-0.25 mm) aggregates and the carbon contents of different size class aggregates increased significantly, soil carbon stock increased, soil structure improved, and soil C sequestration enhanced.

Responses of active organic carbon in upland soil and paddy soil of red earth region to exogenous organic substrates: A laboratory incubation study.

LI Ling^1,2，3;XIAO He-ai¹; TONG Cheng-li¹;DING Long-jun¹;SHENG Rong¹

2008, 27(12):  2178-2183 . 

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Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are the main components of soil active organic carbon, and can rapidly respond to the changes of soil environment. In this study, ¹⁴C-labeled glucose and rice straw were added to an upland soil and a paddy soil sampled from the red earth region of China, and the effects of the amendment on the active organic carbon in the two soils were investigated with laboratory incubation under 45% water holding capacity (WHC). The results showed that the DOC derived from the exogenous organic substrates was assimilated immediately by soil microbes, and the MBC reached the maximum during the first 5 days of incubation. With the amendment of glucose and rice straw, the peak value of MBC in upland soil and paddy soil was 69.4% and 55.1%, and 10.2% and 10.5% higher than the control, respectively. In the upland soil added with glucose and straw, the average content of MBC in the whole incubation period (100 d) had a significant increase (P<0.05), being 82.1% and 41.5% higher than the control, respectively;while in the paddy soil added with these organic substrates, the MBC had an increase of 8.8% and 5.1% during 0-60 d, but was similar to the control thereafter. The amendment of glucose and rice straw had no significant effects on the total DOC content in upland soil except in the first 2 days of incubation, but increased it by 12.8%-26.0% in paddy soil. The percentages of ¹⁴C-labeled MBC to total MBC and of ¹⁴C-labeled DOC to the total DOC in the two soils were 4.5%-47.4% and 4.0%-12.7%, respectively. It was suggested that under the condition of 45% WHC, the effects of the amendment of organic substrates on MBC were larger in upland soil than in paddy soil, while those on DOC were in adverse. ¹⁴C tracer showed that soil organic matter itself was the main source of MBC and DOC.

Land use change and its ecological effect in Huhhot City based on 3S technology.

ZHANG Ji-ping;CHANG Xue-li;LI Jian-ying;CAI Ming-yu

2008, 27(12):  2184-2189 . 

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The land use change and its ecological effect in Huhhot City from 1987 to 2004 were analyzed, based on 3S technology and relevant models. The results showed that grassland and cropland were the main land use types in Huhhot City. During the study period, cropland and construction land had an increased area, while other land use types were in adverse. Cropland expanding and vegetation restoration were the two major trends of land use pattern change. The eco-environmental quality index in 1987-2004 increased from 0.401 to 0.408, suggesting that the eco-environment quality was improved in a certain extent. Forestation and grassland-planting were the main driving factors of eco-environmental quality improvement, with the contribution ratio of 25.30%; while cropland expanding was the main driving factor of eco-environmental quality exacerbating, with the contribution ratio of 20.50%. The differences in eco-environment quality change were spatially remarkable. Qingshuihe County got the fastest improving speed of eco-environment quality, which was resulted from the transferring of cropland to woodland and grassland, with the contribution ratio of 57.89%. The eco-environment quality of Wuchuan County decreased most rapidly due to cropland expanding, with the contribution ratio of 62.15%.

Geographic distribution of soil water-soluble chlorine content and its relations to chlorine content in flue-cured tobacco leaves in Hunan tobacco-growing areas.

XU Zi-cheng¹;GUO Yan¹;XIAO Han-qian²

2008, 27(12):  2190-2194 . 

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A total of 1341 soil samples and 209 flue-cured tobacco leaf samples were collected from Hunan tobacco-growing areas, and their chlorine contents were determined. The soil water-soluble chlorine content in these areas ranged from 1.20 to 72.10 mg·kg^-1, and averaged （13.55±7.75）mg·kg^-1. 40.60% of the soil samples had a lower water-soluble chlorine content, with the lowest (8.88±8.04）mg·kg^-1 in western Hunan. The chlorine content of flue-cured tobacco leaves was from 0.15% to 0.49%, and averaged 0.31%±0.09 %. The chlorine content of different grades flue-cured tobacco leaves had a trend of X₂F>C₃F>B₂F, but the difference was not significant. After soil samples were grouped according to their water-soluble chlorine content, a significant difference was found in the chorine content of corresponding flue-cured tobacco leaves. There was a significant linear relationship between the chlorine content of flue-cured tobacco leaves and the water-soluble chlorine content of soil (R²=0.8106,P<0.01).

Ecosystem services value and its temporal change of coastal wetlands in southern Laizhou Bay.

ZHANG Xu-liang¹;YE Si-yuan²;YIN Ping²;GU Dong-qi³

2008, 27(12):  2195-2202 . 

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Based on the classification of ecosystem services value and of wetland types, the ecosystem services value of coastal wetlands in the southern Laizhou Bay was calculated by using the Landsat 7 satellite remote sensing images of October 1987 and October 2002, and the temporal change of the value in 1987-2002 was analyzed. The results showed that the material production values of aquatic products and crude salt as well as the values of gas regulation and water regulation were the dominant ecosystem services value of the coastal wetlands in southern Laizhou Bay. The values of gas regulation and water regulation were the primary ecosystem services value of natural wetlands, and those of the material production values of aquatic products and crude salt were the primary ecosystem services value of artificial wetlands. From 1987 to 2002, the total ecosystem services value of the coastal wetlands in southern Laizhou Bay had descended by 28.8%, being from 38.953×10.8 yuan to 27.743×10.8 yuan, and the ecosystem services value per hectare had descended by 29.4%, being from 4.291×10⁴ yuan·hm^-2 to 3.031×10⁴ yuan·hm^-2. The main reason for the decline was that part of natural wetlands had been converted into artificial wetlands, which caused the direct use value of the coastal wetlands in southern Laizhou Bay to rise, but the indirect use value and non-use value to descend. To avoid the decrease of the value, local governments should strictly control the construction of artificial wetlands, and protect the existing natural wetlands.

Evaluation of circular economy development in industrial park based on eco-efficiency theory and TOPSIS approach.

WU Xiao-qing;WANG Yuan;LIU Ning;GAO Qian;LU Gen-fa

2008, 27(12):  2203-2208 . 

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Eco-efficiency evaluation of industrial park is one of the key issues that need to be deeply explored in the field of eco-efficiency. The technique for order preference by similarity to solution (TOPSIS) is likely applicable in evaluating eco-efficiency. TOPSIS is an appraisal approach based on the theory of spatial statistics, which can objectively compare and evaluate the integrated index of study cases, through ranking the positive and negative ideal solutions of multiple objects decision-making. Based on the theories of eco-efficiency and circular economy, and the Standard for Integrative Eco-industrial Parks in China (on trial), this paper proposed a circular economy indicator system, and applied the TOPSIS approach to synthetically analyze and assess the eco-efficiency of three circular economy systems, i.e., Suzhou National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone (SND), Suzhou Industrial Park Eco-industry Park (SIP), and Wuxi New District Eco-industry Park (WND). The results showed that the eco-efficiency of the three systems was, from best to worst, in the order of WND, SIP, and SND. The three parks varied in four categories of indicators, i.e., economical development, resources and energy source use, material circle, and environmental pollution control. Some advices on the development of circular economy for the three industrial parks were given.

Effects of deicing chemicals on ecological environment.

YAN Xia¹;LI Fa-yun^1,2;LIU Tong-wu³;ZHANG Ying¹;MA Xi-ping¹;WANG Xiao-ju⁴

2008, 27(12):  2209-2214 . 

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Deicing chemicals are widely used to clear the pavement snow in the cold areas of China and many other countries, because of their simple operation, low price, and excellent snow-melting effect. With the increasing application of deicing chemicals, their negative effects on ecosystem and environment have appeared increasingly. Based on the related researches in China and other countries,this paper summarized the impacts of deicing chemicals on soil, surface water, ground water, plants and animals, etc., and put forward some suggestions for the further research in this field to provide a scientific basis for the pollution prevention of deicing chemicals on urban environment and related ecosystems.

Effects of plant on insect diversity: A review.

ZHU Hui;PENG Yuan-yuan;WANG De-li

2008, 27(12):  2215-2221 . 

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Insect diversity is an important component of biodiversity, while plant and plant community have crucial effects on it. This paper reviewed the effects of plant and plant community on insect diversity from the aspects of 1) the increase of plant height and cover provides insects more living space, and consequently, increases insect diversity, 2) the plant populations with high genetic diversity offer a greater variety of niches, leading to a greater diversity and altered abundance of insect, 3) the increase of plant species and functional group diversity supports the consumers to have more quantities of primary producers, and 4) the increase of plant productivity increases the insect diversity by supplying more food resources. Relevant hypotheses and theories that explained the mechanisms of the effects of plant and plant community on insect diversity were introduced, and the existing research problems and future developments about the effects of plant and plant community on insect diversity were pointed out.

Grazing-induced erosion: Review and prospect.

LIN Hui-long;LONG Rui-jun;REN Ji-zhou

2008, 27(12):  2222-2227 . 

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Historically, water and wind erosions were assumed to be the major forms of soil erosion. Though the studies of tillage-induced erosion have been developed greatly in recent years, few studies were made on grazing-induced erosion. This paper discussed the significance of the research on grazing-induced erosion, and reviewed the current status and existed problems of the research, based on both domestic and foreign researches. Grazing-induced erosion induces the redistribution of soil matters on overgrazing grassland as a direct result of animals. As a vector of overgrazing, grazing-induced erosion is a study area which deserves greater attention in the future. The research on grazing-induced erosion not only benefits the determination of livestock carrying capacity and the increase of soil carbon sequestration, but also has an indicative meaning on diagnosing the degradation degree of grassland and on managing degraded grassland.

Research advances in wetlands ecological water requirement.

FENG Xia-qing^1,2;ZHANG Guang-xin¹

2008, 27(12):  2228-2234 . 

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Ecological water requirement is a hot topic in ecology and hydrology, and has aroused an increasing concern. Wetlands ecological water requirement is a new mention. The estimation of wetlands ecological water requirement is an urgent problem to be solved in the protection of wetland ecology and environment, and also, the demand for rational allocation of water resources. This paper introduced the concept, connotation, and characteristics of wetlands ecological water requirement, analyzed the development course and dynamics of its studies at home and abroad, and described its studies at home from the aspects of basic and applied research. The basic research was mainly focused on calculation methods. Finally, the existing problems and the future development directions were pointed out from the perspective of disciplinary development.

Seed rain and natural regeneration of Kmeria septentrionalis in Mulun of Guangxi.

PAN Chun-liu^1,2;LAI Jia-ye¹;LI Xiang-dong¹;SHI Hai-ming¹

2008, 27(12):  2235-2239 . 

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With the Kmeria septentrionalis in Mulun National Nature Reserve of Guangxi as test object, its seed rain and natural germination, growth status of seedlings and young trees, and seed predation by rodents were investigated. The results showed that K. septentrionalis seeds had dormancy character, i.e., didn’t germinate immediately after falling onto the ground until the beginning to the middle ten days of next April. The predation of rodents on seeds (including those on the ground and in the soil) lasted long term, from the initial stage of seed falling to germination. The germination rate of perfect seeds was low, even under the protection of enclosure and no rodent damage. There was a serious obstacle in the natural generation of K.septentrionalis during the development stage from seed to seedling. The low seed germination rate could not satisfy the normal generation of K.septentrionalis.

Application of point count method in forest birds survey.

WU Fei^1,2;YANG Xiao-jun¹

2008, 27(12):  2240-2244 . 

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Point count method has the advantages of being easy to implement and allowing randomization and systematization in sampling, and is particularly suitable for counting birds in fragmented or spatially complex habitats. Because of this, it has become the most popular method for counting forest birds. In this paper, the assumptions, types, and limiting factors of using point count method in bird survey were introduced, with the focus on the appropriate selection of sample size, sampling points and sampling time, and the durations of efforts. The disadvantages of point count method were also pointed out, and the use of this method in conjunction with net-catch was suggested, aimed to improve the accuracy of bird survey.