In order to understand the effect of straw returning on cropland soil mesofauna community in the black soil, an experiment with five different amounts of maize straw returning,e.g.，0 (CK), 4500 (JG1), 9000 (JG2), 13500 (JG3), and 18000 kg·hm^-2 (JG4), was carried out in Zhalaid Banner of Inner Mongolia from June to September in 2016. The results showed that totaling 3350657 individuals of soil mesofauna were captured and they were classified into 53 taxonomic groups. Straw returning significantly increased soil mesofauna density (F=12.040, P<0.05), and taxonomic groups. The soil mesofauna density (933030 ind·m^-2) and taxonomic groups (34) were the highest in JG4 treatment. The sampling month had a significant influence on soil mesofauna community, with highest density and taxonomic groups of soil mesofauna in July. The richness and dominance indexes were the highest in JG4, with the values of 0.98 and0.34, respectively. The diversity and evenness indexes were the highest in CK, with the values of 1.72 and 1.73, respectively. Correlation analysis showed soil mesofauna density and dominance index were correlated positively with soil humidity (P<0.05), while negatively with soil bulk density (P<0.05). There was significant positive correction between soil mesofauna density and soil temperature (P<0.05). Soil mesofauna taxonomic group number and richness index were significantly correlated with soil organic matter content (P<0.01). Soil mesofauna community had no correlation with soil pH (P>0.05).