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    10 August 1997, Volume 16 Issue 04
    Hydraulic Ecological Characteristics of Alley Cropping Systems and Its Productivity in Low Hill Red Soil Region
    Zhang Bin, Zhang Taolin
    1997, (4):  1-5. 
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    Water loss through surfacer unoff and tr anspiration of alley cropping systems and its influence on the product ivity of the components of the systems in lo whilly red soil region were reported her e.T he results show ed that compared w ith t he orig inal sparse g rass land and conventional farming system of single peanut,alley cropping systems profoundly decr eased surface r uno ff.However,in the dr y sea son,the intercr opped peanut was under more serious water stress,whose stomatal resist ance in creased and tr anspiration rate decreased.T he diurnal v ar iation of transpiration rate of peanut alleycropped w ith Choerosp ondias ax illar is in t he system of high density of tr ees indicated that the peanut had been bey ond its capacity of adjust ing water flow under w ater stress,w hich r esulted in de crease of peanut yield and its biomass.In contrast,the hedgerow tr ees were favor ed in the competition,and they gr ew more rapidly than their counterpart tree,w hich did not intercropped w ith peanut.T he results also showed that there were less competitio n in the system,w here Choer osp on dias ax illar is trees w er e less densely planted or slow_gr own trees of Eucommia ul moides were planted.
    Study of the Ecological Effccts of Different Treatment of Intercropping of Spring Maize and Ginger
    Yao Xianggao, Wang Ailing
    1997, (4):  6-9. 
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    Intercropping of spring maize and ginger is a kind of high-benifit planting pattern for suburbs of cities or towns. The changes of microclimate in the field and the ecological effects of different treatments with row proportion of the intercropping was studied and analysed. The results showed that soil temperature, air temperature and wind speed in different intercropping patterns were higher than that of sole cropping. The soil water contents under intercropping were higher than that of maize sole cropping. The yield of ginger in the row pattern of spring maize to ginger with 1:2 and 2:2 was higher than that of sole cropping, while the yield with 2:1 and 1:1 was lower than sole cropping.
    Behaviour Property of Heavy Metals in Soil_Rice System
    Wang Xin, Wu Yanyu
    1997, (4):  10-14. 
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    The field studies were conducted to probe the regularity of translation and accumulation of heavy metals in soil_rice system. The results showed that on combined pollution soil, critical contents of heavy metal elements decreased, and the contents of heavy metals absorbed by rice <2%, with 98% remain in soil. The distribution of heavy metals in rice was rootstem and leaf>grain.
    A Study of Population Structure and Distribution Pattern of Heptacodium miconioides in the Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang
    Jin Zexin
    1997, (4):  15-19. 
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    The population structure and distribution pattern of Heptacodium miconioides, a rare plant in the Tiantai Mountain of Zhejiang province were studied in the paper. The size classes of the population structure can be divided as follows according to their proportion: class Ⅳ, medium_size trees and class Ⅲ, small trees. But there was no class Ⅰ, seedling. The population age structure belong to mid senescent type. As for the height class structure, the trees of 6-8 metres height were the most numerous, up 28.45% of the total; the trees of 8-10 metres height were 21.97%; the tallest trees were less than 14 metres. The whole population was characterized with the clump, including both the class Ⅲ small trees and the class Ⅳ medium size ones. However, the class Ⅴ, big trees was featuring the uniform distribution. The clump intensity was gradually reduced from the small trees to the big ones.
    A Water and Nitrogen Mass Balance Model for Predicting Nitrogen Leaching Losses from Paddy Rice Culture
    Qu Xiangrong, K. K. TanJi
    1997, (4):  20-23,28. 
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    To evaluate nitrogen leaching losses from paddy rice culture in Glenn-Colusa irrigation district, a water and nitrogen mass balance model was applied for a seasonal time scale from May through October.Sensitivity analysis evaluated the importance of the denitrification coefficient, harvested crop coefficient, mineralization rate constant for initial organic soil N (km 2) and mineralization rate constant for biological fixed N in soil(km 1)using observed data of residual inorganic soil N after harvest in the 0-1m depth and residual organic soil N after harvest in the 0-1m depth in the field of No.8 and simultaneously calibrated these model parameters. The calibrated model was then used to test fields No.4, No.8 and No.14 using the observed data of average N concentrations in soil solution at 1 m depth and average N concentrations in surface irrigation return flow for further model validation.The calculated results for nitrogen concentrations in soil solution at 1 m depth were 11.1 mg穕iter-1 for field No.4, 9.99 mg穕iter-1 for field No.8 and 13.55 mg穕iter-1 for field No.14 which were in good agreement with measured results (8.7 mg穕iter-1 for field No.4, 6.3 mg穕iter-1 for field No.8 and 7 6 mg穕iter-1 for field No.14). The computed results for nitrogen concentrations in surface irrigation return flow were 1.10 mg穕iter-1 for field No.4, 1.30 mg穕iter-1 for field No.8 and 1.11 mg穕iter-1 for field No.14 which had errors with measured results in the percentage of 15% for field No.4,zero for field No.8 and 14% for field No.14.It was concluded that this water and nitrogen mass balance model for evaluating N leaching losses from croplands could be not only successfully applied on the dry land systems but also on the wetland systems.
    The Zoobenthos Distribution in the Lower Reaches of Hanjiang River and Assessment of its Water Quality
    Lan Zonghui
    1997, (4):  24-28. 
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    A survey of zoobenthos in the lower reaches of Hanjiang River was carried out during May, 1990 to November, 1992. Forty_seven zoobenthic species, including 6 aquatic oligochaetes, 23 molluscs, 15 aquatic insects and 3 species of other taxa, were identified. The average density of zoobenthos in the lower reaches was 332.7ind穖-2 and the biomass was 73.379g穖-2 . The water quality of the river was assessed with Beck, Shannon, Simpson and other biotic indices. The results showed that most parts of the river were with clean water except specific transects.
    A Study of Feeding Ecology of Bufo raddei
    Zhou Lizhi, Song Yujun
    1997, (4):  29-34. 
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    The present study was carried out in Huaibei,Anhui province from March to August in 1992 and in Changchun, Jilin province from April to June in 1995 respectively. Bufo raddei preyed on food by picking up, sticking, biting and scraping. The food consisted of 3 phyla and 6 classes. The components of food were mainly insects (including 35 families and 10 orders). The components taken in Changchun were richer than that in Huaibei. The similarity of food of insects between the two cities was 37.08%. The beneficial coefficient of food was 11.97% in Huaibei and 25.30% in Changchun respectively. The ratio of digestive tract length/body length was 9.99?1.93 in tadpole, and 2.50?0.50 in adult.The components of food were varied with habitats. Food weight was closely related to body weight as well as body length. There was no clear relation between food number and body weight and length. Peak values of food weight/body weight and food number/body weight appeared after reproduction.Between females and males, difference of food weight was the most remarkable, while that of food number was not remarkable. Besides, the difference of food weight/body weight and food number/body weight between male and famale were also distinct.
    Summary on Ecosystem Management
    Zhao Sidong, Wang Yexu
    1997, (4):  35-38,46. 
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    Ecosystem management is a concept gradually formed with development of current ecology. It has been emphasized as a necessary way to deal with the intensifing problems about environment, food, energy and human population by managing ecosystems to achieve their sustainability. The paper summarized the basic concept, theory and practice of ecosystem management which is widely concerned in the world today.
    Redundancy in Ecosystems and the Model for Trophic Structure
    Dang Chenglin, Huang Ruifu
    1997, (4):  39-46. 
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    There are at least species and individuals (genetic structure) redundancy of population within each trophic level of ecosystems. By use of redundancy theory,authors probed into trophic structure and its model.The model for trophic structure combining advantages of food web and those of trophic level could reveal inherent relation between trophic structure and stability of ecosystems. The trophic structure of ecosystems is a huge and complex system with series_parallel redundency. Within each trophic level,individuals of a population and most species are arranged in parallel, but different trophic levels are linked in series way. Redundant property of the trophic structure determines that the ecosystems are stable or resistant and at some times fragile to a degree.
    Distribution, Growth and Revegetational Characteristics of Fagus in China
    Wu Gang
    1997, (4):  47-51. 
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    The distribution,growth and revegetational characteristics of Fagus in China in comparison with those in Europe and in northern America were systematically analyzed. The results showed that it was very likely that China was the distributional center of Fagus, which originated in eastern Asia, migrated into northern America and then into Europe. Distribution of Fagus in China is relatively independent with seven species. Distribution range of Fagus in Europe is wider with relatively fewer species because of the oceanic climate. The revegetational structure and growth rate is dependent upon sunshine condition.
    Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil
    Zhang Chungui, Xu Huaxia, Jiang Qingnan
    1997, (4):  52-58. 
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    The sources of contaminated soil and main methods of cleaning pollutants were dealt within the paper. The key principles, technological types, effect factors, present situation and development of the bioremediation of contaminated soil were presented.
    Advances in Researches of Growth Form of the Clonal Plant
    Chen Shang, Li Zizhen, Wang Gang
    1997, (4):  59-63. 
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    The researches on growth form of the clonal plant mainly include structural parameters,internal regulating mechanism extenral regulating mechanism of growth form and contributions of growth form to the regeneration and evolution of population .The recent development of studing growth form of the clonal plant was reviewed and discussed in detail in the paper.
    The Fundamental Characteristics of the Wetlands in China
    Wang Xianli
    1997, (4):  64-67. 
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    Wetlands are those areas that inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances that do support a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Generally, wetlands included swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas. Characteristics and features of the wetlands in China were introduced and discribed in detail in the article.
    Studies of the Conditions about Seperating and Culturing of the Anaerobion in Rabbits Instestines
    Niu Zhongxiang, Zhu Ruiliang, Zhang Shaoxue, Chang Weishan, Tang Kexin, Xu Haihua, Chai Jiaqian
    1997, (4):  68-69,51. 
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    By means of anaerobic jar and biological anaerobic incubation, the best favourable cultural conditions for the anaerobion in rabbits instestines were studied. The results showed that the anaerobic growed best in the anaerobic jar full with 60% N2,20% CO2,20% H2 in temperature of 38℃.The results of biological anaerobic incubation were similar to that in anaerobic jar,but the latter is more simple than the former.
    A Preliminary Report of the Foreign Body in the Vagina of Myospalax and the Natural Regulation of the Population
    Cao Zhidong
    1997, (4):  70-71,51. 
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    During May. 1992, the breeding season of Myospalax, eighteen female Myospalax were caught in three habitats at Jingzhong towns, Zhang county, Gansu Province. After anatomy, a foreign body as sarcoma belonging to parasitic bladder and fibroma was discovered in the vagina. It inhibited the gestational rate (only 33.3%) and the number in every fetus (x=2) of Myospalax population and limited to increase of number of Myospalax population. The further investigation confined that the density of Myospalax population had been declined. The mechanism of the natural regulation was analyzed as follows: Under condition with enough food, when the density of Myospalax population reached the highest limit, the individual number of the host animal of catching parasitic and the infections rate increased. The parasitic that controled Myospalax breeding invade the vagina, decreased the density of Myospalax population until the lower level. The parasitic and its life cycle need to be studied in the furture.
    Application of the Method of Matter Element Analysis in the Design of Ecological Agriculture Model——A Sample of the Ecological Agriculture Model for Checking Wind and Fixing Sand in Shanxi
    Xu Baogen, Nie Hongsheng, Zhang Xiaoling
    1997, (4):  72-76. 
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    As a sample of the ecologi——caleconomic region consisting of forestry agriculture and animal husbandary with the functin of checking wind and fixing sand in loess hills in Shanxi,the application of the method of matter element analysis in the design of ecological agriculture model was studied in this article. The results showed that the method was more scientifical and practical in the design of the model.Two models in this ecological——economic region in Shanxi were developed and presented in the paper.
    Study of Agroecology Developing Pattern in the Comb_Teech form on a Lakeside Land
    Shen Xiansheng
    1997, (4):  77-79,19. 
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    Based on ecological theory and the disposal trait of soil and water on the lakeside land, an agroecological developing pattern in the comb_teeth form was advanced in this paper. It combined organically social benefit with ecological and economical benefit in the lakeside. Under assuring principal function of the lakes to control flood and to irrigate, the comb_teeth formal agroecology should get a overall development in planting, breeding, animal husbandry and forestry.