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基于东北虎潜在栖息地保护的自然保护地整合

古元阳,张芳玲,梁晓玉,刘昌,邢韶华,王清春*   

  1. (北京林业大学生态与自然保护学院, 北京 100083)
  • 出版日期:2020-05-10 发布日期:2020-05-10

Integration of natural reserves based on potential habitat protection of the Amur tiger.

GU Yuan-yang, ZHANG Fang-ling, LIANG Xiao-yu, LIU Chang, XING Shao-hua, WANG Qing-chun*   

  1. (School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China).
  • Online:2020-05-10 Published:2020-05-10

摘要: 东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)是我国国家一级重点保护野生动物,现主要分布在张广才岭、老爷岭和完达山等地的几个自然保护区内。在这些自然保护区周边还分布有大量的森林公园、风景名胜区、湿地公园等不同类型的自然保护地,这些自然保护地在一定程度上也可为东北虎提供栖息场所,但管理目标、管理体制等原因造成了人为的范围隔离、空间重叠等各种乱象。为响应我国建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系,为东北虎豹国家公园建设提供支撑,本文基于44个东北虎分布点信息和11个相关环境因子,利用MaxEnt模型对东北虎的潜在栖息地进行了预测。基于东北虎栖息地范围内的国家级自然保护区、国家森林公园,国家湿地公园等自然保护地与东北虎栖息地的适宜性等级分布格局,利用成本距离法对东北虎栖息地范围内的自然保护地进行了整合研究。结果发现:(1)东北虎在我国的潜在适宜分布区主要集中在穆棱市、珲春市、敦化市、宁安市、延吉市、海林市、东宁县、汪清县、饶河县、宝清县,共约10000 km2,占黑龙江、吉林二省总面积的1.5%;(2)东北虎潜在扩散区共约51000 km2,占黑龙江、吉林二省总面积的8%;(3)以成本距离图中等值线值为0.5作为边界,将30个自然保护区及周边47个其他类型的自然保护地划分为9个自然保护地群,总面积为77818.7 km2,以供未来东北虎的保护和自然保护地整合中参考。

Abstract: Amur tiger is classified as the first-class protected wild animal in China. They live predominantly in several nature reserves in Zhangguangcailing, Laoyeling, and Wandashan. A large number of different types of protected areas, such as forest parks, scenic spots and wetland parks, are distributed around those nature reserves. Those protected areas can provide habitats for Amur tigers to a certain extent. However, issues related to management objectives, management mechanisms and other anthropogenic factors resulted in habitat isolation, spatial overlap and other chaotic phenomena. To facilitate the establishment of a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body to carry out comprehensive protection, and to provide support for the construction of the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park, we used MaxEnt model to predict Amur tigers’ potential habitats based on 44 Amur tiger distribution points and 11 related environmental variables. Based on the distribution pattern of suitability levels of the national naturereserves, national forest parks, national wetland parks and the habitat of Amur tiger, a cost distance method was used to integrate the natural protected areas within the habitats for Amur tiger. The results showed that: (1) The potentially suitable habitats for Amur tigers in China were mainly concentrated in Muling City, Hunchun City, Dunhua City, Ning’an City, Yanji City, Hailin City, Dongning County, Wangqing County, Raohe County, and Baoqing County, with a total area of about 10000 km2, accounting for 1.5% of the total area of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces. (2) The potential distribution range of Amur tigers are about 51000 km2, accounting for 8% of the total area of those two provinces. (3) With the contour value of 0.5 in the cost distance diagram as the boundary, 30 nature reserves and 47 surrounding protected areas were divided into nine protectedarea groups, with a total area of 77818.7 km2. Our results will provide reference for the conservation of Amur tiger and the integration of the associated protected areas in the future.