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    10 February 2001, Volume 20 Issue 01
    Community Diversity of Cunninghamia lanceolata Forest in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.
    Xiao Wenfa, Cheng Ruimei, Li jianwen, Ma juan, Han Jingjun
    2001, (1):  1-4. 
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    The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is located in the moist sub-tropical region. Cunninghamia lanceolata forest is one of its important vegetation types. According to the investigation, there are 8 kinds of community type of Cunninghamia lanceolata forest in the area. The vertical structure of this community is complicated, it can be divided into tree, shrub and herbaceous layers. The diversity variation among the communities is: shrub layer>herb layer>tree layer. The trend is “mid-altitude bulge” in community diversity along altitude. It might relate to the environmental factor and artificial disturbance in the research area.
    Popential Evapotranspiration of Artificial Pinus Forest in Mount Dinghu and the Comparison of Calculation Methods.
    Yan Junhua, Zhou Guoyi, Chen Zhongyi
    2001, (1):  5-8. 
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    Based on the consecutive measurement (1995-1997) of meteorology and microclimate of artificial Pinus forest in Mount Dinghu, we calculated the potential evapotranspiration by using four different methods to discuss the method which is fit for forest ecosystem. The results are given as follows.1) In terms of the enviromental conditions of forest ecosystem, we redefined some parameters in Penman equation and used it to calculate the potential evapotranspiration of artificial Pinus forest ecosystem in Mount Dinghu.Preliminary result is that Penman equation is worth spreading for calculating the potential evapotranspiration of forest ecosystem,compared with several other methods.2) The annual average potential evapotranspiration of the artificial Pinus forest in Mount Dinghu is 937.55 mm,according to Penman equation. It is 50% of the rainfall in the corresponding period. The highest mean monthly potential evapotranspiration is July and the lowest mean monthly potential evapotranspiration is January. This is completely consistent with the variations of temperature.
    Sulfur Fractions in Typic Udalfs in Forest Ecosystem in Mt. Lushan as Affected by Acid Deposition
    Shi Shengli, Pan Genxing, Wang Lianfeng, Zhang Lehua, Huang Mingxing
    2001, (1):  9-12. 
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    Acid deposition has been a severe environmental pollution problem in Mt. Lushan since early 1980, Soil acidification trends have been resultantly obvious. Pedons of the Typic Udalfs both under deciduous and coniferous forest with and without root-growing effects were sampled. Soil sulfur was fractionated by selective extraction methods and the sulfur in solutions was determined by BaSO4 turbidimetry. The results showed the total S in surface layers amounted to 400-800mg穔g-1 , indicating a high net accumulation of S under impacts of the acid deposition. The sulfur in the soils were predominated by adsorbed sulfur(160.0?72 1mg穔g-1 ) and organic sulfur(123.3?142.9 mg穔g-1 ), with the former accumulating to deep profile and the latter in surface 0-30 cm depth. Under deciduous soil sulfur accumulated to deep profile. Adsorbed sulfur under coniferous was higher (152.72 mg穔g-1 ) than which under deciduous (121.85 mg穔g-1 ), while the latter contained more water sulfur, indicating sulfur under deciduous inclined to move. Soils with root-growing effects contained more total sulfur (351.15 mg穔g-1 ) than soil without root-growing effects ( 300.50 mg穔g-1), high organic sulfur accumulated in soils in root-growing depth, but no significant profile difference under deciduous. Therefore, the sulfur transform was involved in accumulation of sulfur affected by acid deposition.
    Re-Examine the Reliability of Tree-Ring Isotope Ratios in the Reconstruction of Atmospheric CO2 Isotope Ratio Variation
    Hou Aimin, Peng Shaolin, Zhou Guoyi, Wen Dazhi
    2001, (1):  13-17. 
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    Based on the experimental results from seven subtropical species,in contrast with other researchers′ results, the parameter Ci/Ca (ratio of substomatal CO2 to atmospheric CO2 concentration)is not stable,but varies with species and environmental factors,especially light intensity.Thus,we concluded that the use of tree ring isotope ratios in the reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 isotope ratio δa variation,which is based on the assumption that Ci/Ca keeps stable during assimilation,is not reliable under current circumstances.
    The Dynamics of Patch Density and Edge Density in Forested Landscape of Shanxi,China——A Case Study in Guandishan Mountain Forest District
    Zhang Yunxiang, Guo Jinping
    2001, (1):  18-21. 
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    Based on the air photos of four stages since 1959 in Guandishan forest region,and assisted by other forest survey information,four stages of landscape element patch digital maps were generated in ARC INFO.By analyzing the patch density and edge density of landscape,dynamic laws of landscape heterogeneity and patch characters were comprehensively explored in this paper.The results showed that patch density and edge density both could be used to study landscape heterogeneity and its dynamic character.The outline of patch transformation and patch character changes during forest restoration in the study area were expounded in the paper.Some principl proposals were also provided in the end for the planning of forest restoration in similar area.
    Studies of Yukeng Forest Community Characteristics in Xianju of Zhejiang
    Jin Zexin
    2001, (1):  22-25. 
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    The Yukeng forest community,situated in Xianju County of Zhejiang Province,is rich in plant class whose family and genus are of scattered composition.There are a bit more genus in the tropical zone than in the temperate zone in terms of the distribution type of genus.Based on Raunkiaer's life-form statistics,the life-form phaenerophyte class of the community ranks the first in number and the hemicryptophyte the second. The leaves of the community are mainly microphyll,simple, herbaceous and unentire whereas they are mostly microphyll,simple,coriaceous and unentire in the tree layer. The community's vertical structures can be divided into tree layer, shrub layer,herb layer and ground layer. In this paper,the overall relatedness of the tree layer's 40 main species and the association between paired species of the forest community were examined by using the methods of variance ratio(VA) and χ2 test by 2×2 contingency table.Its result shows that the major interspecies of the tree layer,on the whole,have the great positive relatedness,and that there are more paired species of positive association than those of negative ones.
    Effects of Enhanced UV-B Radiation on Accumulation and Cycling of Mg and Zn of Wheat Field Ecosystem
    Li Yuan, Wang Xunling, Hu Zhide
    2001, (1):  26-29. 
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    Influences of enhanced ultraviolet radiation (UV B,280-315nm) on accumulation and cycling of Mg and Zn of wheat field ecosystem were investigated under field conditions.UV B radiation increased concentrations of Mg and Zn in leaves and stems,and affected concentrations of Mg and Zn in roots and spikes at various developmental stages significantly.The responses of accumulation of Mg and Zn in leaves to UV B radiation were different among developmental stages.Accumulation of Zn in stems were higher than control under 2.54 and 4.25 kJ.m-2 UV B radiation,and lower than control under 5.31 kJ.m-2 UV B radiation.At various developmental stages,UV B radiation significantly reduced accumulation of Mg in stems,roots and spikes,and accumulation of Zn in roots and spikes.UV B radiation significantly decreased accumulation of Mg and Zn in whole plants at various developmental stages.The contribution of biomass to the accumulation of Mg and Zn might be more than that of the concentrations of Mg and Zn.UV B radiation reduced output of Mg and Zn of spring wheat colonies.This might indicate decreases in output input ratio and cycling function of Mg and Zn in wheat field ecosystem.Increases in concentrations of exchangeable Mg and available Zn in soil were the results of decreases in output of Mg and Zn of spring wheat colonies. It might lead to the occurrence of higher storage of Mg and Zn in soil.
    Study on Restoration of Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest from Pinus massoniana Forest
    Wang Xihua, Song Yongchang, Wang Liangyan
    2001, (1):  30-32. 
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    High coverage of Pinus massoniana forest on low mountains in Eastern China at present was studied in this paper. This forest is threatened by plant diseases, especially pines wilt, and needs to be restored urgently. Species of later successional stage or climax communities were retained or introduced to the forest through reconstruction according to vegetation ecology theory, so as to restore it quickly to zonal evergreen broad-leaved forest. It formed an evergreen broad-leaved sub-tree layer of 2~3m high dominated by Schima superba from a shrub layer of 57m high after 3 years of reconstruction. The questions of restoration were discussed in this paper.
    Soil Microbial Biomass Acts as Source and Sink of Energy Material C Flou in Mountainous Soils of Guizhou
    Piao Hechun, Hong Yetang, Yuan Zhiyun
    2001, (1):  33-37. 
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    The soil microbial biomass,the living fraction of organic matter,contains energy material organic carbon compounds,which is derived from plant residue generated soil organic matter.This study investigated the relationships between microbial biomass C and organic C with environmental parameters.The results indicate that soil microbial biomass is highly sensitive to the changes of environmental conditions in soils,and converts easily to available organic C compounds,and acts as source and sink of energy material C flow.Therefore,it plays an important role in soil organic matter decomposition.The turnover of soil microbial biomass is an important pathway of soil organic matter decomposition.
    Emergy Analysis of Two Models of Wetland Utilization on Seashore in Jiangsu Province
    Zhu Hongguang, Qin Pei, Wan Shuwen, Xie Min, Xiping Liu, Jinjin Du, Hui Wang
    2001, (1):  38-44. 
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    Building waterfowls pond and building fish pond for ameliorating saline land are two different models of wetland utilization on seashore in Jiangsu Province, China. In this paper, ecological-economic benefits of the two subsystems are evaluated with emergy analysis method,and some suggestions are given about sustainable development of seashore. Some emergy indices are calculated as following: the emergy investment ratio (Ir) are 7.07 and 1.02?10-2M; the Export-feedback ratio (Fr) are 0.457 and 3.95; the Actual emergy yield ratio (Yr) are 54.00 and 4.00?103 , the change of stored emergy (Nc) are 3.65?1020J and -5.16?1019J. for waterfowl and fish pond,respecfively. These indices show that: First, in order to reduce the habitat pressure of coastal birds, it is necessary to build waterfowl pond at the edge of core zone of natural reserve on seashore. Second, in order to ameliorate saline land rapidly, it is applicable for suitable use in non-core zone of natural reserve and other seashore area. Third, in order to measure coordination between natural reserve and economic development, it is essential that core zone should be enlarged in natural reserve, and the economic development should be limited in buffer zone of natural reserve and non-natural reserve area.
    Primary Study on Interrelation between Aquatic Vascular Plant Communities and Environmental Factors in Jiangxi Province
    Yang Hailong, Ye Juxin
    2001, (1):  45-47. 
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    Thirty two aquatic vascular plant communities and their water environments were surveyed in Jiangxi province.The communities were analysed using PCA(principal component analysis) ordination to determine the relationship between the communities and environmental factors,according to pH value,depth of water,COD, DO,NP and HM.The results showed that information in original environmental data of communities was held 71.0% in the first two components of PCA ordination,COD, DO,NP and HM were the principal factors to determine the ecological distribution of aquatic vascular plant..
    Discussion on the Main Types of the Formation and Succession of Agricultural Ecosystems and Their Spatial Distribution
    Zhang Jia'en, Luo Shiming
    2001, (1):  48-51. 
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    The main mechanism and types of the formation and succession and spatial distribution pattern of agricultural ecosystem are discussed in this paper. It suggests that the formation and succession of agricultural ecosystem is co-influenced by the natural environmental conditions, natural resources, economic development level, market background, science and technology, policy systems,and social and cultural customs. But in different areas, the formation mechanism of the agroecosystem is also different. There are some main types such as the closed environment-induced, cultures and customs-induced, economy and technique-induced, resource-restricted, policy-induced types. Because of the interaction of above induced factors, agroecosystems often have following spatial distribution pattern, including gradient distribution, random inlaid distribution, island-like distribution and line or strip distribution.
    Importance of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Plant Ecological Research
    Zhao Zhiwei
    2001, (1):  52-54. 
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    Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza is the symbiont of plant and Glomales fungus.This symbiont is a very popular biological phenomenon in the terrestrial ecosystem.Based on the popularity and the non specificity between the symbiotic partners,the potential determinant roles of VA mycorrhizal fungi in the occur rence,succession and the structure of plant community,and the mechanisms of VA mycorrhiza in the maintenance of plant biodiversity,the stability and the pro ductivity of the ecosystem were discussed in this paper.The functional roles of VA mycorrhiza in the plant biodiversity conservation was also discussed.
    Advances in Molecular Ecology of Marine Mammals
    Yang Guang, Ren Wenhua, Zhou Kaiya
    2001, (1):  55-58. 
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    The molecular techniques applied in the molecular ecology of marine mammals mainly include sequencing of mtDNA control region,DNA fingerprinting,mtDNA RFLP,and alloyzme.These techniques have been used to document population structure and genetic diversity,social structure and migration behavior,individual identification and population size estimate,as well as food habitat analysis,etc.
    Green Product Design and Sustainable Development
    Sun Gang, Sheng Lianxi, Guo Ping, Zhou Daowei
    2001, (1):  59-62. 
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    The relationship between green product design and sustainable development was expounded.Green product design is one of the efficient means to realize sustainable development.The essential difference between green product design and traditional product design is that in the former the environmental behavior of product has been considered.Dematerialization,recycle,eco label,propaganda and education,and governmental administration are the approaches that may be adopted in green product design.Green product design should become an important component of China′s sustainable development strategy.
    Microbial Study of Mangrove Soil at Dongzhai Harbor in Hainan
    Zhang Yubin, Zhuang Tiecheng, Yang Zhiwei, Lin Peng
    2001, (1):  63-64. 
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    Three groups of microbial amount of mangrove soil at Dongzhai harbor in Hainan were studied.The results show as follows:①Mean amount of soil bacteria in Kandelia candel forest and Bruguiera sexangula forest is 4 87×107 and 7 55×107〔ind·(g.dry soil)-1〕 respectively,which is higher than that of controlled mudflat without mangrove forest〔1 22×107ind·(g.dry soil)-1〕;②The amount of bacteria at layer of 10-20cm is the most in three layers of 0-10、10-20 and 20-30cm;③Mean amount of soil bacteria in Bruguiera sexangula forest is higher than that in Kandelia candel forest;④The amount of bacteria is related to the amount and distribution of plant residue and litter;⑤Filamentous fungi and actinomyces are not found out by normal isolation methods,which is perhaps related to least amount and special habitat of local mangrove soil.
    Simualtion of Lady Beetle’s Preying Behavior Evolution with Neural Network and Genetic Algorithms
    Wang Jun, Li Songgang
    2001, (1):  65-69,72. 
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    This paper describes a computational model of searching behavior of lady beetle ( Coccinella septempunctata L.) by using Neural Network and Genetic Algorithms. It also describes several Neural Network structures to interpret how the Neural Network controls the behavior of lady beetle, as well as the evolution of the computational model. In the nature, Alphid’s pattern is clumped, and the lady beetle's food-foraging strategy is: when the predator does not touch the prey, the predator's behavior is searching in a large area; but if the predator finds a prey, it behavior switch to searching in the neighborhood area around the prey.In this paper, several Neural NetWork structures have been used to control the individuals' food-searching behavior. And a form of Genetic Algorithms have been used for the Neural Network's Learning.After simulation, the model's food-foraging strategy is similar to the nature. It is not very necessary for the lady beetle to have the ability of finding the Alphid in a short distance. In fact the Alphid almost can not escape after the lady beetle finds it. So the most important factor for improving the searching efficiency is the ability of memory. It coincides with the lady beetle's food-foraging behavior in the nature.
    The Effect of Polyacrylamide on Preventing Soil and Water Losses
    Xia Haijiang, Du Yaodong, Meng Weizhong, Li Yong, Xiong Kezhi
    2001, (1):  70-72. 
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    Field plots observations indicate that applying polyacrylamide to soil can reduce surface runoff by 18.4%~46.8%,decrease soil erosion by 13%~55%,and increase soil organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphate,available potassium in different degrees compared with not application.In addition,applying polyacrylamide can also increase corn yield by 540.5kg·ha-1,and net income by 240.5ha.
    Studies on the Binary Genotypic Mixed Population in Crops and Discussion of Several Problems
    Fu Zhaolin, Li Hongqin, Wang Guangjie, Zhao Yuhua
    2001, (1):  73-76. 
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    The yielding effect,mixing superiority, ecological combining ability, and other problems on combining techniques of the binary genotypic mixed population for crop intraspecific were studied in this paper. The aim is to develop and to use the mixing superiority of binary genotypic population to increase or stabilize the yield of our crop, reduce production costs, and maintain good ecological environment.
    Sustainable Development of Eco-Agriculture in Dafeng
    Cai Dong, Yang Jingcun
    2001, (1):  77-79. 
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    This paper reviewed the process of implementing eco-agriculture strategy in Dafeng since 1992. It is obvious that eco-agriculture can best balance economic,social and environmental benefit. Some countermeasures to the problems confronted with during the practice were also proposed in this paper.