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Table of Content

    10 January 2016, Volume 35 Issue 1
    Effect of sowing date on the formation of quality of mechanically transplanted rice in rice-wheat cropping areas.
    XING Zhi-peng, CAO Wei-wei, QIAN Hai-jun, HU Ya-jie, ZHANG Hong-cheng*, DAI Qi-gen, HUO Zhong-yang, XU Ke
    2016, 35(1):  1-10. 
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    To achieve high yield with high quality of mechanically transplanted rice, suitable sowing date is a key factor. The effect of sowing date on the formation of quality characteristics of Japonica- super rice and IndicaJaponica- hybrid rice under mechanical transplanting were studied, to provide basis for the production of mechanically transplanted rice with high yield and high quality. The results showed that, with delayed sowing date, the brown rice percentage, milled rice percentage and head rice percentage were increased, improving the milling quality, but the yield of brown rice, milled rice and head rice was significantly higher on early sowing date than on late sowing date (P<0.05). The chalky grain percentage and chalkiness degree varied greatly among different sowing dates, and decreased with the delayed sowing date; the difference of these two parameters were significant between early sowing and late sowing date (P<0.05). The appearance quality was ameliorated when the sowing date was postponed. The postponement of sowing date reduced the amylase content, shortened the gel consistency, debased the peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity and breakdown, increased the setback, and had little effect on pasting temperature, worsened the RVA profile, and deteriorated the cooking and eating quality. With the delayed sowing date, both the protein content and protein yield were decreased (P<0.05), worsening the nutritional quality. It is concluded that suitable early sowing date for mechanically transplanted rice can easily obtain high yields of brown rice, milled rice, head rice and protein, lift the nutrition quality and cooking and eating quality, improve the characteristics of RVA profile, but deteriorate milling quality and appearance quality. Sowing date during May 26-31 is a best period for mechanically transplanted rice in ricewheat cropping areas to maintain high yield with high quality of rice.
    Effect of exogenous supply of nitrogen and carbon at post-anthesis of wheat on its end-use quality.
    GUO Wei1,2*, LI Jian-wei2
    2016, 35(1):  11-16. 
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    The crop populations of two different spring wheat genotypes (Kehan 19 and Longmai 33) were sprayed with 2% of urea, 5% of sucrose, and water at heading stage, respectively, to study the effects of exogenous carbon and nitrogen supply on formation and end-use quality of grain. The contents of amylopectin, amylose and protein fractions of grain, and gluten content and tensile property of dough were determined after grain harvest. Then, the protein quality and starch accumulation, and their relationship with end-use quality were analyzed. The results showed that, compared with the control, the contents of grain amylopectin and amylose of both cultivars were increased on average by 4.3% and 5.5% under the sucrose treatment, and by 5.3% and 8.6% under the urea treatment, respectively. Moreover, the sucrose treatment increased the albumin contents of Kehan 19 and Longmai 33 by 14.7% and 25.3%, and the prolamin contents by 10.2% and 8.1%, respectively; the urea treatment enhanced the glutelin contents by 5.0% and 7.3%, and the prolamin contents by 16.0% and 10.9%, respectively. However, the contents of insoluble protein in grains under the urea treatment were decreased by 26.3% and 44.5%, respectively for Kehan 19 and Longmai 33. Our results indicated that urea addition promoted the accumulation of gluten protein, and subsequently increased the content of wet gluten of flour and resistance of dough extension and energy, while sucrose addition improved the contents of starch and albumin in grains.
     
    Effects of chilling damages with different intensities on biomass accumulation and yield of maize in Hetao irrigation region.
    SUN Lin-li1, HOU Qiong2, ZHAO Hui-ying3*, LI Si-hui1, ZHAO Fang3, ZUO Yan-dong1
    2016, 35(1):  17-25. 
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    Exploring the influence of chilling damages on maize growth and development has great significance to prevention and reduction of agricultural disasters. Based on parameter adjustment of WOFOST growth model, we analyzed the impacts of different intensities and durations of low temperature on maize biomass and yield in Hetao irrigation region by numerical simulation. The results showed that the response of biomass accumulation and yield to the intensity and duration of low temperature was basically identical during each single developmental stage from emergence to filling stages. Low temperature at filling stage had the most serious impact on maize biomass accumulation and yield under same duration of low temperatures. When the low temperature lasted one day, low temperature at jointingtasseling stage had the most serious impact on maize biomass accumulation and yield. When the low temperature lasted more than 3 days, the low temperature during filling stage had the biggest influence on maize biomass accumulation and yield. The maize biomass and yield deceased with the increasing duration of low temperature from emergence to jointing stages, but different low temperature intensities had quite similar impacts on the biomass and yield when the duration was same. Moreover, the maize biomass and yield declined with the longer duration and greater low temperature intensity during other developmental stages. The results reflected the actual impacts of chilling damage on maize growth in the study area, providing scientific basis for the local agricultural production decision making.
    Effects of maize-rape intercropping on Cd uptake and accumulation by maize.
    LI Zhi-xian1*, CHEN Zhang1, CHEN Guo-liang1, XIANG Yan-ci2, ZHU Jia-wen3, DAI Yi-fan3, DENG Biao3
    2016, 35(1):  26-31. 
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    A pot experiment in greenhouse was conducted to investigate the effects of maizerape intercropping on dry matter accumulation and cadmium (Cd) uptake of maize during its vegetative growth stage under addition of four levels of Cd (0, 2, 5, and 10 mg·kg-1, denoted as Cd0, Cd2, Cd5, and Cd10, respectively). The results showed that the growth of maize was promoted by the maizerape intercropping except for Cd2 treatment, and the dry matter weight of intercropped maize (Cd0, Cd5, Cd10) was 19%-50% higher than that of monoculture (P<0.05). Cd contents in different organs of maize showed a gradually increasing trend with the increase of Cd concentration in soil. Compared to monoculture, Cd transferring from root to shoot, especially to leaves of the maize, decreased in the maizerape intercropping under lower or medium level of Cd pollution. Under Cd2 treatment, the Cd content in intercropped maize roots had no difference with monoculture, while the Cd content in intercropped maize leaves was 40% lower than that of monoculture (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the Cd content of Cd5 was 25% higher than that of monoculture (P<0.05), but no significant difference of Cd content in maize leaves was found between intercropping and monoculture, and the Cd content in maize shoot under Cd2 and Cd5 treatments had no significant difference between intercropping and monoculture. Under Cd10 treatment, Cd uptake was promoted by maizerape intercropping, where the Cd content in maize root had no significant difference between intercropping and monoculture, while the Cd content in maize shoot and leaves were increased by 17% and 33% (P<0.05) under intercropping. In addition, maize-rape intercropping had no obvious effect on Cd accumulation of maize plant in Cd0, Cd2 and Cd5 treatments whereas the Cd accumulation of maize plant under Cd10 treatment increased by 61% (P<0.05). Therefore, maize-rape intercropping had obvious blocking effect on Cd absorption and accumulation of maize under the low or medium levels of Cd pollution, and thus, maize-rape intercropping is an ideal pattern to achieve safe and high quality cultivation for maize in Cd mildly polluted soil.
    Architectural analysis of crown geometry of Populus euphratica in original and artificial habitats.
    YU Xiu-li1,2, LV Xin-hua2, LIU Hong-ling3, LI Gui-fang2, ZHUANG Li2*
    2016, 35(1):  32-40. 
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    Studies on the branching architecture characteristics of Populus euphratica in original and artificial habitats at the south edge of Junnger Basin can better understand ecological adaptation and evolutionary mechanisms of desert plants and provide theoretical basis for windbreaks configuration. The plant architecture characteristics (branching length, branching angle, ratio of branch diameter, bifurcation ratio) of natural and planted P. euphratica were studied. At different levels of plant configuration, the branching length and branching angle of natural P. euphratica increased gradually from top to low canopy, while the branching length of planted P. euphratica firstly increased and then decreased, and the branching angle increased gradually. The branching length of planted P. euphratica at various levels was significantly lower than that of natural P. euphratica (P<0.05), and the branching length from currentyear branch to third class of natural P. euphratica was greater than that of planted P. euphratica. The branch stretching ability of natural and planted P. euphratica was weakened from third class to currentyear branch. The branching angle of natural P. euphratica was lower than that of planted P. euphratica, and the branching angle from currentyear branch to third class increased gradually. The ratio of branch diameter at various levels of planted P. euphratica was greater than that of natural P. euphratica, and the carrying capacity of the branches of planted P. euphratica was higher than that of natural P. euphratica (P<0.05). The bifurcation ratio in original habitat was greater than in artificial habitat (P<0.05). As a whole, the architecture of planted P. euphratica exhibited a “half spheroidellipse” type, while natural P. euphratica was in “pyramid” type.
     
    Slope-related variations of different levels of vein density and leaf size in Robinia pseudoacacia in the northern mountains of Lanzhou.
    XU Ting, ZHAO Cheng-zhang*, DUAN Bei-bei, HAN Ling, ZHENG Hui-ling, FENG Wei
    2016, 35(1):  41-47. 
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    Different vein levels of plant have different functions, and the allometric growth pattern of the vein density and leaf size has important implications for understanding plant phenotypic plasticity. In this study, ArcGIS was used to construct the digital elevation model (DEM) for the study sites. We aimed to study the allometrical growth relationship between the 1° and 2° veins densities and leaf size of Robinia pseudoacacia at different slope aspects on the northern mountains of Lanzhou with the method of standardized major axis estimation (SMA). The results showed that with the change of slope aspect from north to east, south and west, the crown density, height and the soil moisture of the plant community decreased first and then increased, the individual leaf size and specific leaf area and the leaf eccentricity of R. pseudoacacia displayed a pattern of decreaseincrease, and the 1° and 2° veins densities displayed a pattern of increasedecrease. There was a negative allometric correlation between the 1° vein density and the leaf size on different slope aspects (P<0.05), and a significant negative allometric correlation between the 2° vein density and the leaf size on different slope aspects (P<0.01), with the slopes being greater than -1. The sloperelated variations in the tradeoff between leaf size and different levels of vein density of R. pseudoacacia are the result of plant’s adaptation to habitat heterogeneity.
    Effects of water and nitrogen addition on Jatropha curcas morphological characteristics and water use efficiency under salt stress.
    QI Chang-min, YANG Qi-liang*, ZHAO Yu, LIU Xiao-gang, WANG Wei-hua
    2016, 35(1):  48-56. 
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    To study the effect of different water and nitrogen additions on Jatropha curcas morphological characteristics and water use efficiency under salt stress, a pot experiment was conducted using three levels of salt application (S1: 0 g, S2: 3 g, S3: 6 g), three levels of irrigation (W1: 12.7 mm, W2: 25.4 mm, W3: 38.1 mm) and two levels of nitrogen supply (N1: 0, N2: 0.4 g). The results showed that with the increase of salt application, the Huber values of J. curcas increased significantly, while the total dry mass, seedling index and irrigation water use efficiency decreased significantly. With the increase of irrigation amount, the irrigation water use efficiency decreased significantly. Under salt stress of S2 and S3 treatments, the maximum total dry matter weight and seedling index and the minimum Huber values were found in W2 treatment. On each level of irrigation and salt, the total dry mass of J. curcas saplings, seedling index and irrigation water use efficiency under N treatment (N2) were significantly increased compared to the control, while the Huber value was significantly decreased. Under the intermediate salt stress (S2), compared to W3N2 treatment, the total dry mass, seedling index, and irrigation water use efficiency under W2N2 treatment were respectively significantly increased by 23.0%, 16.6% and 84.6%, the Huber value was significantly decreased by 21.1%, and the irrigation amount was saved by 33.3%. Under the high salt stress condition (S3), compared to W3N2 treatment, the total dry mass, seedling index, and irrigation water use efficiency under W2N2 treatment were respectively increased by 21.9%, 5.6% and 81.7%, the Huber value was significantly decreased by 7.3%, and the irrigation amount was saved by 33.3%. In conclusion, under salt stress, W2N2 was the best treatment for facilitating the growth and morphological characteristics of J. curcas and improving irrigation water use efficiency.
    Fruit and seed traits and adaptability to rocky desertification mountain of rare tree species Malania oleifera.
    LV Shi-hong1*, WEI Chun-qiang1, HUANG Fu-zhao1, HE Yun-lin2, ZENG Dan-juan1, LI Xian-kun1, DENG Zhen-hai3
    2016, 35(1):  57-62. 
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    In order to explore the fruit and seed traits and adaptability of Malania oleifera, a rare tree species, to rocky desertification mountain, we investigated the morphology and weight of fruit and seed, seed rate and seed kernel rate of M. oleifera. Reforestation through direct seeding experiment was also conducted in four site types (bare land, grassland, shrub land and open forest land) to evaluate the adaptability of M. oleifera to rocky desertification region in the southwest of Guangxi. The results showed that the average fresh fruit weight of M. oleifera was (21.30±4.25) g and its average height, width, fruit seed rate was (39.31±2.77) mm, (35.19±2.25) mm and 44.21%±3.21%, respectively. The mean weight of fresh seed of M. oleifera was (9.35±1.68) g and its mean height, width and seed kernel rate were (26.12±1.80) mm, (28.61±1.55) mm and 70.43%±4.25%, respectively. There was a positive relationship between seed weight and fruit weight, and between seed kernel rate and single seed weight. The ranking of seed germination rate by direct seeding was shrub land > open forest land > grass land > bare land. The rankings of survival rate, total increments of plant height, total increments of basal diameter for two-year-old seedlings were open forest land > shrub land > grass land > bare land. According to our results, M. oleifera displayed better adaptability in shrub and open forest lands than in grass land and bare lands. Therefore, M. oleifera could be planted by direct seeding in shrub and open forest land rather than in grass land and bare lands in rocky desertification regions, southwest of Guangxi.
    Effects of various treatments on seed germination of Stipa glareosa.
    ZHENG Qing-zhong1,2, LI Fa-ming1,2*, ZHU Shu-juan1,2, LIU Shu-juan1,2, LIU Ke-biao1,2, WAN Xiang1,2
    2016, 35(1):  63-71. 
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    This paper reports seed germination rate and seed germination potential  of Stipa glareosa under the treatments of 60 ℃ water soaking, -20/20 ℃ alternating temperature, soaking with 80 mg·L-1 gibberellic acid solution (GA3), drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), salt stress induced by Na2CO3 or NaCl solution, the combination treatment of -20/20 ℃ alternating temperature and soaking with 80 mg·L-1 gibberellic acid solution (GA3).  The results showed that: (1) Waterabsorption rate, germination rate and germination potential rate of the seeds soaked in 60 ℃ distilled water for 24 h were 26%, 38% and 32%, respectively; (2) The germination rate and germination potential of seeds treated at -20/20 ℃ alternating temperature for 96 h were 48% and 46%, respectively; (3) After removing of 3/4 of the endosperm, the germination rate, germination potential reached 58% and 54%, respectively; (4) The seed germination rate and germination potential were 54% and 48% under the 24 h long soaking treatment with 80 mg·L-1 GA3 solution. (5) Under the treatment of PEG-6000, the seed germination rate, germination potential, and seed vigor index decreased with the increase of PEG-6000 concentration, and the threshold and maximum PEG-6000 concentrations for germination were 15.9% and 26.3%, respectively. (6) Under the salt stress treatment, the seed germination rate, germination potential, and seed vigor index decreased with the increase of salinity. The decline in seed germination rate under the salt stress treatment of Na2CO3 solution was significantly greater than that of NaCl solution, showing that the inhibition of alkaline salt stress to seed germination is greater than that of neutral salt stress. (7) Under the combination treatment, the seed germination rate and germination potential were 78% and 76%, respectively.
    Physiological response of Boea clarkeana to dehydration and rehydration.
    ZHANG Dan-dan1, ZHOU Shou-biao1,2*, ZHOU Hui1, LIU Fang1, YANG Shi-yong1, MA Zhi-hui1
    2016, 35(1):  72-78. 
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    In order to investigate the dehydration tolerance and physiological responses of Boea clarkeana, detached leaves of four populations of B. clarkeana from Shanxi, Sichuan (hereafter west China), Anhui and Zhejiang (hereafter east China) provinces were subjected to dehydration for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively, and 48 h after dehydration the same leaves were subjected to rehydration again for 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively. The results showed that the relative water contents of the four populations decreased significantly during the entire dehydration process (P<0.05). The general dehydration tolerance of the four populations was in order of Zhejiang population < Anhui population < Sichuan population < Shanxi population. The relative water contents in the four populations could be recovered to their original states during rehydration. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) and contents of osmoregulation substances (MDA, proline, soluble protein, soluble sugar) increased significantly during desiccation and decreased significantly during rehydration (P<0.05). In comparison, the dehydration tolerance of the four populations of B. clarkeana were Shanxi population > Sichuan population > Anhui population > Zhejiang population. The west populations of B. clarkeana had higher dehydration tolerance than the east populations.
    Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance invasive plant, Ageratina adenophora growth and competition with native plants.
    LI Li-qing1,2, ZHANG Ming-sheng1, LIANG Zuo-pan2, XIAO Bo2, WAN Fang-hao2, LIU Wan-xue2*
    2016, 35(1):  79-86. 
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    The interaction and feedback of exotic plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been considered as one of the important invasive mechanisms of many invasive plants. In order to explore the role of AMF in the competition of  invasive plant, Ageratina adenophora over native plants, this study investigated the root AMF colonization rate and AMF content in A. adenophora and native plants beneath forest and its edge area. The results showed that A. adenophora had significantly higher root AMF colonization rate and AMF content than the native plants, and the root AMF colonization rate showed a significant positive correlation with the AMF content. In a greenhouse experiment through adding AMF of A. adenophora to soil, AMF significantly promoted the growth of A. adenophora, whose abilities of absorption of nitrate nitrogen and available phosphorus were stronger than those of the native plant Rabdosia amethystoides. AMF also decreased the mycorrhizal dependency of R. amethystoides, and enhanced the competitive advantage of A. adenophora over the native plant. Our results further indicate that AMF is conducive to the promotion of competitive expansion of A. adenophora.
    Effects of mowing  and nitrogen addition on carbon sequestration of Leymus chinensis grasslands in the Songnen Plain, Northeast China.
    MA Li1,2, ZHOU Zhi-qiang1, WANG Zheng-wen2*
    2016, 35(1):  87-94. 
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    Carbon sequestration, as an important ecological function of terrestrial ecosystems is receiving unprecedented attention during the past 30 years. Grassland is the largest terrestrial biome in the world, being utilized primarily by the means of mowing and grazing, and confronted with nitrogen deposition, which is one of the global change factors. However, there is no consensus on the effects of these factors on carbon sequestration of grassland ecosystems so far. Using static chamber method, we observed and compared the changes of carbon flux of Leymus chinensis grassland ecosystem under mowing and simulated nitrogen deposition in Songnen Plain, and found that net ecosystem exchange, total ecosystem respiration, and gross ecosystem productivity under nitrogen addition are higher than under the control, while those under mowing conditions are lower than under the control. No difference was found in soil respiration among the three treatments. During the whole growing season, the cumulative CO2 emissions of control, mowing and nitrogen addition treatments were estimated as 107.8, 285.2 and 102.9 g·m-2·a-1, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that the investigated grassland ecosystem was carbon source, the strength of which was weakened by nitrogen addition, but strengthened by mowing with high frequency and intensity. It is suggested that the longlasting fertilization may covert the grassland from carbon source to carbon sink. These findings implied that grassland ecosystem should be managed by rational grazing and proper fertilization, so that the functions of production and carbon sequestration can be guaranteed simultaneously, and thus a sustainable use of grassland ecosystems can be realized.
     
    Geographic patterns and controlling factors of biomass and belowground net primary productivity of Inner Mongolia grassland.
    ZHAO Ming-fei1,2, WANG Yu-hang1,2, ZUO Wan-yi2, KANG Mu-yi1,2*, JI Wen-yao1,2, DAI Cheng1,2
    2016, 35(1):  95-103. 
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    In order to know the spatial patterns of belowground net primary productivity (BNPP), aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB) and belowground/aboveground biomass ratio (B/A), and the key environmental factors affecting those variables, BNPP, ABG, BGB and soil samples were obtained from 33 sites within a transet (>1500 km) in the Inner Mongolia grasslands, especially BNPP were collected by ingrowthbag method and BGB by soil core method. For vegetation survey in each site, we selected 4 subplots (a size of 1 m×1 m) within one 10 m×10 m plot to record the properties of each plant species involving height, coverage and abundance. In laboratory, we analyzed 5 soil chemical and physical characteristics. We also got 19 climate indicators and calculated 4 species diversity indices including richness index, Shannon index, Simpson index and Pielou index. We used linear regression analysis to investigate the spatial patterns of the dependent variables, and classification and regression trees (CART) to screen the key envirnmental factors. Linear regression models show that from the southwest to the northeast, there are obvious increasing trends in the response variables apart from B/A. Especially, the AGB and BGB data from the southwest exhibit signifant linear relationships. CART models of BNPP, AGB, BGB and B/A explain most of variations of the predictors, which represent 58.3%, 53.3%, 78.8% and 53.8% total sum of squares, respectively. We detected the possible key factors affecting those dependent variables by CARTs (namely, soil bulk density and Pielou index to BNPP, maximum temperature of warmest month to AGB, annual precipitation to BGB, and eleviation to B/A). We used BNPP, AGB, BGB and B/A respectively with the key factors identified by CART to establish GAM. Explained deviation rates of all models are over 50%, which indicates that the GAM represents most of the variation of the dependent variable and to a certain extent, verifing the accuracy of CART. The relationship between BNPP and soil bulk density is a piecewise function. AGB and warmmest and highest temperature show a nonlinear relationship. BGB is positively correlated with average annual rainfall integrally. B/A and elevation have a close but complicated relationship, greatly influenced by the extreme value points on both ends around.
    Degradation pattern of desert steppe plant community around a piosphere in Junggar Basin of Xinjiang.
    XU Wen-xuan1, LIAN Zhong-min1,2, XU Ting3, YANG Wei-kang1*, WU Ke1,2, David BLANK1
    2016, 35(1):  104-110. 
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    As the primary mode of grassland utilization, settled grazing makes the piospheres widespread in arid and semiarid grasslands of China. During the end of May to early June, 2014, radiating from a watering point, 8 sampling transects were established at a set distance gradient of 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1200 m following 8 orientations in Junggar basin of Xinjiang, China. The effects of piosphere were studied by analyzing the composition, species importance value, species richness, vegetation cover, height and aboveground biomass of the plant community, aiming to provide scientific basis for the restoration and sustainable management of the desert steppe. The results showed that, with the decrease of distance from the watering point, the grazing intensity increased, and the community characteristics varied significantly. Palatable Seriphidium borotalense is more abundant and dominant in areas distant from watering point, and the highly disturbed area  adjacent to watering point was dominated by annuals and poisonous Peganum harmala. The species richness of the community including perennials and annuals increased with decreasing distance from the watering point, while the vegetation cover decreased, which was notably driven by S. borotalense cover. The flourish of annual plants and poisonous P. harmala in the vicinity of the watering point indicated the degradation of the plant community approaching to the watering point. The implementation of the nomadic settlement project may produce more piospheres, which may accelerate the degradation process of the desert steppe.
    Spatial pattern and coexistence of plants with different life forms in inter-dune low land of Horqin Sandy Land.
    JIA Mei-yu1,2, LI Xue-hua1*, Choong-Hyeon Oh3, Hong-chul Park3, MIAO Chun-ping1,2, HAN Xu1,2
    2016, 35(1):  111-117. 
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    Plant spatial pattern and coexistence between different life forms have contributed to understanding species adaptation. Inter-dune low land is a key stage of Horqin Sandy Land ecosystem, with different life forms. Linetransect method was applied for vegetation investigation on 100 quadrats with a size of 1 m×1 m. Then, we chose fifteen species, which belong to three life forms and four families as research objects, to study their pattern and coexistence mechanism. Pattern indexes, ttest and χ2test showed that the spatial patterns of fifteen species were of aggregation; but there was much discrepancy in the intensity of aggregation, which may be related to seed dispersal, plant morphology and development and soil condition. The correlations among DI, CI, m*, and GI were significantly positive, indicating that these indexes had same ecological meaning and could replace each other. The perennial species had more coexistence within the perennial life form but had less coexistence with other life forms, which might be due to the reason that the same life forms have more ecological niche overlap. Both Spearman correlation analysis and Pearson correlation analysis showed that a few leguminous plants had more coexistence with other families of perennial, which may benefit from the soil improvement and plant disease decline by legume. The species aggregation and species coexistence in different life forms resulted from the species’ adaptation to the environment. Further research on significant correlation of species could provide a support for sandy vegetation restoration.
    Comparative analysis of plant species diversity in coastal city parks: A case study of Haikou. 
    LEI Jin-rui1, SONG Xi-qiang1,2, HE Rong-xiao1*
    2016, 35(1):  118-124. 
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    City parks are an important part of urban green space, and reflect the plant diversity of the city. In this study, the typical quadrat method was employed to investigate the present situation of plan diversity with 420 quadrats from 10 major parks in Haikou, which were divided into two groups as seaside parks and inland parks according to their distances to the coastal line. The plant species constitution and α and β diversity indexes within these two groups were compared. The results showed that 320 vascular plant species belonging to 244 genera in 88 families were identified in Haikou city parks. However, the richness of plant species differed among different parks. The cultivated species took the main part in the inland parks and the wild and alien ones took the main part in the seaside parks. The α diversity index of plant communities in the inland parks was higher than that in the seaside parks. Compared with the inland parks, the seaside parks possessed a higher α diversity index in herb layer and shrub layer, and a lower α diversity index in tree layer. The similarity of β diversity indexes of tree layer and shrub layer were the lowest and the one of herb layer was the highest between the two types of parks. Habitat difference and human disturbance were considered important factors causing the divergence in urban plant diversity in Haikou.
    Response of soil respiration to simulated acid rain in three successional subtropical forests in southern China.
    LIANG Guo-hua1, WU Jian-ping2,3, XIONG Xin2,3, WU Xiao-ying1, CHU Guo-wei2, ZHOU Guo-yi2, ZENG Ren-sen1, ZHANG De-qiang2*
    2016, 35(1):  125-134. 
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    Soil respiration in forest is a key process that underlies our understanding of the terrestrial carbon cycle, and therefore, its response to acid rain is an increasing concern. Here, we investigated this issue in three subtropical forests of different successional stages \[i.e. a young pine forest (PF), a transitional mixed conifer and broadleaf forest (MF) and an oldgrowth broadleaved forest (BF)\] at the Dinghushan Nature Reserve in southern China. Simulated acid rain was applied semimonthly from June 2009. Soil respiration was measured under four simulated acid rain (SAR) treatments (CK, the local lake water, pH 4.5; T1, pH 4.0; T2, pH 3.5; and T3, pH 3.0) from April 2012 to March 2013. Generally, SAR reduced soil respiration in the forests, but this reduction varied with forest type, SAR application level, and measurement season. The repeated measures ANOVA showed that SAR did not affect soil respiration in the PF (P>0.05), but it significantly reduced soil respiration in the BF (P<0.05) and the reduction was marginally significant in the MF (P=0.10). Compared with the CK, mean annual soil respiration in treatments T1, T2, and T3 was reduced by 0.1%, 10.5%, and 17.1% in the BF, -1.7%, 8.1%, and 13.9% in the MF, and 1.1%, 1.9%, and 8.1% in the PF, respectively. The sensitivity of the response of soil respiration to SAR showed an increasing trend with the progressive succession of forests. In the BF, there were no significant differences among the CK, T1, and T2 treatments, while the T3 treatment was significantly lower than the CK and T1 treatments (P<0.05). These negative effects were evident in the warmwet season (P<0.05), but not in the cooldry one. The depression of soil respiration in the MF and the BF was related to the reduction of microbial activity caused by soil acidification under the SAR. Moreover, consistent with the situation of soil respiration, the response sensitivity of soil acidification and the reduction of microbial activity showed an increasing trend with the progressive succession of forests.
    Effect of fire on soil organic carbon of natural Pinus massoniana forest in north subtropical area of China.
    ZHAO Zhi-xia1, LI Zheng-cai1*, ZHOU Jun-gang2, CHENG Cai-fang1, ZHAO Rui-yu1, SUN Jiao-jiao2
    2016, 35(1):  135-140. 
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    A study was conducted to analyze the soil organic carbon and soil nutrient content changes of natural Pinus massoniana forest in the depth of 0-50 cm in north subtropical area of China one year after burning. The results showed that the contents of soil total organic carbon (TOC), easilyoxidized carbon (EOC) and light fraction organic carbon (LFOM) in the burned plots were higher than those in the unburned plots, with respective increases of 4.5%-47.6%, 6.6%-43.0% and 9.0%-49.1% and significant differences in the depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm (P<0.01). Compared with the unburned plots, the soil carbon storage in the depth of 0-50 cm was increased by 23.8% after forest fire. TOC, EOC and LFOM were all significantly correlated to soil nutrients (total N, hydrolysis N, and available K) after forest fire. The main reason for the increased soil organic carbon could be due to the input of organic residues from vegetation layer.
    Soil physicochemical properties of typical vegetation types in Haodifang, Taiyue Mountain of Shanxi.
    JI Wen-jing1, CHENG Xiao-qin1, HAN Hai-rong1*, KANG Feng-feng1, GUI Zhi-hong2, ZHU Jiang1, WANG Tian1, ZHOU Wen-song1, ZHAO Jing1
    2016, 35(1):  141-148. 
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    Quantifying changes in soil physicochemical properties of forest ecosystems is important for forest regeneration. In this study, four vegetation types including grassland, shrub land, Larix principisrupprechtii Mayr. pure forest, and L. principisrupprechtii and Betula platyphlla Suk. mixed forest were selected as the research object in Haodifang Forest Farm in Taiyue, Shanxi Province. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 and 50-60 cm, to analyze their physicochemical properties. The soil bulk density and pH value increased with the increase of soil depth, while the opposite is true for the soil water content. The soil water content decreased in the following order: L. principisrupprechtii and B. platyphlla mixed forest > grassland > L. principisrupprechtii pure forest > shrub land. The soil bulk density decreased in the order of shrub land > L. principisrupprechtii and B. platyphlla mixed forest > L. principisrupprechtii pure forest > grassland. The pH value ranked as L. principisrupprechtii and B. platyphlla mixed forest > L. principisrupprechtii pure forest > shrub land > grassland. The soil organic matter and total nitrogen (TN) presented a decreasing trend with the increase of soil depth and there were significant differences among different soil layers. There were no significant differences of total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) among different soil layers. Among the four vegetation types, the contents of soil organic matter, TN and TP in grassland were remarkably higher than that in the other three vegetation types. The TK content in shrub land was higher than that in the other three vegetation types. There was a significant positive correlation between TN and soil organic matter. Soil bulk density was negatively correlated with soil water content, organic matter and TN, and pH value was negatively correlated with soil organic matter, TN and TP.
    Effects of intercropping with waxy maize on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity of continuous broccoli field.
    ZHANG Xue-peng, CAO Yu-bo, NING Tang-yuan*, FANG Qian-nan, XU Zi-wen, HAN Hui-fang, LI Zeng-jia
    2016, 35(1):  149-157. 
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    Using continuous cropping as a contrast, the effects of different intercropping patterns of waxy maize and maize straw returning on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were studied. The aim was to know how intercropping and maize straw returning benefit for solving continuous cropping obstacle problems in vegetable fields. Three treatments were used, including relayintercropping mode of broccoli and waxy maize with waxy maize straw returning (B/MR-B), relayintercropping mode of broccoli and waxy maize without waxy maize straw returning (B/M-B), broccoli continuous cropping (B-B). The activities of soil urease, sucrase, neutral phosphatase and catalase, and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) were analyzed. Relayintercropping with straw returning increased MBC and MBN, especially during the later coexistence period of maize and broccoli. Moreover, the activities of urease, neutral phosphatase and invertase were increased, and the transformation of organic nutrients in the soil was improved. Hydrogen peroxide was secreted by crop roots in the early stage of residues incorporation, which increased the activity of catalase. The intercropping system may have the potential to decrease the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the soil. Soil urease activity, sucrase activity, neutral phosphatase activity and catalase activity had significant positive correlations with MBC. Soil urease activity, sucrase activity, neutral phosphatase activity had significant positive correlations with MBN. Therefore, relayintercropping with straw returning can improve soil environment and reduce continuous cropping obstacles to some extent.
    Differences in soil total organic carbon under different land-use patterns in the Hetao Irrigation Region.
    ZHU Yang-chun*, ZHAO Xue-yong, LIAN Jie, ZHOU Xin, CHEN Min, LIU Liang-xu
    2016, 35(1):  158-163. 
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    In order to investigate the spatial distribution and the responses to different land-use patterns of soil total organic carbon (TOC) in the Yongji of the Hetao Irrigation Region, the TOC concentrations at depths of 0-100 cm under three landuse patterns were measured. The results showed that TOC concentrations were in the range of 0.17%-1.28% with an average of 0.66%, which decreased significantly with soil depth. In horizontal direction, there were no significant differences in TOC distribution, and TOC concentrations increased slightly from south to north. There were significant differences of TOC concentrations in different land-use patterns, decreasing in the order of forestland > cropland > wasteland. The effects of fertilization on TOC occurred primarily at 0-40 cm and 60-80 cm soil depth, and significant differences in TOC concentrations occurred in vertical profiles of fertilized soil. In conclusion, TOC concentrations differed significantly in vertical soil distribution and different land-use patterns, and TOC concentrations were higher in fertilized than unfertilized soil in our study.
     
    Carbon density and distribution of main ecosystems in Ten-Thousand-Mu Orchard at Haizhu District, Guangzhou.
    ZHU Yuan-wei1,3, LUO Jing2, CHEN Yu-juan1,3*, HUANG Yi-ying2, GUAN Dong-sheng1,3
    2016, 35(1):  164-169. 
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    In this study, we selected three woody ecosystems (orchard wetland, orchard and green space), a herb ecosystem (farmland) and a river ecosystem, which were distributed in the TenThousandMu Orchard at Haizhu District, Guangzhou, to study their vegetation and soil carbon densities. The result showed that the ecosystem carbon densitis of orchard wetland, orchard, river, farmland and green space ranged from 137.49 to 208 t·hm-2, and their soil carbon densities ranged from 98.45 to 196.44 t·hm-2, and the carbon density of river sediment was far higher than that of the soils in the four terrestrial ecosystems (P<0.05). There existed significant differences between the vegetation carbon densities of the four terrestrial ecosystems, with orchard wetland (75.96 t·hm-2) and orchard (65.53 t·hm-2) being much higher than green space (36.69 t·hm-2) and farmland (4.15 t·hm-2) (P<0.05). The vegetation and soil carbon density of orchard, orchard wetland and green space constituted 40%-45% and 55%-60%, respectively, of the total carbon storage, whilst the soil carbon storage accounted for 95.01% of total carbon storage in the farmland, and the carbon of the river ecosystem was mainly distributed in its sediment (99.96%). In urban Guangzhou, the Ten-Thousand-Mu Orchard, a major green area containing large area of wetlands, has a high carbon density and a high level of carbon sequestration.
    Nest site distribution pattern of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Fukang, Xinjiang, Northwest China: The role of food abundance and inter-specific competition.
    HU Yi-ping1, HUANG Jia-liang1, HUO Juan1, YANG Can-chao1, MA Ming2, LIANG Wei1*
    2016, 35(1):  170-173. 
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    Spatial distribution pattern of nest sites of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Fukang, Xinjiang, Northwest China, was investigated during the breeding season from 〖JP3〗May to July during 2013-2014. The breeding population density of house sparrow was 299.8±163.6 birds·km-2, with the highest density of 491.9±87.8 birds·km-2 in the forest dominated by trees Populus tomentosa. A total of 75 house sparrow nests were found, with the distance index of spatial distribution (I) being 4.77. The nest site distribution pattern of house sparrows in Fukang were clumped in farmland and forest. Our results suggested that food abundance, inter-specific competition and potential predation by rufous-tailed shrike (Lanius isabellinus) might play a key role in nest distribution pattern and nest-site selection of house sparrows.
    Secondary productivity of macrobenthos at different habitats of Maoyan Island.
    REN Peng, LI Hai-hong, BAO Yi-xin*, GONG Kun
    2016, 35(1):  174-182. 
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    From November 2012 to July 2014, a survey on macrobenthos at three habitats (mangrove, Spartina alterniflora and natural tidal flat) in the tidal flat of Maoyan Island was quarterly conducted to compare their species composition, biomass, secondary productivity, and P/B values. The results showed that the biomass of macrobenthos was in order of mangrove (16.58±6.21 g·m-2) > S. alterniflora (14.16±13.87 g·m-2) > natural tidal flat (9.97±6.43 g·m-2). The biomass of each habitat was lowest in winter. Twoway ANOVA analysis showed that the three habitats had no significant differences in biomass (P=0.276), but different seasons did have (P=0.042). In addition, biomass varied greatly among ten sites (P=0.000) and different seasons (P=0.032). The secondary productivity of macrobenthos was in order of mangrove (10.60 g AFDW·m-2·a-1) > natural tidal flat (9.00 g AFDW·m-2·a-1) > S. alterniflora (8.99 g AFDW·m-2·a-1), and the secondary productivity of macrobenthos at each habitat was lowest in winter. The P/B value of the natural tidal flat was highest (0.90), followed by mangrove and S. alterniflora (0.64 for both). The P/B values in spring and winter were higher than in summer and autumn. Collectively, the mangrove habitats in Maoyan Island had higher secondary productivity, and planting mangrove to take the place of S. alterniflora would be an efficient way to control its invasion.
    Effects of nitrogen limitation on photosystem Ⅱ photochemistry reaction in diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
    XU Xing-lian, SONG Xi-kun, YUE Rui, ZHANG Si-si, WANG Ya-qin, WU Hong-yan*
    2016, 35(1):  183-188. 
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    The diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was grown in matrixes of nitrogen repletion (882.35 μmol·L-1) and limitation (40 μmol·L-1) to investigate the effects of nitrogen limitation on photosystem Ⅱ photochemistry reaction and resistance to high light intensity. Results showed that nitrogen limitation reduced the growth rate, decreased the chlorophyll a content, and accelerated the photoinhibition in P. tricornutum. The analyses of the polyphasic rise of fluorescence transients demonstrated that nitrogen limitation inhibited the electron transfer from QA- to QB, and high light treatment led to further accumulation of QA-. In addition, under the nitrogen limitation condition, the active reaction centers were closed partially, and the energy fluxes for absorption (ABS/RC), trapping (TRo/RC), and dissipation (DIo/RC) per reaction center were increased. The combination of high light treatment and nitrogen limitation resulted in further inactivation of PSII reaction center. Our results indicated that nitrogen limitation could modify the PSII photochemistry, and reduce the resistance of P. tricornutum to high light intensity.
    Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and iron on the growth, total lipid content and fatty acid composition of Phaeodactylum tricornutum mutant strain.
    LIANG Jing-jing, JIANG Xia-min*, YE Li, HAN Qing-xi
    2016, 35(1):  189-198. 
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    To optimize the cultivation conditions of microalgae, singlefactor test was performed to reveal the effects of different nutritional conditions on Phaeodactylum tricornutum mutant strain MP-2, including nitrogen (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 mg·L-1), phosphorus (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 mg·L-1), iron sources (FeCl3, FeC6H5O7, FeSO4) and their concentrations (0, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 mg·L-1). The results showed that all these factors exerted significant effects on the growth, total lipid content and fatty acid composition of MP-2 (P<0.05). The highest growth rate was obtained with the nitrogen concentration of 20 mg·L-1, with the growth rate K values and biomass of 0.384±0.004 and (0.25±0.01) g·L-1, respectively. The highest total lipid content (26.51±1.96) % was achieved when the nitrogen concentration was 30 mg·L-1, and the highest PUFA content (37.78±0.35) % occurred when it was 25 mg·L-1. MP-2 got the fastest growth and highest lipid content when the phosphorus concentration was 2.5 mg·L-1, and the growth rate K value and biomass were 0.305±0.010 and (0.28±0.02) g·L-1, respectively. The total lipid content achieved the highest value (21.79±0.89) % when the phosphorus concentration was 1.0 mg·L-1, and the highest PUFA content occurred when it was 2.5 mg·L-1. FeSO4 was proved to be the optimal iron source, and showed significant difference from other iron sources (P<0.05). The optimal FeSO4 concentration was 0.50 mg·L-1, with growth rate K value and biomass of (0.495±0.006) and (0.87±0.04) g·L-1, respectively. The highest total lipid content (28.86±0.50) % was achieved when the FeSO4 concentration was 0.25 mg·L-1, and the highest PUFA content occurred when it was 1.0 mg·L-1. The highest growth rate and total lipid and PUFA contents were obtained with different concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and iron, so a cultivation strategy should be adopted in mass culture.
    Screening of a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium from Suaeda salsa (L.) in saline soil and its ability to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
    SONG Li-chao1, NIU Xu-guang1, ZHANG Yu-long1*, LIU Wan2, LI Pei-jun2
    2016, 35(1):  199-204. 
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    In order to apply the microbial-phytoremediation for the treatment of saline soil contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the PAHs-specific degrading bacteria were studied in this paper. Phenanthrene and pyrene were used as carbon and energy sources, and one dominant strain (B-1) producing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase was isolated by enrichment culture from the PAHs-contaminated soil at Dagang Oilfield. The morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that this strain belonged to Planococcus sp., and it could produce indol-3-ylacetic acid and dissolve phosphates. With phenanthrene and pyrene concentrations both at 50 mg·L-1, pH at 8.0 and salinity at 2%, their 7-day rates of degradation by strain B-1 were 66.6% and 52.0%, respectively. These percentages were significantly increased to 94.2% and 78.8% when alkyl polyglycoside was added into the system.
     
    Metal levels in seafood of the Huludao coast and associated health risks.
    GAO Mi1, WU Xing1, Paul L. Klerks2, CHEN Hong-xing1, XIE Ling-tian1*
    2016, 35(1):  205-211. 
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    In this paper, levels of 6 heavy metals in 6 species from Huludao coast were determined and compared with those in species from other coasts of China. We used daily food intake (DI), target hazard quotients (THQ) and target carcinogenic risk (TR) to evaluate the health risks of local residents via consumption of seafood. Our results showed that there was a decreasing order of heavy metal levels in these organisms: Zn>Cu>Ni>Cd>Cr>Pb. Littorina brevicula and Rapana venosa were seriously polluted by Cd. Liza carinatus was also polluted by Zn. However, metal levels in Ulvaceae, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Charybdis japonica were relatively low. Our comparison of estimated daily intake values for human consumption of the seafood species with the FAOrecommended daily dietary allowances indicated potential health risks associated with the intake of Cd from M. galloprovincialis, L. brevicula and R. venosa. An analysis of THQ identified a noncarcinogenic health risk from Cd in M. galloprovinciali, L. brevicula and R. venosa. Moreover, an analysis of cancer risk from Pb ingestion detected an increased risk for consumption of L. brevicula and R. venosa. Health risks seemed especially pronounced for consumption of L. brevicula and R. venosa. In addition, adults had higher risks than children due to more food intake and longer exposure time. The seafood advisory may be warranted for these mollusks.
    Effect of grass barrier-combined filter strips on reducing nitrogen and phosphorus under varying filter slopes.
    DU Qin*, WANG Jin-ye, LI Hai-fang
    2016, 35(1):  212-217. 
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    Grass barriers (0.8-1.2 m in width) combined filter strips are generally considered to be an effective way in reducing nitrogen and phosphorus under gentle slopes (4% to 6%). Is this the case for the combined filter strips in nutrient removal with increasing filter slopes? We made a comparative study in reducing nitrogen and phosphorus between Vitex negundo strips (2 m×8 m) and V. negundo strips (2 m×7 m) combined Miscanthus floridulus strips (2 m×1 m) under three filter slopes (5%, 10% and 15%). The results showed that the removal efficiency of combined filter strips and V. negundo filter strips in total N, NH4+-N, NO3--N and total P decreased as the slope increased from 5% to 15%. The removal efficiency was generally higher in combined filter strips than in V. negundo filter strip regardless of filter slopes. Our results can advance the knowledge regarding the effect of grass barrier-combined filter strip on the water quality protection, having implications for reducing nonpoint-source pollution in agricultural areas.
    Importance of ecological lands and their pattern optimization in China: A review.
    ZHOU Zhen1, MENG Ji-jun1*, QI Yang2, PENG Fu-li2
    2016, 35(1):  218-225. 
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    Ecological land, providing more and more important ecological products and services compared to other land use types, is an indicator of regional eco-environmental quality and the key in building regional ecological security pattern. In recent years, ecological land receives more and more attention, so this study makes a review on the definition, classification, identification and planning of ecological land. The conclusions were as follows: (1) Ecological function or ecological effect is the main character of ecological land, and meanwhile, the ecological land is non-productive and non-constructive. The chief function is to provide ecological function and maintain regional ecological balance. (2) The identification of important ecological land should be based on its ecosystem services, ecological sensitivity and ecological vulnerability. Setting the basic line of achieving coordinated development between ecology and society requires calculating the minimum ecological land by taking dominant ecosystem services and key ecological processes. The rational quantitative structure and spatial layout of ecological land is of vital importance for pattern optimization. (3) Under the multi-scale perspective, identifying the importance of ecological land qualitatively and quantitatively, simulating ecological land dynamics under different scenarios, and applying the study results to the ecological land planning are the research focus in the future, and also the key to ecosystem management implementation.
     
    Research progress on compensation to ecological service of forests.
    WU Qiang, ZHANG He-ping*
    2016, 35(1):  226-233. 
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    It is well-known that forest provides public or quasi-public ecological services, which are often difficult to reflect its intrinsic economical value through market mechanism. It is necessary to develop and implement compensation systems to forest ecological services for sustainable management of forest ecosystems in the benefits for environment, economy and society. Previous efforts have been attempted to focus on one or some aspects of ecological compensation, but few attentions have been paid to the internal interconnections and interactions among the various factors of compensation mechanism. In this paper, recent research progresses of compensation to forest ecological services were reviewed. Key concepts and theoretical basis on ecological services were provided and the key elements dealing with ecosystem service function value, and modes, forms, standards and efficiency of compensation were analyzed. We thought that risk factors including wildfire, plant diseases and insect pests, and illegal logging should be taken into account when valuing forest’s services. It was proposed that designing the compensation pattern should combine with public goods attribute of the ecosystem services. Eco-compensation standard of forest at small scale and incentive compatibility mechanism of eco-compensation should be explored. The directions of research on eco-compensation of forest in the future were also suggested. This review would provide better understanding of ecosystem service function value and also a theoretical basis for compensation mechanism of forest ecological services.
    Factors affecting vegetation succession after volcano eruptions.
    ZHOU Sheng-nan1,2, LIANG Yu1*, HE Hong-shi3,4, WU Zhi-
    2016, 35(1):  234-242. 
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    The vegetation succession after volcano eruptions is a dynamic process, which is affected by several factors. It is significant to understand this process and its affecting factors for studying succession rules after volcanic disturbances and predicting the future succession dynamics. In this paper, we reviewed the research advances in this field and the factors affecting the vegetation succession after volcano eruptions. These factors include biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors, such as residual species and seed dispersal, provide propagules and seed sources for succession after volcano eruptions. Abiotic factors are the significant exogenous factors, including volcano eruption events, substrates, soil and climate. The volcano eruption events control the later succession from three aspects (disturbance scale, severity and frequency). Substrates dominate the succession dynamics, whose properties and the degree of heterogeneity control succession trajectories. The succession at the early stage is very slow due to the infertile soil and climate environment; it is accelerated as the soil and climate environment are ameliorated. Moreover, stu-dying the succession after volcano eruptions at large scales by combining landscape models and “3S” technologies is a new point of view.
    Advances on ecological risks of exogenous transgene flow and corresponding control techniques for transgenic crops.
    MOU Wen-ya, JIA Yi-fan, ZHAO Zong-chao, GUO Wei-wei, CHEN Fa-jun*
    2016, 35(1):  243-249. 
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    With the rapid development of transgenic techniques, many new cultivars of genetically modified crops (i.e., GM crops) have been successfully bred, and many GM crops have been commercially planted in fields due to their excellent traits such as disease and insect resistance, herbicidetolerance, high quality and production, and environmental friendliness. However, the ecological risks resulted from widely planting of GM crops have been becoming the public concern. The ecological risk of exogenous transgene flow is one of the most important contents of biosafety assessment for GM crops. The corresponding control techniques of exogenous transgene flow risk developed and applied in the agricultural product could not be ignored, especially during the recent 19 years of commercial cultivation of GM crops. In this paper, we introduced the four releasing pathways of pollen, seed, root exudates and asexual reproductive organs, as well as the ecological risks and the corresponding control techniques of exogenous transgene flow of GM crops. This paper can provide some scientific bases for the environmental biosafety assessment and risk management of GM crops.
    Construction of ecological security patterns based on ecological red line: A case study of Jiangxi Province.
    YANG Shan-shan1,2, ZOU Chang-xin1*, SHEN Wei-shou1, SHEN Run-ping2, XU De-lin1
    2016, 35(1):  250-258. 
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    Ecological red line refers to the boundary line of the key ecological protection area that has important strategic significance for ecological security and sustainable development. It also is an inevitable choice to achieve national or regional ecological security. According to the importance of ecosystem services and ecological sensitivity evaluation, and in combination with the existing ecological protection areas, the ecological red line in Jiangxi Province was designated. The results showed that the area of ecological red line in Jiangxi Province was 59608.16 km2, accounting for 35.71% of the total area of the province. Then we selected the red line regions as sources of ecological security patterns and utilized the minimum cumulative resistance model to build comprehensive ecological security patterns. Therefore, a number of ecological security pattern portions and positions were identified, including ecological corridors among sources, radiating routes, ecologically strategic points and three-level ecological function zones, which corresponded to ecological protection area and proposed construction countermeasures. The low-level ecological land area is 78285.47 km2, accounting for 46.89% of the total area of the province. The areas of moderate-level and high-level ecological lands are 49405.89 and 23104.93 km2, accounting for 29.59% and 13.84% of the total area of the province, respectively.
    Meteorological suitability evaluation based on cloud model for spraying pesticide/fertilizer in wheat fields of Huaibei Plain.
    LI De1*, YANG Fei-yun2, SUN Yi1, WANG Lin-jia3, WU Mi3
    2016, 35(1):  259-268. 
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    Meteorological suitability evaluation on spraying pesticide/fertilizer in wheat fields is of great significance for scientific agricultural operations. In the Huaibei Plain in Anhui Province, the main meteorological factors affecting pesticide/fertilizerspraying operations in wheat fields are precipitation, air temperature, wind velocity and soil moisture. According to the experience indexes regarding the influences of climate and soil conditions on spraying operation, we established four cloud models based on the theory of cloud model. By adopting the method of AHP, we also integrated the memberships of four factors, obtaining the comprehensive meteorological suitability that affects pesticide/fertilizerspraying operation. Moreover, to evaluate relative meteorological suitability, an evaluation cloud model including four grades―suitable, fairly suitable, slightly unsuitable and unsuitable―was established. The test results are in conformity with actual situation, indicating that the evaluation model can be applied in meteorological suitability evaluation of spraying operations. Based on the forecast of precipitation, wind velocity and other meteorological factors, the evaluation model can be used for grade forecast of meteorological suitability in pesticide/fertilizerspraying operations.
    A feasibility research on soil erosion rate by using 137Cs atmospheric deposition: A case study of Liaodong Bay.
    ZHANG Ke-xin, PAN Shao-ming*, XU Yi-hong, CAO Li-guo, HAO Yong-pei, WU Meng-meng, REN Shan, HUANG Ya-nan
    2016, 35(1):  269-274. 
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    Anthropogenic radionuclide 137Cs released from atmospheric nuclear tests, major nuclear reactor accidents, and other sources can be detected in the environment in most parts of the world. In this paper, we investigated the 137Cs atmospheric deposition in the Liaodong Bay based on the records of 137Cs atmospheric deposition and precipitation in Tokyo and Akita in Japan. Additionally, a practical method for soil erosion rate was studied by using 137Cs atmospheric deposition and developing a model. The results indicated that the cumulative atmospheric deposition inventory of 137Cs was estimated to be 1614 Bq·m-2 (decay corrected to 2009) from 1957 to 2008 in the Liaodong Bay. The value of 137Cs atmospheric deposition can be seen as the reference inventory to estimate for the soil erosion rate. The average soil erosion rate ranged from 17.39-38.92 t·hm-2·a-1 computed by the 137Cs atmospheric deposition. However, the average soil erosion rate ranged from 11.97-44.94 t·hm-2·a-1 using the local reference inventory. This is mainly because we had considered the 137Cs atmospheric dry deposition since 1964 and the 137Cs cumulative atmospheric deposition after 1990, thus, leading to the average result higher than that of Yang et al. (2000). Additionally, the variation coefficient (30.5%) was lower than that (49%) by Yang et al. (2000). This indicated that the dispersion of using the method in present study was also lower than in previous studies. Statistical analysis of the erosion rate derived from the two methods does not show significant difference, which demonstrated that the 137Cs atmospheric deposition is a feasible way to estimate the soil erosion rate.