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    10 February 2019, Volume 38 Issue 2
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    Species diversity of plant community and the niche of dominant species in Beichuan after earthquake engineering.
    LIU Yao-yao, GU Bin, WANG Li
    2019, 38(2):  309-320. 
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    To explore the effects of vegetation restoration after engineering application, we examined species composition, diversity, their relationships with environmental factors, and the niche of dominant species of restored vegetation after the Beichuan earthquake in Sichuan Province. The results showed that: (1) There were 74 plant species in the study area, belonging to 37 families and 72 genera. The dominant species in the woody layer and herb layer of the engineering area were Prunus salicina and Bidens pilosa, respectively, while the dominant species in the respective layers of the natural area were Platycladus orientalis and Iris confusa, respectively. (2) Results of CCA ordination showed that species could be divided into five groups in the engineering area and into three groups in the natural area. The importance of environmental factors(including engineering methods) affecting the species distribution in the engineering area was in order of: elevation > slope > aspect > pH > engineering method > soil moisture > slope position. Elevation, slope, and aspect were the main factors affecting species distribution in the engineering area. Species distribution in the natural area was affected by various factors. (3) Species richness and diversity of woody plants in the natural area were significantly higher than that in the engineering area, while the species richness and diversity of herbaceous plants in the engineering area were higher than that in the natural area. Altitude was the most important environmental factor affecting species richness and diversity of herbaceous layers in the engineering area, while slope position and engineering method were the main factors as for the woody layer in the engineering area. (4) Compared with the natural area, lower niche similarity ratio (0.0-0.4) and niche overlap value (0.0-0.5) of most species suggested weaker interspecific competition in the engineering area. Therefore, we proposed to plant more native dominant woody species in the engineering area.
    Spatial distribution of soil phosphorus and controlling factors from Puding karst critical zone, Guizhou Province, Southwest China.
    ZHANG Qian, HAN Gui-lin, LIU Man, YANG Kun-hua, LIU Qiang
    2019, 38(2):  321-328. 
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    Soil samples of five land-use types, including cropland, shrubbery, secondary forest, grassland, and abandoned cropland, were collected in Puding County in June 2016, which is a typical karst critical zone in Southwest China. Spatial distribution of total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (Olsen-P) in soils were investigated. We further analyzed the controlling factors of spatial variation of soil P, including pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and aggregate composition. The results showed the contents of TP and Olsen-P decreased with increasing of soil depth, and the variations were more obvious in the upper 30 cm than those in the lower 30 cm. The TP and Olsen-P contents were different under cropland from other land use types due to the impacts of human activity. The Olsen-P contents were very low except for the secondary forest soils. The positive correlations were observed between the contents of TP, Olsen-P, SOC and TN, with the best correlation coefficients being found in the cropland. The SOC contents were the most important factor affecting TP and Olsen-P contents. The high contents of organic matters facilitated the absorption of P in crops. The proportion of macro-aggregates was dominant in the most soils, which were positively correlated with TP and Olsen-P contents, indicating that the increases of the proportion of macro-aggregates promoted soil P accumulation.
    Stoichiometric characteristics of plants, litter and soils in desertification area of Poyang Lake.
    LU Yuan-hong, CAO Yun, XU Ling-ming, ZHANG Ying, ZHENG Lin, HU Qi-wu
    2019, 38(2):  329-335. 
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    Clarifying the C∶N∶P stoichiometry of plantlitter soil continuum after vegetation restoration in desertification area of Poyang Lake has great significance for ecological restoration and reconstruction of desertification land in subtropical regions of China. We established a restored ecosystem with an area of 110 hm2 in a typical desertification area of Duchang, Jiangxi Province. We collected 0-10 cm soil samples, fresh leaves, and litters of five dominant species, including Cynodon dactylon, Vetiveria zizanioides, Vitex rotundifolia, Glochidion wilsonii, and Pinus elliottii. We measured C, N, and P concentrations in all samples. The results showed that: (1) The average concentrations of C, N, P in leaves of five species were 394.3, 11.9 and 1.2 mg·g-1, 366.7, 6.8 and 0.9 mg·g-1 in litters and 6.8, 0.4 and 0.5 mg·g-1 in soils. The concentrations of elements in leaves were significantly higher than those in litters and soils. (2) Significant correlations of C and P concentrations and C∶P were found between leaf and soil (P<0.05). C, N, P concentrations in litters were significantly correlated with C, N, P concentrations and stoichiometric ratios in leaves (P<0.01), and significantly correlated with C, N, P concentrations and C∶P in soils (P<0.05). (3) C, N, P concentrations of plants in Poyang Lake desertification land were lower than national mean values of China. Leaf N∶P was 14-16 in mild desertification area, and <14 in moderate and heavy desertification area. According to nutrient limitation theory, plant growth in this area was colimited by N and P, and with relatively much stronger limitation of N.
    Ecological restoration of different vegetation collocations of coal mine dump in typical steppe.
    SHAN Dan, XING En-de, RONG Hao, LIU Yan-ping, LIANG Zhan-qi
    2019, 38(2):  336-342. 
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    The botanical composition, community structure, species diversity and soil nutrients of artificial and semi-artificial plant community were investigated under different vegetation collocation conditions in coal mine dumps of a typical steppe. The results showed that annuals and biennials dominated in exposed slopes under natural restoration, with simple species composition and low height of community. Plant species richness significantly increased in the artificial vegetation recovery area. There were 34 species belonging to 13 genera and 33 families observed in the four experimental sites of different vegetation collocations. The plant community was dominated by planted species, accompanied with Astragalus melilotoides, Corispermum mongolicum, Stipa krylovii, Pennisetum alopecuroide, Chenopodium aristatum, and Salsola collina after restoration on coal mine dump slope (4-5 a). Among the four different vegetation collocations, the community collocation of shrubs and herbs (Ⅱ) had the highest Shannon diversity index and Margalef richness index, and soil total nitrogen and organic matter contents. Our results indicated that artificial collocation of shrubs and herbs of Medicago sativa + Caragana korshinskii had better performance in ecological restoration of coal mine dump in typical steppe, which provided reference for the vegetation restoration of coal mining area in the steppe.
    Distribution pattern and process of dominant herbaceous species on different scales near treeline of Wutai Mountain.
    JIA Mei-yu, ZHANG Jin-tun, LIANG Yu, DING Mo-chong, CAO Ge, JIA Bing-yu
    2019, 38(2):  343-353. 
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    Treeline is sensitive to climate change. Forest gap and edge are important windows for the invasion of herbaceous species. Research on distribution patterns of herbaceous species in forest gaps and forest edges of treeline ecotones could help explain important ecological processes. We selected a forest gap (elevation: 2350 m) and a forest edge (elevation: 2300 m) as plots(5 m×5 m) in a treeline ecotone of Wutai Natural Reserve. Twenty-five quadrats (1 m×1 m) were set up in each of both plots, within which the locations of six dominant species (Hierochloe glabra, Anemone rivularis, Plantago depressa, Polygonum viviparum, Potentilla freyniana, and Taraxacum mongolicum) were recorded. Complete spatial random process (CSR), heterogeneous Poisson process (HP), and Poisson cluster (PC) were used to simulate the spatial patterns of the six species at different scales. The results showed that: (1) Aggregated sizes of the six species in forest gaps were broader than those in the forest edge, with those of Polygonum viviparum and Anemone rivularis were broader than other species in both plots. The aggregated sizes of Taraxacum mongolicum and Plantago depressa were narrower than other species in both plots. The most common aggregation occurred on 0-40, 100-140 and 200-230 cm. (2) For both forest gap and edge, HP simulation and significance tests showed that micro-habitat differences between plots had no significant effect on species distribution with broad ecological amplitude. However, the distribution of Hierochloe glabra was significantly affected by micro-habitat differences in forest gap and edge due to ramet growth. (3) Results from PC simulations and significance tests showed that seed dispersal significantly affected species distribution in the forest edge. Seed dispersal around maternal individuals often occurred at 0-50 cm scales as affected by gravity. At the scale of >100 cm, species with special dispersal modes or structures affected their dispersal distance. Additionally, species with special structures could reach 250 cm with the help of strong winds.
    Spatial distribution pattern and association of Reaumuria songarica and Caragana roborovskyi in central Loess Plateau.
    NAN Xiao-ning, LIU Min-xia, ZHU Gong, XIA Su-juan, LI Quan-di, JIANG Xiao-xuan
    2019, 38(2):  354-360. 
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    Spatial distribution pattern and association of plant populations are important means to understand the interaction of plant populations and the relationship between plant populations and environment. In this study, the spatial distribution characteristics and the association of Reaumuria songarica (Pall.) Maxim. and Caragana roborovskyi Kom., two main species on different slopes in Laohutai arid desert area of Gaolan County, Gansu Province, were analyzed by using Ripley’s K function, aiming to reveal the changes of competition relationship, survival, and reproduction strategies of dominant populations during vegetation succession in the arid desert area. The results showed that the distribution of R.songarica and C. roborovskyi significantlydifferedin three slope aspects. The number of individuals and coverage of R.songaricashowed a decreasing trend, while theC. roborovskyi showed an increasing trend from northwest to southwest slope. On the northwest slope, R. songaricashowed a random distribution at 0-5 m scale, while C. roborovskyi was in aggregated distribution. On the west slope, both R. songarica and C. roborovskyi showed random distribution at all scales. On the southwest slope, R. songaricashowed an aggregated distribution at 0-5 m scale, while C. roborovskyishowed a random distribution. R. songarica and C. roborovskyi showed a negative correlation at various scales on the northwest slope. Both species showed no association at 0-5 m scale on the west slope. On the southwest slope, R. songarica andC. roborovskyishowed a negative association at 0-1.3 m scale, and had no association at 1.3-5 m scale. Our results were helpful to the understanding of the intraspecific and interspecific competition, diverse ecological strategies of plant species, and community succession in the study region.
    The suitable geographic range forCorymbia citriodora in China and the influencing factors.
    OUYANG Lin-nan, CHEN Shao-xiong, ZHANG Wei-yao, HE Sha-e, LIU Xue-feng
    2019, 38(2):  361-367. 
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    We developed a MaxEnt model for predicting potentially suitable geographic areas for Corymbia citriodora with climate, soil and topographic data from the landscapes and data from successful plantation locations in China. The model had high precision (AUC value >0.91). The majority of the highly suitable areas (existence probability >0.66) identified for C. citriodora are concentrated in coastal regions of southeastern China. According to the results of the jackknife test, the dominant ecological factors affecting the potential distribution of C. citriodora were the mean temperature of the wettest quarter, altitude, seasonal temperature variance, mean annual temperature, mean temperature of the driest quarter, annual temperature range, and precipitation of the warmest quarter. These factors together accounted for 86.9% of variation in suitable areas. The mean temperature of wettest quarter, mean annual temperature, mean temperature of the driest quarter and the annual temperature range for areas identified as being highly suited to C. citriodora in China, were similar to the values of the corresponding factors in its natural distribution in Australia. Compared with the species’ natural distribution, suitable areas in China were characterized by lower altitudes and higher precipitations in the warmest quarter, which are favorable to rapid growth of C. citriodora. Our results provide a reference for sustainable development of C. citriodora plantations in China.
    Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition and phosphorus addition on foliar ecological stoichiometry of Chinese fir.
    WANG Qiao, ZHANG Jun-bo, LEI Zhao-feng, LIU Ning, LI Quan, HUANG Hua-hong, SONG Xin-zhang
    2019, 38(2):  368-375. 
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    To examine the effects of phosphorus (P) addition on ecological stoichiometry of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation under the context of increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and thus to provide preference for improving productivity through reasonable fertilization, we carried out a field experiment with nine fertilization treatments in a 10-year-old Chinese fir plantation, including low N level (30 kg·hm-2·a-1, N30), high N level (60 kg·hm-2·a-1, N60), low P level (20 mg·kg-1, P20), high P level (40 mg·kg-1, P40), four combinations (N30+P20, N30+P40, N60+P20, and N60+P40) and a control (CK). Ourresults showed that P addition alone had no effect on leaf carbon (C), N, P concentrations and the ratios of C∶N, C∶P, and N∶P in summer. Leaf N concentration and N∶P significantly increased after N addition (P<0.05), but leaf C and P concentrations had no significant change (P>0.05). In autumn, leaf N and P concentrations and N∶P ratio increased first and then decreased with the increases of P addition alone (P<0.05), while leaf C concentration and the ratios of C∶N and C∶P exhibited an opposite trend (P<0.05). Nitrogen addition significantly increased leaf N and P concentrations but decreased leaf C concentration and the ratios of N∶P and C∶P (P<0.05), indicating that N deposition would decrease nutrient use efficiency of Chinese fir under P stress. The interactive effects of N deposition and P addition foliar nutrient concentration and stoichiometric ratios in Chinese fir changed with the duration of the experiment. According to our results, nutrient limitation of young Chinese fir trees varies with season, which provides a scientific basis for the precision fertilization of Chinese fir.
    Changes in water-soluble carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in fresh litter of Quercus acutissima mixed plantation with phenological rhythms in Rainy Zone of West China.
    YUAN Ji, HUANG Mei-yu, MAI Shu-yuan, WU Fu-zhong, YANG Wan-qin, YUE Kai, YOU Cheng-ming, WEN Ya-meng, JIANG Long
    2019, 38(2):  376-383. 
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    To understand the biogeochemical cycles in artificial forest ecosystem, fresh litter (leaf, twig, and fruit) of Quercus acutissima and Camptotheca acuminata in theQ. acutissima mixed plantation were monthly collected in the Rainy Zone of West China from November 2016 to October 2017. The changes in the concentrations of watersoluble carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the litter and their stoichiometry with the phenological rhythms (leaf sprouting stage, leaf expanding stage, frondent leaf stage, and senesced leaf stage) were investigated. Different trends of water-soluble carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations with phenological rhythms were observed in litter of Q. acutissima and C. acuminata, with different maximum and minimum values. Furthermore, the concentrations of water-soluble carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in leaf litter varied greatly with tree species and litter types. On the whole, the concentrations of water-soluble nitrogen and phosphorus in litter ranked as the order of fallen fruit>fallen leaf>fallen branch, while the concentration of water-soluble carbon in litter ranked as the order of fallen leaf>fallen fruit>fallen branch. The phenological rhythm significantly affected the stoichiometric ratios of water-soluble carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the litter of both species, which varied greatly with tree species and litter types. Meanwhile, the interaction of tree species and phenological stages significantly affected the stoichiometric ratios. The results suggested that the phenological rhythm was a key factor affecting the concentrations and stoichiometric ratios of water-soluble carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the litter of the Q. acutissima mixed plantation as well as tree species and litter types.
    Effects of N addition on C, N and P stoichiometry and soil enzyme activities in Cupressus lusitanica Mill. plantation.
    LI Rui-rui, LU Yi, WANG Yi-ming, WAN Fu-xu
    2019, 38(2):  384-393. 
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    We carried out an experiment to understand the effects of nitrogen deposition on soil C∶N∶P stoichiometry, extracellular enzyme activities associated with C, N and P cycles in a Cupressus lusitanica Mill. plantation in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. There were six levels of nitrogen addition, including 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 kg·hm-2·a-1, designated as N0, N1 N2, N3, N4, and N5 respectively. The results showed that: (1) The concentration of soil organic carbon (SOC) was significantly elevated with increased N and peaked in N4 treatment. The concentration of soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was significantly higher in N2 and N3 treatments than that in the control. The soil total nitrogen (TN) concentration and N∶P ratio were significantly higher in N2 treatment than those in the control. No significant differences were found in other treatments. Soil C∶N and C∶P were significantly higher in N4 and N5 treatments than those in the control. Nitrogen addition had no significant effects on soil total phosphorus concentration (TP). (2) Activities of soil urease, phosphatase (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, neutral phosphatase), polyphenol oxidase, cellulose, invertase, and catalase in low and middlelevel nitrogen treatments were higher than those in the control. In the high-level Naddition treatment, activities of soil urease and cellulose showed a decreasing trend, whereasactivities of phosphatase, lignin oxidase and invertase were significantly increased. (3) Results from both cluster analysis and factor analysis showed that it was reliable to regard the level of 72 kg·hm-2·a-1 (N3) as the optimal rate for the C. lusitanica plantation. This result would provide a reference for fertilization in the C. lusitanica plantation. Results from redundancy analysis showed that concentrations of TP, SOC, and DOC were significantly positively correlated with the activities of soil phosphatase, urease, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase. The results showed that the variation in soil enzyme activities greatly accounted for concentrations of TP, SOC, and DOC. (4) Factor analysis and redundancy analysis showed that dissolved organic carbon greatlyaccounted for the variation of soil enzyme activities. Our results provide a basis for assessing the effects of N deposition on soil nutrient cycling in the subtropical forests of China and a reference to accurately predicting regional soil nutrient balance under continued N deposition in the future.
    Plant water use strategies in jungle rubber in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China.
    ZENG Huan-Huan, LIU Wen-Jie, WU Jun-En, ZHU Xi-Ai
    2019, 38(2):  394-403. 
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    Jungle rubber, a rubber agroforestry based on tropical rainforest structure, is more in line with the thought of sustainable development for rubber garden than rubber monoculture. Thus, exploring the interspecific composition and structure of jungle rubber by investigating plant water use strategies will help optimize the efficiency of current rubber monoculture. The aim of this study was to compare the water use strategies of plants between jungle rubber and rubber monoculture. The stable isotope (δD, δ18O, and δ13C) methods were used to investigate the plants’ water source and use efficiency. The results showed that: (1) Soil water content in jungle rubber was higher than that in rubber monoculture in both rainy and dry seasons, indicating that soil water condition of jungle rubber was better. (2) The absorbed water of rubber trees in rubber monoculture from the diverse soil layers varied considerably between the two seasons. During the rainy season, greater water uptake of the monoculture rubber trees was from the 0-5 cm soil layer, occupying 81.6% of total water source, while during the dry season, the higher uptake was from the 5-15 cm soil layer, with a proportion of 49.6%. However, the water source of rubber trees in jungle rubber was relatively steady, and their water uptake from the deeper soil layer was greater than from the shallow soil layer, conducing to a deeper expansion of roots. (3) The water use efficiency of rubber trees in jungle rubber was generally more stable than that in rubber monoculture. Thus, the difference of leaf δ13C values of rubber trees in jungle rubber was smaller than that in rubber monoculture during the dry season, showing that the rubber trees in jungle rubber had a weaker drought stress. Meanwhile, rubber trees adjusted their water use strategies by enhancing leaf δ13C to improve their tolerance of seasonal drought. In conclusion, jungle rubber was a promising sustainable management with better soil water condition and more flexible plant water use strategies compared to the traditional rubber monoculture.
    Response of growth and root biomass of Phragmites australis to water level and salt stress at different growth stages in the Yellow River Delta.
    TIAN Xiao-yan, CHEN Min, LU Feng, WANG An-dong, HAN Guang-xuan, GUAN Bo
    2019, 38(2):  404-411. 
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    Soil water level and salinity are the major factors affecting plant growth in the coastal wetlands. It is important to understand the adaptation mechanism of wetland plants to the interactive effect of water level and salinity for the protection and restoration of the coastal wetland in the Yellow River Delta. We examined the responses of plant growth and the characteristics of root biomass of Phragmites australis to the interaction of different water levels (CK, -30 cm, 0 cm, 30 cm), salt concentrations (0%, 1.5% NaCl) and growth stages (germination stage, seedling stage). The results showed that water level and salinity significantly interacted to affect root biomass. Compared with the CK, root biomass under the combination of 1.5% NaCl and 30 cm water level was significantly lower, but no significant differences were observed under the combination of 0% NaCl and 30 cm water level. This result indicated that soil salinity could change the tolerance threshold of P. australis enduring water stress. With the exception of plant height, ecological traits of P. australis at 0 cm water level showed high adaptation. However, 30 cm water table depth had inhibitory effects on some ecological traits of P. australis. The total root biomass of soil surface layer was not sensitive to water level and salinity gradients. With the increasing soil depth, water level and salinity significantly affected the accumulation of root biomass. The highest fibrous root biomass was （6.76±2.19） g per plant under the condition of 0 cm water level, 0% NaCl treated at seedling stage. The lowest fibrous root biomass was （1.09±0.68） g per plant under the condition of 30 cm water table depth, 1.5% NaCl treated at germination stage.
    Comparative analysis of phytoplankton community structure in bioremediation area and non-remediation area of Hangzhou Bay.
    LIU Qiao, LIU Meng-meng, YANG Na, ZHANG Qi, BAO Yan-lin, HE Pei-min, HUO Yuan-zi
    2019, 38(2):  412-419. 
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    To compare the structure of phytoplankton community and understand its responses to environmental changes in the bioremediation and non-remediation areas of Hangzhou Bay, ten sites were monthly sampled from July to December 2017. During this period, the average concentration of nutrients in the remediation area was lower than that in the non-remediation area. A total of 103 species belonging to eight phyla were identified, and Bacillariophyta was the most diverse group. A total of 54 and 79 species were identified in the bioremediation and nonremediation areas, respectively. The species shared by the two areas accounted for 29.1% of the total species. In the bioremediation area, the average cell abundance was 1.3×104 cells·L-1 and Trachelomonassp. was the most dominant species. In the nonremediation area, the average cellabundance was 12.3×104 cells·L-1 and Cyclotella meneghiniana was the most dominant species. The results of redundancy analysis indicated that silicate concentration and pH was the most important factors affecting the abundance of phytoplankton in the bioremediation and non-remediation areas, respectively.
    Air purification function of forest ecosystem in Helanshan Nature Reserve of Ningxia.
    LIU Sheng0tao, NIU Xiang, WANG Bing, SONG Qing-feng, TAO Yu-zhu, WANG Hui
    2019, 38(2):  420-426. 
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    Assessing spatial distribution of air quality purification functions of forest ecosystems can provide reference for ecosystem management. From aspects of negative iron supply, absorption of SO2, absorption of fluorine, absorption of NOX, dust retention, PM10 retention and PM2.5 retention, we examined the spatial pattern of air quality purification functions of the forest ecosystems in Helanshan Nature Reserve along the horizontal and vertical gradients. Results showed that air quality purification function of the forest ecosystems in the reserve was substantial, with negative iron supply being 1.426×1023·a-1, PM10 retention and PM2.5 retention being 361.27 and 77.44 t·a-1, respectively. In the horizontal direction, the substance amount and capital value of the forest ecosystems was the highest in the central of the reserve, followed by the south, and least in the north. Both substance amount and capital value in the five management stations of the reserve were in order of Dashuigou > Maliankou > Suyukou > Shizuishan > Hongguozi. On the vertical gradient, the substance amount and capital value of the forest ecosystems were higher at the altitude of 2400-3000 m than at 3000-3500 and 1800-2400 m, and were higher on the shady slope than on the sunny slope. With respect to forest types, the air quality purification function of shrubs and spruce forests was the largest.
    Dynamics of surface albedo and its controlling factors in Beijing Olympic Forest Park.
    HAO Wen-jing, YU Hai-qun, WANG Hua-xi, ZHOU Cai-xian, ZHANG Feng, TIAN Yun, JIA Xin, ZHA Tian-shan
    2019, 38(2):  427-435. 
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    Surface albedo is a key factor of surface energy and hydrological cycles. Based on continuous monitoring of meteorological factors in an urban greenland in the Beijing Olympic Forest Park from 2013 to 2015, we explored the dynamics of surface albedo and its controlling factors. The diurnal variation in surface albedo gradually decreased from 08:30 am to 12:00 pm, and then remained relatively constant to 17:00 pm. Surface albedo in the morning was 0.03 higher than that in the afternoon. The asymmetry of daily surface albedo was due to the formation of dew on leaf surface in the morning. Surface albedo was the highest in winter (0.15) and lowest in summer (0.11). Surface albedo in spring and autumn was 0.13 and 0.12, respectively. During the growing season, surface albedo was affected by temperature and soil water content. During leaf expanding period, surface albedo was mainly affected by air temperature but not by soil water content, showing a negative linear relationship with air temperature. During expanding leaf and deciduous periods, surface albedo was affected by both air temperature and soil water content, showing a negative exponential relationship with air temperature and soil water content. However, surface albedo was decoupled with air temperature when it was greater than 24.0 ℃.
    The dynamics of bare rock surface temperature, air temperature and relative humidity in karst rocky desertification area.
    LI Sheng, XUE Liang, WANG Jia, REN Hua-dong, YAO Xiao-hua, LENG Xiu-hui, WU Ze-yu
    2019, 38(2):  436-442. 
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    Land surface regulates the distribution of water and energy fluxes and therefore plays a critical role in the climate system. A large number of rocks in the karst rocky desertification (KRD) area are exposed to the air, which deeply affects microclimate. To reveal the environmental effects of bare rocks, the dynamics of rock surface temperature (ST), air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) were examined by simulation experiment. The results showed intense solar radiation in the KRD area, with a parabolic shaped diurnal variation and peaked at 13:30-14:00. The duration and intensity of radiation varied with seasons, as summer > spring > autumn > winter. The total amount of solar radiation varied as follows: spring > summer > autumn > winter. The ST rose with the increases of solar radiation. Compared to the air, the rock surface was heated faster and cooled slower. There were significant differences between the ST and the AT (all P<0.05) at 2, 5, 10, and 20 cm above the rock surface, implying that the bare rocks had a heating effect. The diurnal distribution of RH showed a U-shape at 2, 5, 10, and 20 cm above the rock surface, with the minimum values at 16:30-17:00. The RH at 20 cm was the highest (P < 0.01), and was lower when closer to the rock surface. The seasonal dynamics of RH was summer > autumn > winter > spring. Fastgrowing plants are recommended in the early stage of vegetation restoration, which could shade the bare rocks, reduce the heating effect quickly, and improve the microclimate. Our findings are of significance for ecological restoration in KRD areas.
    Effects of nitrification inhibitor on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat.
    LIU Hong-jiang, YIN Yue-jun, GUO Zhi, ZHANG Yue-fang, SHENG Jing, ZHENG Jian-chu, CHEN Liu-gen
    2019, 38(2):  443-449. 
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    To explore the effects of nitrification inhibitor along with nitrogen fertilizer application in the growing season of wheat, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the wheat yield formation and nitrogen use efficiency using twofactor splitplot design. There were five levels of nitrogen fertilizer applications (0, 210, 240, 270, 300 kg·hm-2). The wheat cultivar of Yangmai 16 was fieldgrown. The results showed that the wheat yield was the highest under 240 kg·hm-2 of nitrogen fertilizer application accompanied by nitrification inhibitor, reaching 7260 kg·hm-2 due to higher panicle number per unit area, grain number per panicle, and 1000grain weight. The wheat biomass yield was the highest under 240 kg·hm-2 of nitrogen fertilizer application together with nitrification inhibitor. Nitrification inhibitor had no significant effect on economic coefficient of wheat. Nitrification inhibitor effectively increased soil available nitrogen concentration and decreased the magnitude of such enhancement with the increases of nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrification inhibitor significantly improved nitrogen accumulation in wheat plant, but decreased nitrogen use efficiency for wheat grain yield. Combined with nitrification inhibitor application, the lower nitrogen fertilizer application such as 210 and 240 kg·hm-2 treatments increased wheat agronomic efficiency, average recovery efficiency, physiological efficiency and partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer by 16.1 kg·kg-1, 69.9%, 23.1 kg·kg-1 and 31.4 kg·kg-1,  respectively. In conclusion, application of nitrification inhibitor plus 240 kg·hm-2 of nitrogen fertilizer could ensure high wheat yield and improve nitrogen use efficiency.
    Effects of nitrogen fertilization and chemical control on stalk traits and yield of spring maize under super high planting density in Heilongjiang Province.
    LIU Xiao-ming, GU Wan-rong, LI Cai-feng, TONG tong, WANG Bin, LV Ying-jie, ZHAO Meng, LIU Zhao-yue
    2019, 38(2):  450-458. 
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    We examined the effects of plant growth regulator ‘Yuhuangjin’ (30% amine fresh ester·ethyl hydroxide) and three nitrogen application rates (100, 200 and 300 kg·hm-2 , designated as N100, N200 and N300, respectively) on dry matter accumulation, stem mechanical characteristics and yield of spring maize (variety ‘Longyu 365’) under high planting density (90000 plants·hm-2). The results showed that chemical control increased grain number per ear and 1000-grain weight, and reduced the length of  ear bald tip and leaf area at each growth stage. Meanwhile, chemical control increased the amount of dry matter per plant and contribution proportion of the dry matter after anthesis by 7.9% and 3.2% respectively, compared with the control. The chemical control increased breaking resistance, stalk rind penetration strength and minimum diameter of basal internode as well as significantly reduced the internode length, and thus increased lodging resistance and increased yield by 8.7%. The yield, grain number per ear and leaf area of maize attained the maximum value under N200 treatment and the length of  ear bald tip was reduced. The amount of dry matter per plant and contribution proportion of the dry matter after anthesis under N200 treatment increased by 24.5% and 9% respectively, compared with those of N100 and N300 treatments. With increasing nitrogen application rate, breaking resistance and stalk rind penetration strength of basal internode reduced significantly, the maximum and minimum diameters first increased and then decreased, and the basal internode length significantly increased. The maize yield was significantly positively correlated with contribution proportion of the dry matter after anthesis (r=0.489*) and leaf area of milking (r=0.819*), and the maximum diameter (r=0.517*) and the basal internode length (r=0.505*) were significantly positively correlated with the dry matter after anthesis. The stalk breaking resistance was significantly negatively correlated with the basal internode length (r=-0.84**) and was significantly positively correlated with the maximum diameter of basal internode (r=0.495*). The stalk rind penetration strength of basal internode was significantly negatively correlated with basal internode length (r=-0.724**).  Our results indicated that the combination of 200 kg·hm-2 nitrogen application rate and chemical control provided the best lodging resistance and obtained the highest yield for spring maize under 90000 plants·hm-2 in Heilongjiang Province.  Our results provided basis for the technology of chemical control to prevent lodging, reduce nitrogen application rate and increase yield under high planting density of spring maize in Heilongjiang Province.
    Variation of fine root distribution and belowground competition in apple-soybean intercropping system.
    SUN Yu-bo, BI Hua-xing, DUAN Hang-qi, PENG Rui-dong, WANG Jing-jing
    2019, 38(2):  459-466. 
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    The spatial distribution of fine roots from different species in a fruit treecrop intercropping system determines their competitive ability to soil moisture and nutrients. The spatial variation of fine roots reflects the adaptive strategy of the components of intercropping systems to belowground resources. The degree of niche overlap of fine roots reflects the competitive relationship due to the overlap of niches. A stratified excavation method was used to examine the spatial distribution variation and belowground competition of fine roots of applecrop intercropping systems in the western Shanxi Province of China. The results showed that the fine root biomass of apple trees was concentrated in the area of 0.5-1.3 m from the apple tree row, while that of soybean increased with increasing distance from the apple tree. The fine roots of apple trees were mostly distributed within the 20-40 cm soil depth, while that of soybean were distributed within the topsoil tillage layer of 0-20 cm. Compared with the monocropping systems, the intercropping system not only inhibited the growth of fine roots of both species, but also promoted the distribution of fine roots of apple trees to deep soil and the fine roots of soybean to the upper soil, respectively. The competitive ability of soybeans was stronger than that of apple trees in the area of 0.5-2.1 m from the apple tree row. The competition effect of soybeans on apple trees was dominant in the 0-20 cm soil depth, while the competition effect of apple trees on soybeans in the 20-100 cm soil depth. With increases of the distance from apple tree row, the competition intensity of applesoybean intercropping system gradually weakened, with the intense competition occurring in the area of 0.5-1.3 m from the apple tree row. Our results provide scientific basis for the regulation of interspecific relationships and sustainable management of the apple soybeanintercropping system.
    Effects of melatonin application on photosynthetic function in tomato seedlings under salt stress.
    YIN Ze-peng, WANG Zhen-qi, QI Ming-fang, MENG Si-da, LI Tian-lai
    2019, 38(2):  467-475. 
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    Melatonin (MT) is an important factor protecting plants from a variety of abiotic stresses. To explore the effect of MT application on photosynthetic function of Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. We used 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl as salt stress and 150 μmol·L-1 MT as pretreatment toexplore the effect of MT on photosystem II in tomato (Liaoyuandouli) leaves under salt stress. The results showed that salt stress reduced chlorophyll content, photosynthetic function. The decrease of PSII activity was mainly due to the reduction in the activity of oxygenevolving complex (OEC) on donor side of PSII and the blockage of electron transfer from QA to QB on receptor side of PSII. The donor side of PSII was more sensitive to salt stress than the receptor side of PSII. In addition, the ability of PSII reaction center to harvest and utilize light energy, the concentration of reaction centers (expressed as per unit leaf area) and the ratio of excitation energy to absorbed energy were all decreased. However, MT application significantly reduced the magnitude of chlorophyll content reduction and photosynthetic rate. MT application can alleviate the damage on tomato caused by salt stress through balancing the electron transfer on donor side, receptor side and reaction center of PSII.
    Phenotypic plasticity in seed and fruit of new variety “Jinguanxiapei” of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge.
    WANG Jun-jie, QIAO Xin, XU Hong-jiang, ZHANG Dong-xu, ZHOU Yi-ming, HUANG Yan-zi, WANG Xin-rui, XIANG Qiu-hong, WANG Qing, GUAN Wen-bin
    2019, 38(2):  476-485. 
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    Phenotypic plasticity is an important mechanism for the adaptation of organisms to heterogeneous environments and for the enhancement of their survival ability. Trees of new variety “Jinguanxiapei” of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge with similar structure were selected for this experiment in 2016, which consisted of a replicated diallel mating of controlled pollination and open pollination in four sites of three regions. Selfpollination was achieved by grafting individuals pollinated each other. Four experimental sites located in three regions of Beijing, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia, consisting of three different latitudes and two different soil types in one of the three regions. After harvesting and drying the fruits, we measured 12 traits including fruit quality, shell quality, number of fruits, fruit rate, seed number, seed quality, seed yield, and single grain weight. Three phenotypic plasticity indicators were evaluated and finally the phenotypic plasticity index (PPI) was used to estimate the plasticity of each trait. The results showed that seed and fruit traits exhibited phenotypic plasticity across different latitudes and different soil conditions. With increasing latitude, the seed and fruit traits showed a positive response by increasing resource input to the fruits and seeds, showing increases in fruit volume, fruit number, fruit mass, fruit shell mass, seed mass and seed number. With the change of habitat from cinnamon soil to aeolian sandy soil, seed and fruit traits exhibited the response mechanism of specialization for scarce resource and priority of resource allocation to progeny. When the resources are relatively scarce, plants allocate the limited resources to a small amount of fruit, reduce the allocation of fruit shell resources, and allocate more resources to a small amount of seeds, so that the seeds are bigger to adapt to the environment of aeolian sandy soil. Such a reproductive strategy makes the species has wide distribution, strong adaptability, and strong resistance. Our results provide basic data for study of adaptation and evolution and scientific reference for breeding and cultivation ofX. sorbifolium.
    Community characteristics of mesozooplankton in summer in Kings Bay area of Arcticocean.
    DENG Bang-ping, JIANG Xiao-shan, ZHOU Hong-hong, CAO Shu-nan, ZHANG Hao-fei, WANG Xiao-bo, WANG Teng
    2019, 38(2):  486-491. 
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    Mesozooplankton, important component of Arctic ecosystems, play key roles in thebiogeochemical cycles. The species composition and community characteristics of mesozooplankton were surveyed in Kings Bay area of Svalbard in August 2017. Results showed that 19 species of mesozooplankton were recorded. Copepods were the dominant group, accounting for 57.9% of the total mesozooplankton species. The species number of mesozooplankton gradually decreased from the mouth of the bay to the inside of the bay. The dominant species of mesozooplankton were Oithona decipiens, Calanus finmarchicus and Oithona brevicornis, accounting for 48.0%, 6.1% and 4.3% of the total abundance, respectively. The abundance of those three species accounted for more than 47% of total mesozooplankton abundance in each sampling station. The mean abundance and wet biomass of zooplankton were 1241.5 ind·m-3  and 290.8 mg·m-3， respectively. The mesozooplankton abundance, which was mainly influenced by dominant species, increased from the mouth of the bay to the inside of the bay. The mean Shannon diversity index, Pielou evenness index and Margalef richness index of mesozooplankton were 2.36, 0.57 and 1.65, respectively. Tunicata and Coelenterata occurred mainly in the mouth of the bay, which might be influenced by the north Atlantic current. The abundance of mesozooplankton was higher in the inside of the bay than in the mouth of the bay, possibly linked to the ecological chain reaction of climate change.
    Effect of starvation on the vulnerability to angling of juvenile grass garp (Ctenopharynodon idellus) and its ecological consequences.
    YANG Ya, PENG Jiang-lan, FU Shi-jian, ZENG Ling-qing
    2019, 38(2):  492-499. 
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    Individual difference in vulnerability to angling is a common phenomenon within natural fish population, which is affected by various environmental factors (e.g., food availability). To examine the effect of starvation on the vulnerability to angling of Cyprinidae fish and its ecological consequences, we used juvenile grass carp as the experimental model. Fish from two food treatments (starvation and control) were angled at day 0 and day 14 at 25±0.5 ℃. There were three replicates for each treatment with 40 individuals in each replicate. After angling 20 individuals in each replicate, the angling activity was ceased. During the angling process, the time and serial number of each individual which was successfully angled were recorded. The total angling time for each replicate and coefficient of variation (CV) of the time spending in angling for each individual was calculated. Our results showed the morphological characters (body mass, body length and condition factor) were higher at day 0 than at day 14 in the starvation treatment. The morphological characters of the control treatment did not change during the experiment, but the morphological characters of the control treatment were larger than those of the starvation treatment at day 14. The body mass and body length of individuals with higher vulnerability to angling were greater than those of individuals with lower vulnerability to angling at day 14 in both treatments. The total angling time of the control treatment was longer than that of the starvation treatment at day 14, whereas no difference was found in the CV of the time spending in angling in those treatments. The specific growth rate (SGR) of the starvation treatment was negative during the experiment. The SGR of individuals with lower vulnerability to angling was higher than that of individuals with higher vulnerability to angling in the starvation treatment. However, no difference in SGR was found between the two phenotypes of vulnerability to angling in the control treatment. Our results suggest that grass carp increased their vulnerability to angling in the face of starvation. Differences in ecological consequences (i.e., growth performance) existed between two phenotypes of vulnerability to angling in grass carp under the condition of severe food shortage. This fish species has morphological basis for phenotypes of vulnerability to angling.
    Spatial heterogeneity of ground-dwelling Staphylinidae community in a broadleaved and Korean pine forest in Liangshui Nature Reserve, Northeast China.
    QIAO Zhi-hong, HOU Hong-yu, GAO Mei-xiang, LU Ting-yu, JIN Guang-ze, WU Dong-hui
    2019, 38(2):  500-512. 
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    Understanding the spatial heterogeneity and spatial pattern of soil animal community is an important premise to reveal the ecological processes and formation mechanisms of soil animal community and related ecosystem services. The trap method was used to capture ground-dwelling Staphylinidae in a broadleaved and Korean pine forest in Liangshui National Nature Reserve in July, August, and October 2015. Based on the geostatistical analysis, we analyzed the spatial autocorrelation, spatial heterogeneity, spatial distribution pattern and its relationship with environmental factors of ground-dwelling Staphylinidae community. In total, 421 individuals that belonged to 22 species of Staphylinidae were caught in the three samplings. The species and individual abundance of Staphylinidae varied greatly among survey months. The community composition significantly differed among different months. Results of Moran’s I coefficient indicated that the species and individual abundance of Staphylinidae community showed a complex spatial autocorrelation in the 0-300 m spatial scale, being significant at some specific scales. Staphylinidae community exhibited a medium spatial heterogeneity, with spatial variability being regulated by both structural and random factors. The spatial pattern of community was simple. The patch structure of community was insignificant in the cold season. The spatial relationships among different species were various, and there was a complex (positive or negative) spatial correlation between species and environmental factors. However, the simple Mantel test demonstrated that there was no significant spatial correlation between the two. Results of CCA analysis showed that topographic and soil factors had no significant effects on changes of species distribution of ground dwelling Staphylinidae. Our results revealed the variation of spatial heterogeneity and spatial pattern of Staphylinidae, providing basis for understanding the mechanism underlying community assemblage and biodiversity maintenance of ground-dwelling Staphylinidae community.
    Herbaceous flora and species diversity in Shishou Milu National Nature Reserve.
    ZHANG Jin-ming, FU Long-fei, HONG Xin, WANG Li, WANG Zhi, ZHOU Shou-biao
    2019, 38(2):  513-520. 
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    Milu (Elaphurus davidianus), a species of deer that inhabits wetland habitats, mainly feed on herbs. The Shishou Milu National Nature Reserve is one of the protected areas for milu and other rare animals and plants. Understanding plant species composition, flora characteristics, and species diversity of the herbaceous community in this reserve is of great significance for the conservation of milu and wetland ecosystems. Here, the herbaceous community in the reserve was investigated by selecting five plots (size of 1 hm2) along the water gradient baseline. A total of 321 species of herbaceous vascular plants were recorded in the plots, belonging to 216 genera and 72 families. The flora was composed of small families and genera. There were various types of distribution, with seven types and two variants at the level of the families and world distribution type being dominant. There were 13 types at the genus level, with the flora dominated by pantropic distribution type and followed by the temperate distribution type. The species richness and community composition of herbaceous plants in the reserve showed significant seasonal dynamics. The richness of herbaceous species in spring and autumn was 169 and 125 species, respectively. Furthermore, the changes of α diversity of herbaceous plant communities was consistent with that of the richness index in spring and autumn, showing a declined trend in spring due to the decreases of water gradient but a rise trend in fall.
    Spatial pattern, tradeoffs and synergies of ecosystem services in loess hilly region: A case study in Yuzhong County.
    WANG Chuan, LIU Chun-fang, WU Ya-han, LIU You-yan
    2019, 38(2):  521-531. 
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    Taking Yuzhong County from Gansu Province as an example, using the InVEST model, ArcGIS, R and GeoDa software, and based on spatial hotspot analysis, correlation analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis, we examined the spatial heterogeneity and potential tradeoffs and synergies of five typical ecosystem services in 2015 at the village scale, including biodiversity maintenance, soil retention, water yield, carbon storage and food supply. The five ecosystem services showed obvious spatial heterogeneity. The biodiversity maintenance, water yield and carbon storage showed a threeorder gradient decrease from south to central to north. The capacity of soil retention was high in the south, moderate in the north, and low in the middle area. The food supply was high in the middle area and low in the south and north. The hotspot analysis showed that the spatial concordance among multiple ecosystem services was relatively high. The high-value clusters (hot spots) of ecosystem services were mainly located in the southern mountainous regions, the lowvalue clusters (clod spots) were mostly distributed in the northern loess hilly regions, while the highvalue clusters of food supply services were mainly located in the central areas, and the lowvalue clusters were concentrated in the northern loess hilly regions. The results of correlation analysis and bivariate Moran’s I analysis showed that there were tradeoffs between food supply and the other four types of ecosystem services. Specifically, the food supply had strong tradeoffs with soil retention and biodiversity maintenance, and weak tradeoffs with carbon storage and water yield. Relationships among the biodiversity maintenance, soil retention, water yield, and carbon storage were mainly characterized by synergies with different degrees. Spatially,there was strong heterogeneity of tradeoffs and synergies among different ecosystem services.
    Establishment and dynamics of national wetland park system in China.
    GUO Zi-liang, ZHANG Man-yin, CUI Li-juan,WANG Da-an, WANG He-nian, DU Xu
    2019, 38(2):  532-540. 
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    Wetland park has become an important part of wetland conservation system in China, providing various ecological functions. We analyzed the current status, geographical distribution pattern and development trend of national wetland parks in China using GIS 10.0 and contagion index. By the end of 2017, there were 898 national wetland parks in China, within which 80% were related with river and lake. The area of individual park was generally less than 50 km2. Most of those parks were located around farmlands and towns. The geographical distribution of all national wetland parks and the formally approved ones was highly concentrated, with a contagion index of 0.31 and 0.48, respectively. The national wetland parks were concentratedly distributed in eastern coastal and western regions, but were dispersed in central China. The highdensity hotspots of national wetland parks were in centralsouthern Shandong, Yangtze River delta, and northern Hunansoutheastern Hubei. The development of national wetland parks in China could be divided into three periods since 2005, namely exploration stage (2005-2007), stable stage (2008-2010), and rapid construction stage (2011-2017). In the future, we should pay more attention to optimizing the layout of national wetland parks and focus on the conservation of marshes and coastal wetlands, the YunnanGuizhou plateau, and arid and semiarid northwest China. Meanwhile, the area of individual national wetland park should be large enough.
    Toxicological effects of combined pollution of typical antibiotics on the development of Chinese white cabbage (Brassica rapa) seedlings.
    GONG Xiao-shuang, AN Jing, ZHANG Li-na, WEI Shu-he
    2019, 38(2):  541-547. 
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    We investigated the combined toxicological effects of tetracycline + chlortetracycline (TC-CTC) and tetracycline + sulfadiazine (TC-SD) on the growth and development of Chinese white cabbage seedlings under potculture. The results showed that the growth of shoots and roots of cabbage were promoted by the TC-CTC and TC-SD at a concentration of 0.5 mg·kg-1. With increasing concentration, the growth of shoots and roots were gradually inhibited. The inhibitive effects on root length were higher than that on shoot length. The inhibition rate of root length was up to 72.7% by TCCTC at 25 mg·kg-1. Compared to single pollutant, TC-CTC and TC-SD significantly decreased the content of soluble protein in cabbage. The maximum inhibition rate of 67.1% was presented in the treatment of TC-CTC at 25 mg·kg-1 after 30 days. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase were inhibited more under such treatment, highlighting a synergistic effect.
    Effects of flooding and copper stress on phenotypic and physiological characteristics of  Salix integra seedlings.
    CAO Yi-ni, CAI Ze-yu, LI Xiao-gang, ZHANG Jian-feng, CHEN Guang-cai
    2019, 38(2):  548-557. 
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    Willow is one of the suitable species for phytoremediation on heavy metal polluted soil in wetlands. In this study, we investigated the phenotypic and physiological responses of seedlings of Salix integra Yizhibi under flooding and Cu stress during different treatment periods. The willow plants were cultivated in Cupolluted soils under the treatments of flooding (F, with water level of 10 cm above the soil surface) and nonflooded (NF, normal soil moisture). The Cu treatments were set as 0, 50, 150 and 450 mg·kg-1 of Cu spiked with CuSO4·5H2O. Under flooding condition, white lenticels and adventitious root emerged from stem base to adapt to the flooding environment, while only a few adventitious roots were found at high Cu concentration (450 mg·kg-1). Photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic capacity substantially decreased as the flooding treatment prolonged. Photosynthetic rate (Pn)  was reduced by 9.19%-44.48% with the increasing Cu concentration. Leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was elevated with the prolonged flooding period and the increased Cu levels. Peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities were slightly decreased by soil flooding, which still maintained a certain activity toadapt to normal growth under flooding condition. With the prolonged flooding treatment and the elevated Cu level, the Malonaldehyde (MDA)  content in leaves increased. MDA content in leaves significantly increased by 8.52%-70.44% when being flooded for 60 d. Under flooding condition, the concentrations of superoxide anion radical (O2-·) and soluble protein showed the similardecreasing tendency.Salix integra showed strong growth, photosynthetic and physiological adaptation to Cu polluted soil for a long-term flooded period (except for high Cu concentration), indicating that willow could adapt to Cu polluted wetland.
    Distribution of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in wild plants inhabited on abandoned lands of Wanshan Hg mining region, Guizhou Province.
    QIAN Xiao-li, XU Xiao-hang, WU Yong-gui, XU Zhi-dong, MENG Qi-yi, YANG Chen-dong, ZHOU Hong-yun, QIU Guang-le
    2019, 38(2):  558-566. 
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    We investigated plant species composition of a heavily mercury (Hg) contaminated wasteland composed of cinnabar ore mine tailings in Wanshan. We measured the concentrations of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in both plants and rhizospherc soils and analyzed the bioaccumulation and transfer factors of IHg (the difference between THg and MeHg) and MeHg in plants. Results showed that the concentration of THg in soils ranged from 3.1 to 479 mg·kg-1, indicating a heavy Hg contamination. Plant community composition of wastelands varied widely, with Compositae as the dominant species, accounting for 6.4% of the total. The concentrations of IHg in roots and shoots of plants ranged from 0.59-3.3 and 0.27-12 mg·kg-1, respectively. Aster ageratoides exhibited the highest values of IHg in both roots and shoots, reaching 33 and 12 mg·kg-1, respectively. The concentrations of MeHg in roots and shoots ranged from 0.56-5.6 and 0.24-22 μg·kg-1, respectively. Sonchus arvensisshowed the highest average values of 22 μg·kg-1 MeHg in roots and 5.6 μg·kg-1 MeHg in shoots. Bioaccumulation factors (BFs) of IHg in plants were less than 1, while the BFs of MeHg in Sonchus brachyotus and Aster ageratoides were greater than 1. For transfer factors (TFs), Aster ageratoides andBuddleja lindleyana exhibited the highest TFs in IHg and MeHg with values over 1, suggesting their high ability in transferring IHg and MeHg.
    Effects of drying-wetting cycle caused by rainfall on soil respiration: Progress and prospect.
    LI Xin-ge, HAN Guang-xuan, ZHU Lian-qi, CHEN Chao-nan
    2019, 38(2):  567-575. 
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    Soil respiration is an important part of the carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. The changes of soil respiration caused by rainfall directly affect global carbon balance. Therefore, it is important to explore the mechanism underlying the effects of rainfall on soil respiration, which is necessary for understanding the carbon cycle and carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we summarized the research progress on the mechanism of drying-wetting cycle caused by rainfall on soil respiration. Soil respiration can be promoted at intermediate moisture conditions, but suppressed in both wetter and drier conditions. Dryingwetting cycles caused by rainfall affect soil respiration by changing soil moisture. On one hand, under the condition of drought, dryingwetting cycle caused by rainfall improve soil respiration rate by shortterm replacement of CO2 in soil, increases of soil microbial respiratory substrate, increases of microbial activity, and enhancement of litter decomposition. On the other hand, soils with high moisture could reach saturation more quickly or even be waterlogged after a short period of rainfall. Dryingwetting cycle caused by rainfall can significantly suppress soil respiration through restricting the entrance of O2 to the soil, forming an anaerobic environment, and inhibiting microbial and root respiration. In addition, dryingwetting cycle caused by rainfall could significantly inhibit root respiration by flooding part of the plant, reducing plant leaf area and photosynthetic products. In order to accurately estimate the interference of soil respiration on carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems, future studies on the effects of rainfall on soil respiration should focus on three aspects: (1) microbiological response mechanisms underlying the effects of rainfall on soil respiration; (2) differentiating response mechanisms of soil autotrophic respiration and heterotrophic respiration to rainfall; and (3) modeling the effect of rainfall on soil respiration.
    Review on pollution ecological environmental effects of coastal zone in China.
    SHI Ge, ZENG Hui, CHANG Wen-jing
    2019, 38(2):  576-585. 
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    We reviewed literatures related to eco-environmental effects of human activities in the coastal areas of China over the past 30 years (1987-2017) from aspects of characteristics of eco-environmental effects over different stages, characteristics of the study areas, characteristics of the research media, and characteristics of the key pollutants. The results showed that research in this field was not systematic and comprehensive before 2000. Afterwards, the changes of research foci in this field could be assigned into two stages, i.e., rapid growth of various researches during 2001-2007 and focusing on heavy metals and organic toxic pollutants after that. Most of the selected study areas in the literatures located in the coastal regions, estuaries and bays with rapid urbanization and industrialization. The studied pollution media mainly included sediments, organisms, and water. Overall, the depth and extent of the reviewed studies were insufficient, and there was lack of longterm monitoring data. Moreover, geographic identifications and management of different types of key eco-environmental problems were missing in the previous studies. In the future, the characteristics of sources and sinks of key pollutants also need to be further studied. Theoretical and applied researches focusing on policies and technical system constructions need to be strengthened from urban planning perspective.
    A review on monitoring methods for the effectiveness of fishway.
    WANG Yi-chuan, WANG Yu, LIN Chen-yu, WEI Yong-cai, MA Wei-zhong, WU Lei, LIU De-fu, SHI Xiao-tao
    2019, 38(2):  586-593. 
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    The effectiveness of fishway is fundamental for evaluating the value of fishway construction and optimization. Monitoring the fishway is the key to judging the effectiveness of fishway. Here we introduced the specific contents of fishway effectiveness monitoring, including monitoring of upstream/downstream of dam fish resources, fishway entrance and exit monitoring, internal fishway monitoring, post-passage monitoring. Fishway effectiveness monitoring methods (fish trap, blocking method, electrofishing, video monitoring, hydroacoustic monitoring, and telemetry) were introduced in detail, with the strengths and weaknesses of which being analyzed. Future development of fishway effectiveness monitoring should include:  Further strengthening postpassage monitoring and fish physiology monitoring;  Continuously improving monitoring methods to enhance the accuracy of instruments and equipment in field;  Fishway effectiveness should be monitored continuously and standardized; and  The development of new, noninjury, accurate, and systematic monitoring methods.
    Assessment of habitat suitability of Ovis ammon polii based on MaxEnt modeling in Taxkorgan Wildlife Nature Reserve.
    LI Mei-ling, CHEN Qiang-qiang, WANG Mu-yang, YANG Wei-kang, ZHANG Chi, LUO Ge-ping, DING Jian-li, LIN Yu-chen
    2019, 38(2):  594-603. 
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    Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii) is an endemic species and also a flagship species of Pamir Plateau. Assessment of habitat suitability is the prerequisite and basis for the effective conservation of this species. From May to November 2017, 104 occurrence points of Marco Polo sheep were confirmed by using the line transect method. Combining 27 kinds of environmental variable factors, the MaxEnt model was used to determine the main factors affecting the distribution of Marco Polo sheep, and to assess its potentially suitable habitat in Taxkorgan Wildlife Nature Reserve. The results showed that the AUC (area under ROC curve) value was 0.955, suggesting perfect predictive effect of the model. Suitable habitat of Marco Polo sheep was mainly distributed in the northwest part of the reserve. The area of suitable habitat was around 1288.53 km2, which only accounted for 8.12% of the total area. Altitude, temperature seasonality, vegetation type, mean temperature of wettest quarter, lowest temperature of coldest month, and slope were the most important environmental factors affecting the suitable habitat distribution of Marco Polo sheep, whereas human disturbance and land use had less influence. The suitable vegetation types of Marco Polo sheep were mainly desert and grassland, and the range of altitude was 3500-4800 m. We proposed two strategies on the conservation and management measures of Marco Polo sheep population: Controlling human disturbance and establishing a migration corridor among suitable habitats.
    Effects of moistube patterns and fertilization levels on growth and physiological characteristics of blueberry.
    SUN Guang-zhao, LIU Xiao-gang, YU Xiao-di, PENG You-liang, LENG Xian-xian, HUANG Yi-feng, YANG Qi-liang
    2019, 38(2):  604-611. 
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    The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of ‘Sharpblue’ blueberry under different treatments of moistube irrigation and fertilization. The experiment followed a randomized block design, with three moistube patterns (LM: level setting of moistube, UM: upright setting of moistube, RM: round setting of moistube) and four fertilization levels (F0: 0 g·plant-1, F1: 10 g·plant-1, F2: 20 g·plant-1 and F3: 30 g·plant-1). We examined the effects of different moistube patterns and fertilization levels on the growth, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), dry matter accumulation, and water use efficiency of blueberry. The results showed that compared with LM treatment, UM increased Pn, Tr, dry matter accumulation, and water use efficiency by 21.47%, 16.67%, 16.90% and 27.35%, while RM increased those variables by 24.82%, 38.66%, 39.66% and 44.35%, respectively. RM treatment significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, new shoot length, and chlorophyll content of blueberry. With increasing fertilization levels, plant height, stem diameter, new shoot length and chlorophyll content of blueberry first increased and then decreased. Compared with F0 treatment, F2 increased Pn, Tr, dry matter accumulation and water use efficiency by 14.74%, 13.49%, 22.62% and 21.09%, respectively. Compared with LMF0 treatment, the dry matter accumulation of LMF2, UMF2 and RMF2 was increased by17.53%, 40.58% and 61.14%, and water use efficiency was increased by 17.53%, 53.14% and 66.55%, respectively. From the perspective of high efficiency and water saving, RMF2 was the best combination of moistube irrigation and fertilization.
    Evaluation of tea climate quality based on climate index in Anhui Province.
    LIU Rui-na, CHEN Jin-hua， CAO Wen, YANG Tai-ming, SUN Xiu-bang, YUE Wei, HE Lin-xing
    2019, 38(2):  612-618. 
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    Based on daily meteorological data and tea growth data of 22 observation stations in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2015 as well as physiological threshold value of tea, we proposed an integrated climate index consisting of temperature index, relative humidity index and sunshine index that affect tea quality. The grade criteria of climate quality of tea were established by Kmeans clustering analysis and verified using chemical indices of Tingxi Lanxiang tea in Jingxian County in 2015. The climate quality of tea was estimated in Anhui Province in 2015 using the grade criteria. Results showed that the grade criteria of tea climate quality could be defined as level 1, level 2, level 3 and level 4 when the climate index was more than 0.90, between 0.75-0.90, between 0.50-0.75, and less than 0.50 respectively. The testing results indicated that the evaluated levels of tea climate quality were consistent with the actual tea quality. The climate quality of earlyspring tea and spring tea was at level 1, the climate quality of latespring tea was at level 2, and some individual sites were at level 3. The climate quality of summer tea was at level 3 and the climate quality of autumn tea was at level 2 or 3. Our results could provide scientific support for optimizing the layout of featured tea production in Anhui.