The imbalance utilization of water and land resources in oasis has resulted in serious desertification in inland river basin of arid area. Taking the agricultural oasis in the Sangong River basin of Xinjiang as a case, this paper studied the landscape pattern change and its driving forces at basin scale, based on the Landsat images data in 1978, 1987, 1998, and 2009, and by using the theories of landscape ecology and the methods of GIS, RS, and statistics. In the oasis, the increasing intensity of land exploitation under human activities increased the landscape diversity, and intensified the landscape fragmentation. The main landscape patch types changed from the grassland in natural landscape type to the cropland in artificial landscape type. Due to the increasing area of cropland, more volumes of water resources were needed for agriculture, which promoted the construction of irrigation works. The changes in the water resources utilization pushed forward the oasis landscape evolution, while the anthropogenic activities also accelerated the evolution processes of the oasis landscape.