Abstract: With the development of shrimp aquaculture, the frequent occurrence of diseases and water pollution are becoming increasingly prominent. This contradiction is made more difficult by the diversification of shrimp species and aquaculture systems. We reviewed the history of diseases associated with the development of shrimp industry in China during the past 50 years, and re-examined the occurrence and evolution of shrimp pathogens and their relationships with the immune systems of shrimps from an ecological perspective. Some suggestions were put forward, such as avoiding drug abuse, giving prominence to prevention prior to control, paying attention to shrimp breeding, and carrying out shrimp culture in an ecosystem approach. In the future, we should pay more attention to ecosystem health and apply the concept of ‘One Health’ to shrimp aquaculture, with the aim to realize the healthy and sustainable aquaculture.

Key words: shrimp, pathogen, immune system, ecosystem, One Health concept.