To investigate the effects of wollastonite application on soybean photosynthesis and stress resistance physiology, as well as the absorption and allocation of elements derived from silicate weathering products in plants, a pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of wollastonite powder on soybean photosynthetic parameters and physiological indicators at different growth stages, and plant Ca and Si contents at late stage. The results showed that wollastonite application significantly enhanced net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in soybean during the second trifoliate (V2) and full flowering (R2) stages, while reduced water use efficiency. At the V2 stage, the malondialdehyde content in leaves was increased by 42%, while DPPH radical scavenging activity declined significantly. At the full seed stage (R6), the ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and total phenol content was increased by 38% and 9.5%, respectively. Furthermore, wollastonite application significantly enhanced chlorophyll a content in leaves at the V2 and R6 stages by 23% and 54%, respectively. The stem and leaf biomass, total biomass as well as shoot-to-root ratio of soybeans in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. Meanwhile, wollastonite application significantly increased Ca concentration in soybean roots, leaves, and pods by 71%, 20% and 22%, respectively, and the Si content in stems and pods by 52% and 25%, respectively. Overall, wollastonite application enhances photosynthesis, antioxidant capacity, and the absorption and allocation of Ca and Si, contributing positively to the growth of soybean.