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动态地植物学说的理论与实践

徐文铎1,邹春静2*,郑元润3   

  1. (1中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所, 沈阳 110016;2华东师范大学生命科学学院, 上海 200241;3中国科学院植物研究所, 北京 100093)
  • 出版日期:2019-10-10 发布日期:2019-10-10

The theory and practice of dynamic geo-botany.

XU Wen-duo1, ZOU Chun-jing2*, ZHENG Yuan-run3   

  1. (1Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;2School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; 3Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China).
  • Online:2019-10-10 Published:2019-10-10

摘要: 刘慎谔先生是中国著名的植物学家、生态学家和林学家, 他在20世纪60年代初提出了动态地植物学理论。本文作者利用动态地植物学理论,研究了中国东北地区植被的几个焦点问题: (1)地带性顶极是动态地植物学核心问题, 在一个地区只有一个地带性顶极, 受大气候控制, 其余的都是由局部环境条件影响下形成的非地性顶极。东北地区从东南向西北随着水分条件的变化出现湿润区、半湿润区和半干旱区, 地带性顶极相应出现森林、森林草原和典型草原等地带性顶极植被类型。从南向北随着热量变化出现暖温性赤松(Pinus densiflora)栎树(Quercus spp.)混交林、暖温性油松(Pinus tabuliformis)栎树混交林、温性沙松(Abies holophylla)红松(Pinus koraiensis)阔叶混交林、温性红松阔叶混交林和寒温性明亮针叶林等地带性顶极植被类型。除研究水平地带性顶极外,我们还研究了垂直地带性顶极或气候层顶极、前顶极和后顶极及其相互转化关系。(2)根据动态地植学中的极地苔原迁移路线, 徐文铎发现了中国第2块苔原植被—大兴安岭亚高山苔原,进而澄清了在中国生态学和自然地理学领域中的山地苔原(mountain tundra)和山地冻原(mountain crymic)的基本概念和本质上的区别, 发现东北山地苔原只起源于欧亚大陆北极苔原, 是欧亚大陆极地苔原植物区系组成的一部分。(3)动态地植物学强调植物种的演变生态过程和物种正确鉴定的重要性。在生态环境非常脆弱的浑善克沙地发现了沙地云杉(Picea mongolica)新树种, 由沙地云杉为建群种形成了超地带性顶极(post zonal climax), 是陆地上非常特殊的森林生态系统类型。为系统研究沙地云杉生态系统组成、结构和功能, 开展了沙地云杉生态环境、种的起源、分子生态、个体生态、种群生态、群落生态、生态系统生态、保护生态等基础研究。(4)动态地植物学说认为:大气候在不断变化, 植被对全球气候变化反应敏感。植被与气候的关系是辩证统一的, 有什么样的气候就应该有什么样的顶极植被, 且在一个气候区内只能有一个地带性顶极植被。全球气候变暖给动态地植物学研究增加了新的内容, 开拓了新的研究领域。地带性顶极植被受大气候控制, 且是最敏感、最有代表性的植被类型。若未来气温升高2 ℃, 则东北地区森林地带性顶极, 除植被组成、结构和功能发生变化外, 其分布格局变化较大, 将向北迁移约443~708 km。草原地带性顶极向东迁移926 km。(5)植被区划是动态地植物学在生态建设中的应用。植被区划应该建立在植被地带性基础上, 且要反映历史情况与过去的气候关系。高级区应以地带性顶极为主, 低级区可以考虑非地性顶极植被类型。因此, 植被区划是动态地植物学中最结合生产实践和永续利用自然资源的科学依据。我们根据动态地植物学中植被区划的原则、依据、指标和系统, 开展了黑龙江省植被区划、中国东北植被区划和中国东北植被生态区划等研究。

关键词: 红壤区, 工程堆积体, 降雨强度, 砾石含量, 产流产沙

Abstract: Professor Liu Shene was a celebrated Chinese botanist, ecologist, and forester, who proposed the theory of dynamic geo-botany in the early 1960s. Under the theory framework of dynamic geo-botany, we studied several key scientific questions in vegetation in Northeast China: (1) The zonal climax is the core issue of dynamic geobotany. In a particular area, there is only one zonal climax, which is controlled by the macroclimate. The other communities are formed as nonzonal climaxes in the area, driven by local environmental conditions. In Northeast China, humid, semi-humid and semi-arid areas exist along with the moisture gradient from southeast to northwest, and the zonal climax appears correspondingly as forest, foreststeppe and typical steppe. From south to north along the temperature gradient, zonal climax vegetation types exist as warmtemperate Pinus densiflora-Quercus spp. mixed forest, warmtemperate Pinus tabuliformis-Quercus spp. mixed forest, temperate Abies holophylla - Pinus koraiensis broad-leaved mixed forest, temperate Pinus koraiensis broad-leaved mixed forest and cold-temperate bright coniferous forest. In addition to the horizontal zonal climax, we also studied the vertical zonal climax or climate layer climax, preclimax, postclimax, and their conversion relationships. (2) Following the polar tundra migration route in dynamic geo-botany, Xu Wenduo discovered the second tundra vegetation in China, i.e., the subalpine tundra in Daxing Anling, and clarified the basic concepts and essential differences between mountain tundra and mountain crymic in the fields of ecology and physical geography in China. Xu claimed that the Northeast China mountain tundra originated only in the Arctic tundra of Eurasia, being part of the Eurasian polar tundra flora. (3) The importance of evolutionary ecological process of plant species and the correct identification of species is emphasized in dynamic geo-botany. A new species of sandy spruce (Picea mongolica) was recorded in the Hunshandake sandy land, a fragile ecological landscape. The Picea mongolicadominated super-zonal climax is a very special type of forest ecosystem. We systematically investigated the composition, structure and function of sandy spruce forest ecosystem from aspects of ecological environment, species origin, molecular ecology, individual ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and protection ecology. (4) According to dynamic geo-botany theory, climate is constantly changing, and vegetation is sensitive to global climate change. The relationship between vegetation and climatic conditions is dialectically unified: climate determines the climax vegetation, with only one type of climax vegetation under a particular climatic zone. Global warming has added new content to dynamic geobotany research and opened up new research areas. The zonal climax vegetation is controlled by the macroclimate and is the most sensitive and representative type. If temperature increases by 2 ℃ in the future, the zonal climax forest in Northeast China will change significantly in distribution pattern, in addition to changes in vegetation composition, structure and function, and will migrate 443-708 km northward. The grassland zonal climax will migrate 926 km eastward. (5) Vegetation zoning is an application of dynamic geo-botany in ecological construction. Vegetation zoning should base on zoning and reflect historical circumstances and climate relations in the past. High-level areas should be mainly maintained in the zonal climax, while low-level areas can consider non-zonal climax vegetation types. Vegetation zoning is the most scientific basis for dynamic geo-botany in combination with production practice and sustainable use of natural resources. Based on the principles, bases, indicators and systems of vegetation zoning in dynamic geo-botany, we studied the vegetation zoning in Heilongjiang Province and Northeast China, and the ecological zoning of vegetation in Northeast China.

Key words: red soil region, engineering accumulation, rainfall intensity, gravel content, runoff and sediment yielding.