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崇明东滩盐沼湿地大型底栖动物功能群分布特征及其影响因子

王琰1,2,童春富1*,汤琳2,吴阿娜2,吴逢润1   

  1. 1华东师范大学河口海岸学国家重点实验室, 崇明生态研究院, 上海 200241;2上海市环境监测中心, 上海 200235)
  • 出版日期:2020-03-10 发布日期:2020-03-10

Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of the benthic macroinvertebrate functional groups in the salt marshes of Chongming Dongtan.

WANG Yan1,2, TONG Chun-fu1*, TANG Lin2, WU A-na2, WU Feng-run1   

  1. (1State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; 2Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China).
  • Online:2020-03-10 Published:2020-03-10

摘要: 以长江口崇明东滩典型盐沼分布区为研究区域,在不同站位固定样地月际取样调查基础上,分析了大型底栖动物食性功能群沿高程梯度的分布特征及其主要影响因子,特别是外来入侵植物的影响。结果表明,不同高程区域,大型底栖动物优势种不同,除中潮带分布区以杂食性和植食性功能群为主外,其余各区域均以杂食性功能群为主。沿高程梯度,大型底栖动物各功能群的多度和生物量均发生极显著的变化(P<0.01),而不同功能群在不同植被带间的差异情况有所不同。其中,高程最低的光滩区域,肉食性功能群多度和生物量均显著高于高程相对较高的植被带(P<0.05);中潮带海三棱藨草分布区植食性功能群多度和生物量均显著高于其他高程区域(P<0.05)。主要生境因子,包括沉积物总磷、总氮、有机质、速效磷、硝态氮、铵态氮、中值粒径,以及植物的植株高度和地上部分生物量干重等指标,均随高程梯度变化显著(P<0.05),但不同因子变化特征有所不同。外来种互花米草的入侵并未造成相应区域大型底栖动物优势功能群的改变,但区域内杂食性功能群的多度和生物量均显著增加(P<0.05);环境因子中的部分因子,包括沉积物速效磷、硝态氮、铵态氮和有机质含量,表现出与同高程的本地种芦苇分布区间的显著差异(P<0.05)。导致大型底栖动物食性功能群组成及分布发生变化是多种生境因子综合作用的结果,而对不同食性功能群起作用的主要影响因子存在差异。沉积物营养盐含量差异是造成大型底栖动物食性功能群多度变化的最主要因素;沉积物盐度是影响大型底栖动物食性功能群生物量的最主要因素。要完整揭示底栖动物功能群分布特征及其影响因子的作用机理,需要综合考虑水文、植被、沉积物等多种生境因子。

Abstract: Based on monthly surveys in the salt marshes of Chongming Dongtan in the Yangtze Estuary, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of macroinvertebrate functional groups and driving factors, especially exotic plants, along an elevation gradient. The results showed that dominant species varied across different elevations. Both omnivores and herbivores were dominant functional groups in the middle tiddal zone, while omnivores were dominant in the other sites. Both the abundance and biomass of each functional group significantly varied along the elevation gradient (P<0.01), and such variations differed for different functional groups. The abundance and biomass of carnivores in the lowest mudflat were significantly higher than those in the vegetated zones (P<0.05), while those of herbivores in the middle tidal zone, occupied by Scirpus mariqueter, were significantly higher than that in the other sites (P<0.05). Main habitat factors (including total phosphorus, total nitrogen, organic matter, available phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen contents and median-sized grain of the sediment), and shoot height and aboveground biomass of the vegetation, varied significantly along the elevation gradient (P<0.05), and the characteristics of those variations changed among different factors. The invasion of Spartina alterniflora did not change the dominant functional group in the high tidal zone, but increased the abundance and biomass of omnivores (P<0.05). Some environmental factors, including available phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and organic matter of the sediment, were significantly different between invasive S. alterniflora and natural Phragmites australis zones (P<0.05). The variations of the composition and distribution of the benthic macroinvertebrate functional groups were determined by the combination of multiple environmental factors, while the main factors varied with groups. Nutrient content and salinity of the sediment were the most important factors driving the abundance and biomass of the functional groups, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the comprehensive effects of various environmental variables including hydrology, vegetation and sediment when we examine the distribution characteristics and underlying mechanism of functional groups of benthic macroinvertebrate.