Abstract: Based on the research of field vegetation, the calculation of species diversity and the determination of soil moisture content, the vegetation feature along Yujing desert highway, species diversity index and its relationship with soil moisture content were analyzed. The results indicated that: (1) there were mainly 16 families, 39 genera and 49 species living in the study area. Artemisia ordosica was the dominant species which was most widely distributed, and its community was the most common one among plant communities. Shrubs and semishrubs were dominant species among the field vegetation whose important value was larger than 0.1 in each region. (2) The average of Shannon index in twelve small study areas varied from 1.42 to 2.05. Among these small study areas, the highest average was in study area E, while the lowest was in study area G. Because of favorable soil nutrient content, wellgrown plants and high vegetation cover in loesscovered area (sample line 5), whose Shannon index and Sorenson similarity index were higher than other three study areas with three kinds of ecological conditions. (3) Pielou index was significantly correlated with the soil moisture content of soil profile in 0-10 cm, so did the richness of species to that of soil profile in 20-30 cm.