Abstract: Changes in the phenology of organisms induced by global warming can cause mismatches between the phenology of different species. Such mismatches can disturb interspecific relationships, thereby influencing species’ population size and distribution. In this paper, we introduce the ecological effects of phenological mismatches on interspecific relationships such as predation, symbiosis, parasitism, and competition, as well as the mechanisms by which organisms adapt to phenological change. We suggest that adaptation to phenology mismatch induced by global warming should be studied from the perspective of behavioral adjustments and microevolution, and that comprehensive understanding of the additional ecological effects of phenological mismatches on ecosystems will require extensive monitoring and the use of predictive models.

Key words: wet deposition, eastern China, north-south regions, ecological risk, atmospheric reactive N