Island ecosystem has the characteristics of vulnerability and selfcontainment due to its limited area and isolated space, and land surface temperature (LST) is of greater importance to surface energy balance and resources/environmental changes on island. In this study, Five Southern Islands of Miaodao Archipelago were used as the study areas and a LST model was established based on splitwindow algorithm and regional characteristics. Then, the values of LST in different seasons, of different islands and under different types of land cover were calculated using methods of RS and GIS, and NDVI, altitude, slope, aspect and soil water content were adopted to reveal the factors impacting LST. The results showed that the mean values of LST in spring, summer, autumn and winter were 12.05, 32.93, 13.91 and 7.76 ℃, respectively, and the annual mean value of LST was 16.66 ℃. The annual mean values of LST of the different islands showed the following descending order: Nanchangshan Island > Beichangshan Island > Miao Island > Daheishan Island > Xiaoheishan Island, which displayed the maximum difference of 1.89 ℃. The types of land cover included construction land, farmland, broadleaf forest, grassland, bare land and coniferous forest land in the descending order of annual mean value of LST, and displayed the maximum difference of 1.63 ℃. The differences in land cover characteristics were the main cause of the differences in LST of different islands and the annual mean value of LST was positively associated with the proportion of construction land. NDVI, altitude and slope together influenced LST, and showed a significant negative correlation with LST in the whole year and spring, summer, autumn, and a significant positive correlation with LST in winter. Aspect independently influenced LST, which showed a significant positive correlation with LST during the whole year and each season. Soil water content derived by field investigation at 57 sampling sites had no obvious relationship with NDVI but was positively correlated with LST, which were probably caused by features of typical island ecosystem of Five Southern Islands.