Table of Content

10 June 2005, Volume 24 Issue 06

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Interspecific correlation of Dacrycarpus imbricatus plantation community in Hainan Island

LUO Tushou, LI Yide, CHEN Dexiang, LIN Mingxian, SUN Yunxiao

2005, (6):  591-594. 

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A series of parameters for the interspecific correlation of Dacrycarpus imbricatus plantation community,including the importance value ,collectivity variance ratio,and χ2-test based on a 2×2 contingency table,were analyzed.The results showed that tree species was rich and the importance values distribution was dispersive in the community.The positive association of collectivity variance ratio in total was significant and a majority of interspecific associations were unremarkable.Between Dacrycarpus imbricatus and others,a majority of species pairs were not significant association and few were remarkable,which indicated that Dacrycarpus imbricatus has stronger ecological adaptability and the plantation community succession are evolving towards natural secondary forest.

Litter of mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Manglietia yuyuanensis

ZHOU Dongxiong

2005, (6):  595-598. 

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Analysis was carried out to the amount,component,falling rule,decomposition rate and the nutrients return of litterfall in the mixed forest of M.yuyuanensis and C.lanceolata,as well as those of C.lanceolata pure stand.The results showed that annual litterfall was up to 4004 kg穐m^-2 in the mixed forest,which was 2.15 times higher than that in the pure C.lanceolata stands.Needle litter was the maximum in the components of litterfall.M.yuyuanensis had three peaks of litterfall.Decomposition period of M.yuyuanensis was 2.1 yr in the 95% of litterfall,while 4.4 yr was needed for C.lanceolata.It was faster in the return of nutrient elements in the mixed forest,which suggested that mixed stands have a positive effect on the preservation of soil fertility and the sustainable development of forestry.

Analylsis of biodiversity in different deposition model of water and soil conservation forest in low-mountain and rainfall areas of Sichuan Basin

WANG Qiaohong, GONG Yuanbo, CHEN Linwu, SHEN Diyu, WANG Haiying

2005, (6):  599-602. 

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The species diversity of seven forest communities in Guangyuan city was measured with diversity index (Shannon-Wienner index,Simpson index),evenness index(Pielou) and richness index(Margalef index,Menhinick index).The results showed that vegetation restoration make it possible for the increase of biodiversity and the modulus of soil erosion declined by 45%.Mixed forest is important for biodiversity as well as for soil and water conservation.Benefits of soil and water conservation are different in different forest communities which depend on the species diversity.

Soil respiration and affecting factors on the alpine tundra of Changbai Mountain

SUN Yi, WEI Jing, WU Gang, ZHAO Jingzhu

2005, (6):  603-606. 

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The relationships between soil respiration and biomass,litterfall,soil properties were investigated in the alpine tundra of Changbai Mountain.The results showed that the soil respirations of peat alpine tundra soil,meadow alpine tundra soil,gley alpine tundra soil and lithic alpine tundra soil were 250.79,227.69,211.36 and 209.42 g穖^-2穣r^-1 respectively.The underground biomass and soil respiration was significantly correlated (R²=0.85,n=15,P<0.05).The spatial pattern of soil respiration and litterfall was not all the same for different vegetation types.The soil respiration was single-peaked for different vegetation types while litterfall was double-peaked.The main factors affecting soil respiration on the alpine tundra of Changbai Mountain was C/N,soil water capacity,soil organic matter,and total nitrogen,according to Canonical Correlation Analysis.

Effects of severied rhizome on clonal growth of Leymus secalinus and Carex praeclara of alpine desertification grassland in Northwestern Sichuan

HE Wenxing, YANG Zhirong, CAO Yi, CHEN Fang

2005, (6):  607-612. 

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Effects of severed rhizome on clonal growth of Leymus secalinus and Carex praeclara was investigated in Nuoergai plateau of Sichuan.The results showed that the increments of total length of shoots,length of main rhizome and total length of rhizomes were reduced by the severed rhizomes in the developing parts (observed plant unit) of Leymus secalinus and Carex praeclara,while no effect was observed in the number of rhizomes,number of main rhizome rhizome and total number of rhizome nodes.Severing rhizome reduced the number of Leymus secalinus shoots,but had no effect on Carex praeclara,and the interrelation of shoots and rhizomes was reversed.It suggested that the length growth of shoots and rhizomes in the developing parts were promoted by the clonal integration,while no effect was observed on the emergence of rhizomes and differentiation of rhizomes nodes.The competition between the reproductive growth and vegetative growth of Leymus secalinus and Carex praeclara increased if the plants were severed and the competition between the aboveground and underground increased as well.The effect of severing off treatment on Leymus secalinus was heavier than that on Carex praeclara when lack of clonal integration with genet.

Prawn-fish-shellfish-algae optimal ecoculture and its bio-manipulation technique of water quality

SHEN Yuchun, XIONG Bangxi, YE Fuliang, RUAN Fang

2005, (6):  613-618. 

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An ecological optimal aquaculture mode was established which included four aquaculture areas with different functions to culture prawn,fish,shellfish and macroalgae respectively,one water treatment area and one emergent off-taking area.Bio-manipulation of water quality can be achieved by stocking complementary organisms in different ponds within the closed circulation system.The results indicated that COD,the contents of suspension,ammoniated nitrogen and nitrated nitrogen were much lower than those of monoculture ponds (P<0.01).The final drainage of the reused water was not eutrophicated (E<1).The commercial benefit was obvious.Totally 0.667kg prawns,0.037kg tilapia,0.738kg oyster,and 0.437kg Gracilaria tenuistipitata were harvested with the input of 1 kg feed,with a net profit increase of $2.01 yuan.The ratio of input to output was significantly reduced from 0.709 of monoculture to 0.235 of ecoculture of prawns.Not only the bio-manipulation of aquaculture environment and null discharge of culture water were implemented,but feed conversion ratio and economic benefits were increased notably with advantages of illness-resisting,environment-protection and high-efficiency.

Relationship between land use/cover change and the changes of ecological effect in wind drift sand region-A case study of Yuyang District

MO Hongwei, REN Zhiyuan, XIE Hongxia

2005, (6):  619-622. 

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Based on by the land use/cover change (LUCC) survey data,the feature of LUCC during 1988～2003 in Yuyang District was analyzed.The economic value of ecosystem service function was estimated,and the relationship between the environment and economic development in ecological fragile area explained.The results showed that the environment response to LUCC was positive and the economic value of ecosystem service function was improved in general from 1988 to 2003.The implementation of policy on building the shelter forest,returning farmland to woodland and adjusting the structure of agriculture,has greatly improved the economy and environment condition in Yuyang.

Land use/land cover and spatial pattern change in Tacheng township,Weixi County,Yunnan Province

LI Zhuoqing, XU Jianchu

2005, (6):  623-626. 

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This paper studied the land use and land cover changes between 1990 and 1999 in Tacheng township,Weixi County of Northwest Yunnan.The results showed that there was little change in main land use type and in spatial structure within 10 years,with the land still predominantly forested.However,the forest structure had changed from predominantly high dense canopy to middle canopy and open canopy,among which the open canopy increased from 9.93% to 18.30%,with a net gain of 8.37%,high dense canopy lost 5.35% and middle canopy lost 5.15%,resulting in the decrease of forest quality.The landscape of land use/land cover changes mainly happened in southeast and southwest of Tacheng above altitude 3 400 m.The decrease of landscape diversity and landscape fragmentation had great impacts on the habitats of Rhinopithecus bieti in the region.

Scales of spatial autocorrelation and self-similarity of urban landscape pattern

TAN Wenqi, XU Jianhua, YUE Wenze, MEI Anxin, ZHAO Jing, SU Fanglin

2005, (6):  627-630. 

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Choosing the center area of Shanghai as regional background,this paper analyzed the urban landscape pattern characters with different grains by the technology of RS and GIS.The results showed that landscape indices of Moran I and fractal dimension were all related to the grains.The spatial autocorrelation and self-similarity of urban landscape pattern depended on different scales within certain range of scale,with the depending degree differed greatly.The spatial autocorrelation highly depended on the scaling,while the spatial self-similarity did not follow the scaling regularly.The spatial autocorrelation and self-similarity of urban landscape pattern had different sensitive points to the scaling.For the landscape of residence,Moran I,which characterized the spatial autocorrelation of the urban landscape structure,had the sensitive point to the scaling at the level of 50 m.However,sensitive points to fractal dimension differed greatly among different types of landscape patches.

Isolation of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms and their stability

NIU Mingfen, LI Fengmei, HAN Xiaori, GUO Shuhai, NIU Zhixin, LENG Yanhui, ZHANG Chungui

2005, (6):  631-634. 

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52 biosurfactant-producing microorganisms were isolated with the methods of enrichment culture and plate cultivation from oil sludge of Daqing Oil Field.Experiments of oil displacement activity and surface tension showed that the three strains (including B₂₂,B₂₄ and B₂₅) had high surface activity and low surface tension.The analysis of physico-chemical properties indicated that the biosurfactant produced by B₂₂ could bear high temperature up to 120 ℃,while the other two could bear 80 ℃.The three biosurfactants had a wide adaptability to pH.B₂₂ had a wide adaptable pH range of 4.0～13.0,while that of B₂₄ and B₂₅ was 2.0～13.0.NaCl concentration had no obvious effect on the biological activity of the biosurfactants.Employing the 3 strains biosurfactants to treat oil sludge,more than 70% of the oil was removed after 72 h.

Fruits foraging patterns and seed dispersal effect of frugivorous birds on Hippophae rhamnoides sinensis

LU Xianwen, SUN Kun, MA Ruijun, ZHANG Hui, SU Xue, WANG Mingli

2005, (6):  635-638. 

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Behaviors of 18 species of birds eating fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides sinensis were observed from September 2003 to March 2004.Their frugivorous ways were found to be various: 1)directly swallowing the fruits on the crown of the shrubs and sometimes regurgitating seeds soon after;2)carrying the fruits to their perching sites and swallowing;3)pecking the fruits from the shrubs to the ground,eating pulp and seeds but leaving pericarp;4)pecking through the pericarp,eating pulp and leaving pericarp and seeds;5)pecking through the pericarp on the top of fruits,and only eating seeds.These ways have different effects on seed dispersing of H.rhamnoides sinensis.The germination experiment of three groups of seeds (seeds from feces,dry fruits and extracted seeds from dry fruits) was compared.Although ingestion process of birds had some effects on seed germination of H.rhamnoides sinensis,the seeds from feces still had a relative higher germination ratio.H.rhamnoides sinensis provides food to a variety of frugivorous birds,and the birds disperse its seeds.Thus,mutually beneficial relationship between them was formed.

Characteristics of accumulation and content of heavy metals of weeds

WANG Guanglin, WANG Lilong, LI Zheng, DING Jiahong, LIU Dengyi

2005, (6):  639-643. 

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The contents of four heavy metal elements including Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni in 30 weed species collected from the sewage area near a smeltery were determined and analyzed.The results showed that the organs followed an order as roots>leaves>stems based on their average concentrations of four elements.The elements ranked as Cu >Zn>Ni>Pb according to their concentrations in weeds, while the accumulation coefficients were in order of Zn>Cu>Pb>Ni in weeds.The accumulation coefficients of Cu in the roots of Alopecurus aequalis, Zizania latifolia, Bidens pilosa, Ludzvigia prostrate, Paspalum distichum and Phragmites australis were 2.54, 2.69, 4.82,10.74, 7.33 and 4.60, respectively.The roots of these weeds had high enriching abilities of Cu.Cu concentrations in some weeds were as follow: roots of Alopecurus aequalis 813.4, roots of Paspalum distichum 1 338, roots of Ludwigia prostrate 1 959.65, roots of Phragmites australis 840.1, roots of Bidens pilosa 1 066.6, the underground parts of Pteris multifida 2 030 and leaves of Conyza canadensis 334.5 mg穔g^-1.The leaves of Ploygonum hydropiper exhibited high abilities of accumulation of Pb.Ludxvigia prostrate, Cnidium monnieri, Veronica didyma and Artemisia lavandulaefolia showed high accumulation abilities of Zn.Little correlation between the heavy metal element contents of weeds and soils was found from regression analysis.Ludvuigia prostrate is very useful in the restoration of Cu and Zn sewage polluted area.

Characters of flower plants for lead enrichment from sewage sludge

MA Limin, CHEN Ling, MA Na, LIU Dongyan, ZHAO Jianfu

2005, (6):  644-647. 

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Heavy metals can be accumulated in soil due to the application of sewage sludge on land over years.It will cause environmental safety problems if heavy metals accumulated in soil.Eight species of garden plants were planted in the substrate mixed by sewage sludge and beach soil to study how lead was enriched and transferred in plant-soil system.The results showed that the enrichment ability of plants was different,among which chrysanthemum was the most effective in lead enrichrnent.Lead absorbed by plants was not equally distributed in different parts of the plants,and the root absorbed more than other organs.The enrichment ability of plants was related with the concentration and form of lead in soil.

Nitrogen and phosphorous removal efficiency and dynamic feature of constructed wetlands for sewage treatment

SONG Zhiwen, WANG Renqing, XI Junxiu, HAN Xiaoyuan, YAO Chen

2005, (6):  648-651. 

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To evaluate pollutants removal efficiency and dynamic feature of nitrogen and phosphorous removal in a constructed wetland in Rongcheng,Shandong Province,water samples collected from Jan.1999 to Dec.2003 were analyzed.The results showed that the constructed wetlands could effectively reduce output of SS(suspended solids) by 71.8?8.4%,BOD(biological oxygen demand) by 70.4?9.6%,COD(chemical oxygen demand ) by 62.2?10.1%,and fecal coliform by 99.7%.However,the removal efficiency of nitrogen (40.6?15.3%) was relative low,and phosphorous (29.6?12.8%) had the least reduction efficiency.Nitrogen reductions displayed seasonal variations.The least efficient nitrogen reduction happened during Jan.to Mar.(23.0?11.6%),while the most efficient reduction happened during Jul.to Sept.(50.7?12.4%).Seasonal variation of phosphorous reductions was not as obvious as that of nitrogen.The nitrogen reduction efficiency increased from 2001 to 2003.Phosphorous reduction efficiency did not change on the whole from 2001 to 2002,but decreased a little in 2003.

Formation reason and recovering problem of the ‘black soil type' degraded alpine grassland in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

SHANG Zhanhuan, LONG Ruijun

2005, (6):  652-656. 

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The causes and ecological rebuilding of the ‘black soil type' degraded alpine grassland was summarized.Causes which contribute to the grassland degradation mainly include climate warming,glacier decreasing,over grazing,rats damaging,etc.The ecological restoration of the degraded alpine grassland relies on not only grassland development,but also reasonable management and planning.Methods such as strengthening investment for pasture regions' education,practicing long-term contracts for grassland,maintaining grassland law,should be applied to ensure the alpine grassland animal husbandry to develop healthily.The characteristic-inertia that Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau ecosystem processed might be the critical cause which resulted in the weakness of self-renew capability,frailty of ecosystem construction and difficulty in ecological restoration.Father study is needed to supply scientific foundation for the ecological restoration of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Analysis on successful factors in ecotourism development-Studies on twenty-five ecotourism development cases in the world

BIAN Xianhong, ZHANG Guangsheng

2005, (6):  657-663. 

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Ecotourism is a form of tourism which focuses on contributing to the preservation of natural and cultural resources and promoting economic contribution to local communities.Certain factors have been identified in the literature to optimize both preservation and economic contribution,while the strategies to accomplish these factors have not been defined.In this paper,five success factors in ecotourism development (i.e.an integrated approach,planning and developing in proper sequence,education and training,maximizing local benefits,and evaluation and feedback) were analyzed and identified with the strategies described under each factor.The results indicated that success factors should be reevaluated and identified using an ecosystem management approach which puts the health of the environment as the foundation of tourism development.Standards need to be set and then strategies assigned to maintain standards for environment preservation and economic well-being.The conclusion of the qualitative analysis will be helpful to realize the defectives in the ecotourism development.

Research advances in allelopathy of aquatic macrophytes

XIAN Qiming, CHEN Haidong, ZOU Huixian, QU Lijuan, YIN Daqiang

2005, (6):  664-669. 

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Allelopathy of aquatic macrophytes is of significance on sustainable management of weeds in freshwater ecosystem and eutrophic lakes' ecological reconstruction.Phylogeny and actuality of allelopathy on aquatic macrophytes were reviewed.The relative method of experiment,bioassay and allelochemicals' isolation had been discussed.Current bioassay methods include agar diffusion,algal and Lemna minor growth inhibition assays.Allelopathic substances can be isolated and identified from the culture solution which is prepared through coexistence or solitude cultivation.It plays an important role in confirming the presence of allelopathy in complicated aquatic environment and studying the release routes of allelochemicals and mechanisms of allelopathic activity.

Reproductive tendency of clonal plants in various habitats

WANG Hongyi, WANG Zhengwen, LI Linghao, CHEN Yajun, REN Liyun

2005, (6):  670-676. 

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This paper summed up the reproductive strategies and the ecological adaptability of clonal plants in six different habitats such as forest understory,steppe,desert,farmlands and water area,and discussed the trade-off relations or relative importance of sexual vs.asexual reproduction which regularly change with water status,light and temperature.Such regularity was clarified as:the harsher the environment is,the more asexual reproduction would contribute to the regeneration and survival of the populations.In addition,we compared the ecological and functional properties of sexual vs.asexual reproduction modes,reviewed recent researches on the trade-off relations between the two reproductive modes,and mentioned some factors influencing such tradeoff relations.Finally,we made a prospect about future research of reproductive strategy of clonal plants especially in terms of approaches.

Advances in research on remediation of heavy-metal contamination by biosurfactants

MENG Youting, YUAN Xingzhong, ZENG Guangming, SHI Jingang

2005, (6):  677-680. 

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Heavy metals are toxic substances that may cause damages to normal organisms.Remediation of heavy-metal contamination has become an important and urgent issue.Bioremediation with biosurfactants has been paid more attention for their good biodegradation capability and compatibility.This paper reviewed the methods and mechanisms of remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soil and wastewater with biosurfactants.Effect of some factors on metals complexation,such as pH value,biosurfactants concentration and speciation of heavy metal contamination were analyzed.

Application of matrix model in forest alternative cutting management

WANG Fei, SHAO Guofan, DAI Limin, HUI Shurong

2005, (6):  681-684. 

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The three-hundred years dynamic growth process of the unmanaged stands of uneven-aged mixed forest with different primary densities and diameter distributions in Changbai Mountain was predicted with matrix model.The stand densities,basal area and stand harvest with different management projects during 300 yr were compared,in which the diameter limit included 70,60,50 and 40 cm,and the cutting cycle included 10,20 and 30 yr.The results showed that whatever the initial state was,after about 200 years,the changes of the unmanaged stand became quite stationary,and diameter class structure and basal area would achieve an approximately equal steady state.The management regime which the diameter limit was 60cm,and the cutting cycle was 20 yr was the best.The changing rules of various factors in different management regimes were exposited.

Application of ¹⁴C-labeling technique in the study on the turnover of soil organic matter

LI Ling, XIAO Heai, HUANG Daoyou, WU Jinshui

2005, (6):  685-690. 

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Using carbon isotope (e.g.radioactive ¹⁴C) labeled organic materials i s relativ ely reliable to reflect the dynamics in their decomposition and transformation p rocesses in soil,and an essential method to investigate the turnover of soil or ganic matter.This paper reviewed the advances in the use of ¹⁴C-label ing techni que for determining the dynamics in the formation and decomposition of humus sub stances,the decomposition and transformations of organic materials and effects of their addition on the decomposition of native soil organic matter,the turnov er of microbial biomass C,and the emission of carbon gases.

Plant species diversity of fragmented forests and their values for conservation and restoration

ZHAO Ailian, CHEN Xiaoyong

2005, (6):  691-695. 

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Forest fragmentation is the most important single factor leading to biodiversity loss.Besides fragment size,plant species diversity is also affected by edge e ffects,instantaneous sampling effects,relaxation effect,rescue effect by long -distance dispersal,and matrix etc.The paper reviewed the changes in species c omposition,abundance,characteristics of the fragmented forest.Many fragme nts deserve conserva tion,but proper evaluation and criteria are needed.Forest fragments also play ro les in determining the aims of ecological restoration and serving as seed source s for restoration.Several methods were proposed for the conservation a nd management of fragmented forest.

Microorganism resource of mangrove ecosystems

LONG Han, XIANG Wei, ZHUANG Tiecheng, LIN Peng

2005, (6):  696-702. 

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With the rapid development of industry,more and more industrial waste is constantly exported to the ocean which causes serious pollution problems.Researchers are paying more attention to the mangrove,the important guard of the coastline,and the exploitation of mangrove microorganism resource has been expanded in many aspects,as well as developing the self-clean ability of ocean microorganism.This review summarized the diversity of mangrove microorganism resource,the role of microorganism in material recycle and energy flow,physiological active material,metabolic product and pollution management.

Population ecology of Micracanthorkynchina motamurai in Coreius guichenoti in the upper reach of Yangtze River

RAN Jiangbo, ZHANG Qizhong, WEI Ming

2005, (6):  703-706. 

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Population ecology of Micracanthorkynchina motamurai in Coreius guichenoti in the upper reach of Yangtze River was investigated in the paper.166 Coreius guichenoti caught from May to July,2003 were examined.The results showed that among all the examined fish,the infection rate was 69.88%,the infection intensity was 8.18,and the relative density was 5.72.The female fish were more vulnerable to M.motamurai than the male.The fish with a body length of 4～5.9 cm were the most easily to be infected which drastically affected their relative fatness.The frequency distribution of the parasite was negative binomial distribution in the fish population.The parasite were clustered at the forepart of the intestine which mainly composed of individuals with a length below 5.0 mm.The female parasites were much more than the male.

Biomass of small mammals in Tangjiahe Nature Reserve

WANG Yu, HU Jinchu, CHEN Limin, ZHANG Hanfeng, XU Ling, HU Zhongjun, XU Hongfa

2005, (6):  707-710. 

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From April to November 1989,small mammal communities were studied in Tangjiahe Nature Reserve,Sichuan Province,China.846 individuals were captured within 11 000 trap-days including 21 small mammal species recorded in the surveyed area.Based on the small mammal number captured,regression equations were established to calculate the small mammal densities and biomass of the four small mammal communities in Tangjiahe Nature Reserve.The results showed that the species densities of the four small mammal communities were 18.85,23.01,15.99,25.38 individual穐m^-2 respectively in summer with the average of 19.49 individual穐m^-2.The biomass of the four mammal communities in summer were 1 053.9,1 497.13,1 051.99,1 815.15 g穐m^-2 respectively,with the average of 1 273.04 g穐m^-2.The dominant species of Niviventer niniventer reached 91%,90%,and 79% of total biomass in community 1,2 and 3 respectively.The other dominant species Ochatena thibetana reached 79% of total biomass in community 4.These species determined the main characteristics of the small mammal communities in Tangjiahe Nature Reserve.

A simple non-destructive method to measure leaf area using digital camera and Photoshop software

XIAO Qiang, YE Wenjing, ZHU Zhu, CHEN Yao, ZHENG Hailei

2005, (6):  711-714. 

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A method for measuring leaf area was developed using digital camera and Photoshop software.The measured data from digital camera was compared with the values from paper-cut and instrumental scanning methods and etc.The results showed that there was highly significant correlation between the results of digital image processing method and other traditional methods.The resolution,pixel number of leaf picture and camera angle had no significant influence on the results of the method.Relative low variation,accuracy,no-destructive and low price are the main advantages of the method,which is applicable and reliable in plant physiological ecology research.