Table of Content

10 January 2013, Volume 32 Issue 1

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Characters of the vegetations with different restoration age on a mining site of Shouyun Iron Ore Mine, Beijing.

YAN De-min1, ZHAO Fang-ying1,2**, SUN Jian-xin1

2013, 32(1):  1-6. 

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In 1997-2011, a mining site of Shouyun Iron Ore Mine in Beijing was re-vegetated by the measures of covering with foreign topsoil (C) and its combination with ecological vegetation carpet (C+E). This paper investigated the characters of the vegetations with different restoration age on this site, in comparison with the undisturbed sites around this site (CK). The re-vegetation site was dominated by the species of Poaceae, Legume, and Compositae, accounting for 58% of the total species identified. In treatment C+E, the abundance, species richness, and Shannon index of the vegetations were all similar to those of the vegetations in CK, and higher than those in treatment C. The above- and under-ground biomasses of the vegetations in treatment C+E were significantly higher than those in treatment C, and had no significant differences with CK. In treatment C+E, the litter biomass of the vegetations in the 6th year was similar to that in CK. It was suggested that the rapid rehabilitation of vegetation on the mining site had significance for taking the advantage of the potential ecological functioning of the ecological conservation area in Beijing, and provide a reference case for the vegetation rehabilitation of similar mine areas.

Influence of habitat factors on vegetation diversity in the process of eco-restoration on rocky slopes.

ZOU Mi1, LUO Qing-hua2, GU Bin1**, DOU Liang1, PAN Shu-lin3

2013, 32(1):  7-14. 

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An investigation was made on the plant species and habitat factors on different eco-restored rocky slopes in Zhoushan City of Zhejiang Province, East China. The plant species and habitat factors on the slopes of 36 different habitats were recorded, and 4 diversity indices of plant species were calculated. The GLMM analysis was adopted to study the influence of habitat factors on the vegetation diversity in the process of eco-restoration on the rocky slopes. In the 1-7 years of eco-restoration on the rocky slopes, slope position had significant effects on the vegetation diversity (P<0.05). There existed obvious differences in the Shannon-Wiener index (H′), Margalef index (R), and species richness (S) at different slope positions, and the variations of the three indices showed a consistent trend, i.e., lower slope > middle slope > upper slope. Slope aspect had a significant correlation with Margalef index (P<0.05). From sunny slope, semisunny slope, and semi-shady slope to shady slope, the vegetation diversity showed an overall increasing trend. With the increase of ecorestoration years, the vegetation diversity increased gradually, but had no significant difference (P>0.05). Slope angle, elevation, and soil thickness had no significant effects on the vegetation diversity (P>0.05). During the process of eco-restoration, the Pielou index (J) remained stable, and had no significant correlations with habitat factors. Therefore, slope position and slope aspect were the most important factors affecting the vegetation diversity, and the Shannon-Wiener index and Margalef index were the main indicators reflecting the plant community change in the process of eco-restoration on rocky slopes.

Effects of free air temperature increasing on the rice growth and grain yield in Northeast China.

ZHANG Jia-hua1,2**, ZHANG Jian-nan3, YAO Feng-mei4, MEN Yan-zhong5, GAO Xi-nin3

2013, 32(1):  15-21. 

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It is recognized that global warming is more obvious in high latitude and cool climate regions, and shown definite uncertain features. In order to clarify the adaptation trends of the crops to future climate scenarios, a simulation experiment station of infrared temperature increasing was set up in Harbin of Northeast China, and the free air temperature increasing (FATI) system was applied to simulate the effects of increased temperature on rice grow and yield. Two temperature gradients were installed, i.e., each set with one infrared lamp (W₁), and each set with two infrared lamps (W₂). Under increased temperature, the rice growth and development accelerated, and the beginingspike period was in advance while the harvest period delayed. The tiller number increased while the yield per tiller declined, the plant height increased but the plant appeared lodging at milkripe stage, and the leaf area increased and the single leaf showed an extended length. As compared with the control, the rice yield differed under two warming gradients, i.e., increased under W₁ but slightly decreased under W₂. There existed differences with the control in the aboveground organic matter distribution and the spike grain structure under increased temperature. Under temperature increasing, the rice 1000-grain weight reduced, whereas the grain moisture content, leaf chlorophyll content, and leaf net photosynthetic rate increased.

Relationships between  grassland biodiversity and primary productivity and soil condition in farming-pastoral regions of northern China.

BAI Ke-yu1,2**, RONG Yu-ping3, YANG Yun-hui1, LIN Chang-cun3

2013, 32(1):  22-26. 

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In 2010, ten sampling sites were installed on the meadow steppe and typical steppes in the Guyuan County and Weichang County of Hebei Province and the Duolun County of Inner Mongolia, aimed to approach the relationships between the grassland biodiversity and the primary productivity and soil condition in the farming and pastoral regions of northern China. In the study areas, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) and Pielou evenness index of the grasslands were significantly positively correlated (P<0.05), and the H and Pielou evenness index had significant positive correlations with the primary productivity (P<0.01). However, there was no significant correlation between the H and soil water content (P>0.05). The H and Pielou evenness index had significant negative correlations with the total nitrogen in 0-30 cm soil layer (P<0.05), and the H had a significant negative correlation with the total nitrogen (P<0.01) but less correlation with the organic matter in 10-20 cm soil layer (P>0.05). The results further proved that improving grassland biodiversity could increase the productivity and stability of grassland ecosystem.

Morphological variation of Cornus officinalis seeds in relation to environmental factors.

FU Xiang-xiang**, LIU Hong-na, ZHOU Xiao-dong, Hong Xue-ting

2013, 32(1):  27-32. 

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Cornus officinalis is widely distributed in the provinces along the Yangtze River of China. Due to the effects of soil and climatic factors, there exists a greater variation in the morphology of C. officinalis seeds in different regions. In this study, the seeds of seven C. officinalis natural populations were collected from four provinces  to study the phenotype variation in the seed morphology (seed length, seed width, seed volume, and coefficient of seed shape) and its correlations with environmental factors, the geographical variation trend of the seed morphology, and the clustering of the populations. There existed significant differences in the seed morphology among the seven populations. The seed width had a significant positive correlation with the seed volume, and the two variables had significant negative correlations with latitude, presenting an obvious geographic variation trend. Based on the cluster analysis of the seed morphological traits, the seven populations could be classified into two groups, i.e., northern group, including the populations in Fuping and Hanzhong of Shaanxi and in Lunchun of Henan, and southern group, including the populations in Ningguo, Huangshan, and Jingde of Anhui and in Zhenjiang of Jiangsu. This study could provide references for the screening of suitable C. officinalis provenances in different cultivation regions.

Intra- and interspecific competitions of Taxus yunnanensis population in Jinsha River Basin of northwest Yunnan Province, Southwest China.

LI Shuai-feng, LIU Wang-de, SU Jian-rong**, LANG Xue-dong, ZHANG Zhi-jun

2013, 32(1):  33-38. 

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Based on the investigations of 45 objective trees and 205 competitive trees of Taxus yunnanensis population in the Jinsha River Basin of northwest Yunnan Province and by using Hegyi’s single-tree competition index model, this paper analyzed the intra- and interspecific competition intensities of endangered plant T. yunnanensis. The intraspecific competition intensity of  T. yunnanensis decreased with its increasing diameter at breast height (DBH), presenting a partial peak curve, whereas the intraspecific competition intensity of  T. yunnanensis was the highest at its DBH 5-10 cm, and then showed a decreasing trend with the increase of the DBH. The interspecific competition intensity (133.61) of  T. yunnanensis was significantly higher than the intraspecific competition intensity (76.88), indicating that the competitive stress of the T. yunnanensis population was mainly come from interspecific competition. The intra- and interspecific competition intensities of T. yunnanensis were larger than those of the local common tree species Tsuga forrestii, Betula albosinensis, Populus szechuanica, Quercus aquifolioides, and Aralia thomsonii var. glabrescens, with the competition indices being >5. The competition index of T. yunnanensis with the objective trees in the whole forest stand was significantly negatively correlated with the DBH of the objective trees, and nearly conformed to power function (CI=aD^b). The larger the DBH of the objective trees, the smaller the competitive stress of the T. yunnanensis population.

Relationships of plant community’s species-area curve with species diversity in Huoshan Mountain of Shanxi, China.

YAO Yuan-yuan, YAN Ming**, BI Run-cheng

2013, 32(1):  39-44. 

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By using standard sampling method, this paper studied the relationships of the plant community’s species number, area, and species diversity in Huoshan Mountain of Shanxi Province. In the stands at three different elevations, the adjusted coefficients of determination (R² values) of species(log)-area(log) curves were higher than those of species-area curves and speciesarea(log) curves. At medium elevation, the mean species number and the Margalef index (R) and Shannon-Wiener index (H′) of the community were the largest, but the Jaccard coefficient (J) was the smallest. The estimated values of the species-area curves and species-area(log) curves in the stands at the three different elevations were close to the observed values.

Effects of salt, alternating temperature and hormone treatments on seed germination and seedling establishment of Suaeda aralocaspica (Chenopodiaceae) dimorphic seeds.

HE Mei-xiang, DU Xiao-feng, CHEN Ling, LU Xiu-yun, LAN Hai-yan**

2013, 32(1):  45-51. 

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Petri dish germination and pot culture experiments were conducted to study the effects of salts (NaCl and Na₂SO₄), alternating temperature (4-30 ℃) and hormone (GA₃) treatments on the seed germination and seedling establishment of Suaeda aralocaspica (Chenopodiaceae), an annual halophyte only distributed in Xinjiang of Northwest China. There existed obvious differences in the dormancy and germination characteristics between the two seed morphs (black and brown) of S. aralocaspica under the stresses of NaCl and Na₂SO₄. The black seeds had a lower germination rate than the brown seeds, were of nondeep physiological dormancy, and their germination rate could be increased after 15/30 ℃ alternating temperature, 30 days of cold stratification at 4 ℃, and 800 mg·L^-1 of GA₃ treatment. Salt and alternating temperature treatments could significantly affect the seedling emergence rate and establishment rate of brown seeds, but had lesser effects on black seeds, indicating that the black seeds could have persistent slow-germination mechanism, being favorable for the formation of persistent seed bank. All the results showed the adaptability of S. aralocaspica to saline environment in early spring.

Life table of natural Sinowilsonia henryi var. glabrescens population in Lishan Nature Reserve, Shanxi Province.

LI Hao, ZHANG Qin-di, MIAO Yan-ming, YANG Zhao-jing, BI Run-cheng**

2013, 32(1):  52-58. 

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Sinowilsonia henryi var. glabrescens is a variety of S. henryi, a Chinese endemic and monotypic species, and one of the national secondclass protective plants in China, only distributing in the Lishan Mountain Nature Reserve in Shanxi. To better understand the quantitative dynamics of S. henryi var. glabrescens population and to facilitate its sustainable and steady development, the methods of plot survey and quadrat investigation were adopted to study the population structure of S. henryi var. glabrescens in the Reserve. The static life table of the population was compiled, and its age structure, survival curve, mortality curve, disappearance rate curve, survival function curve, cumulative morality function curve, hazard rate function curve, and death density function curve were drawn. In this population, young and infant plants were in larger quantity, while aged ones were fewer, indicating that this population was overall a growing population. Its morality was higher at early stage than at late stage, and peaked between the Ⅱ and Ⅳ age stages. The survival curve was more of Deevey-Ⅱ type, and the survival function curve decreased monotonically while the cumulative morality function curve was in monotonic increase, the decreasing or increasing range being higher at early stage that at late stage. The death density function curve was relatively stable, with a higher rate during the Ⅲ age class. The hazard rate function curve was increasing with the growth of age class.

Effects of different soil types on the panicle traits and yield components of northern Japonica rice.

ZUO Jing-hong1,2, LI Jing-peng1, YANG Fu1**

2013, 32(1):  59-63. 

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Taking the northern Japonica rice varieties Dongdao 4 and Changbai 9 as test materials, this paper studied the characteristics of their panicle traits and yield components on paddy soil (pH=7.25, ESP=7.60) and soda salinesodic soil (pH=9.11, ESP=32.80). As compared with those on the paddy soil, most panicle traits of the rice varieties on the soda saline-sodic soil changed significantly, with a significant decrease in the branch number, branch length, and grain number. The grain yield components on the soda saline-sodic soil also had great change, among which, the grain number decreased significantly, with a decrement of 30.0% and 30.5% for the Dongdao 4 and Changbai 9, respectively. The correlation analysis of the grain yield per plant and the panicle traits showed that the spikelet per panicle had more contribution to the grain yield than the seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight. The decrease of the amount of primary branches could reduce the total grains of the primary branches per panicle, while the total grains of the secondary branches per panicle could be affected by both the amount of secondary branches and the grains per branch. On the soda saline-sodic soil, the secondary branch grains could be more sensitive to the changes of the environment, as compared with the primary branch grains.

 

Microbial diversity in rhizosphere soils of different planting year tea trees: An analysis with phospholipid fatty acid biomarkers.

LIN Sheng1,2, ZHUANG Jia-qiang2, CHEN Ting1,2, ZHANG Ai-jia2, ZHOU Ming-ming2, LIN Wen-xiong1,2**

2013, 32(1):  64-71. 

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By using phospholipid fatty acid biomarkers (PLFAs), this paper studied the microbial diversity in the rhizosphere soils of 1-, 6-, and 20-year-old tea trees. In the rhizosphere soil of 6-year-old tea trees, the total amount of PLFAs was the highest, and the PLFAs contents of bacteria, actinomycetes, and protozoa were higher than those in the other rhizosphere soils. The rhizosphere soil of 20-year-old tea trees had a higher content of fungi PLFAs but lower contents actinomycetes and protozoa PLFAs than the other rhizosphere soils, whereas the content of bacterial PLFAs was close to that in the rhizosphere soil of 1-year-old tea trees. In the rhizosphere soil of 20-year-old tea trees, the abundance of several microbial groups participating in soil nutrient cycling declined, while the abundance of several microbial groups with low metabolic capacity increased. As compared with those in the rhizosphere soil of 6-year-old teat trees, the activities of urease, phosphomonoesterase and peroxidase in the rhizosphere soil of 20-year-old tea trees were lower, while the activities of invertase and polyphenol oxidase were higher. In the rhizosphere soils of different planting year tea trees, the PLFAs of different microbial groups were closely correlated to the soil enzyme activities and fertility factors. With the increasing year of tea planting, the microbial community structure in rhizosphere soils changed greatly, reflecting in the decline of microbial diversity and the increase of the microbial groups with low metabolic capacity and adapting to poor soil condition, and the soil quality and the activities of some key enzymes had a larger decrement.

Host range, transmitting vector, and damage characteristics of Mikania micrantha wilt virus.

WANG Rui-long1,2,3, CHEN Ying1,2,3, ZHANG Hui1,2,3, GUAN Ao-mei1,2,3, WANG Zi-ye1,2,3, GONG Xiao1,2,3, YIN Yi1,2,3, ZENG Ren-sen1,2,3**

2013, 32(1):  72-77. 

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Mikania micrantha H.B.K. is an important invasive alien plant in South China. In this study, a virus named Mikania micrantha wilt virus (MMWV) was isolated from the invasive plant in the field, and a greenhouse experiment was conducted to inoculate the virus on 27 plant species of 9 families. A total of 12 plant species belonging to 6 families were infected. The electron microscopy observation revealed that the MMWV particle was spherical, with a diameter of about 30 nm. The MMWV could be transmitted by Myzus persicae in a non-persistent manner. Thirty days after infection by MMWV, the shoot height and the fresh weights of leaves, stems, and roots of M. micrantha were reduced significantly by 75.3%, 91.6%, 79.5%, and 75.6%, respectively, as compared to the control. The infected M. micrantha plants showed wilt, crimpled, and malformed symptoms under field conditions. Under both laboratory and field conditions, the MMWV inhibited the growth of M. micrantha efficiently. The feasibility of using the MMWV to control the invasion of M. micrantha would be worthy to be explored further.

Ectomycorrhiza formation on Pinus tabulaeformis through Rhizopogon luteolus infection. 

SHAO Dong-hua1, YANG Xi-ping2, ZHANG Xiao-dong1, BAI Shu-lan1**, ZHENG Rong1, WANG Ju-gang1

2013, 32(1):  78-81. 

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Taking  60-day-old Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings as test objects, a pot culture experiment under laboratory condition was conducted to investigate whether the inoculation with Rhizopogon luteolus could infect P. tabulaeformis and form ectomycorrhiza as well as the effectiveness of this infection on the growth of P. tabulaeformis. After two months of inoculation, the ectomycorrhiza formed, and the mycorrhizal colonization rate was over 80%. In terms of branching characteristics, the binary ectomycorrhiza accounted for 80%, and the rod-shaped one shared 20%. The mantle was white in color, quite distinct, and 90 μm in thickness. The diameter of the ectomycorrhizal branch was 0.4-0.6 mm, and the length of the branch was 1.5-2.5 mm. The extraradical hyphae were white and villous, and many of them were twisted as rhizomorphae, with a length of 3.5-5.5 mm. The ectomycorrhiza had prominent promotion effect on the growth of P. tabulaeformis roots. The root-shoot ratio of the mycorrhizal seedlings was 2.7 times of the control. After the formation of
ectomycorrhiza, the phosphorus absorption by P. tabulaeformi from the environment increased significantly.

Screening of attenuated strains for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum after treated with parsley seed extracts.

QIAN Cheng, GAO Xiao-min, BAO Yan-yan, LI Jie, YUN Xing-fu**

2013, 32(1):  82-90. 

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In this study, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum was treated with 50 mg·mL^-1 of parsley seed acetone, ethanol, and distilled water extracts to study the inhibitory effect of these extracts on the colony growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum and the changes of the pathogen’s pathogenicity after treated with these extracts. As compared with the control, both acetone and ethanol extracts had significant inhibitory effect on the colony growth of consecutive five generations F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, and the distilled water extract had significant inhibitory effect on the growth of 1st to 3rd generations but less effect on the 4th and 5th generations. Each generation of the treated F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum was inoculated on cucumber seedlings to determine the pathogen’s pathogenicity. After 7 days of inoculation, the disease index of acetone, ethanol, and distilled water extracts decreased from 26.7%, 20.8%, and 22.5% for the 1st generation to 17.5%, 3.3%, and 18.3% for the 5th generation, respectively. As compared with the control, the acetone, ethanol, and distilled water extracts had lower disease index, with a significant difference between the ethanol extract and the control. Inoculated to the 5th generation, the disease index of ethanol extract was 3.3%, with the greatest attenuation of virulence. It was suggested that parsley seed extracts could not only inhibit the colony growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, but also attenuate the virulence of the pathogen. Through the consecutive treatment of the extracts, the attenuated strains for F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum were obtained.

Dynamic distribution and correlation analysis of indicator- and pathogenic microorganisms in a surface-flow constructed wetland.

SONG Zhi-wen**, SUN Qun, XU Ai-ling, QIAN Sheng-cai, LIU Ling-li, FENG Meng-xue

2013, 32(1):  91-97. 

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More and more attention has been paid to the potential of constructed wetland in reducing the indicator- and pathogenic microorganisms in wastewater. In this study, six indicator- and pathogenic microorganisms (total coliforms, faecal coliforms,  fecal  streptococci, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Salmonella spp.) were selected to evaluate their removal rate, correlations, and dynamic distribution features in a full scale free-surface flow constructed wetland by the methods of multi-tube fermentation and plate culture. Among the six indicator- and pathogenic microorganisms in the influent of the wetland, Salmonella spp. had the highest individual number, followed by total coliforms, faecal coliforms, C. perfringens, E. coli, and fecal streptococci. The constructed wetland could effectively remove the total coliforms, faecal coliforms, and E. coli, with an average annual removal rate of 94.1%, 93.4%, and 84.0%, respectively. However, the removal rate of Salmonella spp. and C. perfringens was relatively low, with an average annual removal rate of 55.8% and 63.6%, respectively, and existing greater fluctuation. The individual number of fecal streptococci was higher in effluent than in influent. No significant difference was observed in the removal rate of indicator- and pathogenic microorganisms between different seasons, but significant differences were found in the influent total coliforms concentration, influent and effluent Salmonella spp. concentrations, and influent C. perfringens concentration between different seasons. Correlation analysis indicated that there were stronger correlations among the total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli, but weaker correlations between the Salmonella spp. and fecal coliforms and between the C. perfringens and the total coliforms and fecal coliforms.

Effects of different management modes on the structure and diversity of arthropod community in Castanea henryi forest.

YE Shi-sen1**, ZHAO Shi-xi2, SHI Dan-ang3

2013, 32(1):  98-105. 

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An investigation was conducted on the arthropod community in Castanea henryi forest under five different management modes, to study the effects of the management modes on the structure and diversity of arthropod community. Under the five different management modes, the structure and diversity of arthropod community had greater difference. In the C. henryi forest with careful management and no application of chemicals, arthropod community had the highest species diversity and stability, the diversity index of phytophagous groups was the highest, and the relative abundance of natural enemy groups was also the highest, which had high effectiveness in controlling pests and was disadvantageous to the outbreak of dominant pests. In contrast to the managementabandoned mode, careful management would improve the species diversity of canopy groups, but the use of chemical pesticides would decrease the species diversity and evenness of each functional group, and increase the relative abundance of phytophagous groups.

Secondary productivity of macrobenthos in Tianhe intertidal zone of Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province of East China.

FANG Ping-fu, ZHANG Shu-sheng, BAO Yi-xin**, WEI De-zhong

2013, 32(1):  106-113. 

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From July 2009 to May 2010, a seasonal survey was conducted on the macrobenthos in the tidal flat of Tianhe Town in Wenzhou City, and the secondary productivity of the macrobenthos was calculated, based on the macrobenthic biomass and energy and by using the Brey’s empirical formula. The mean biomass, energy, annual ashfree dry mass (AFDM), annual secondary productivity, and annual P/B value of the macrobenthos were 7.2264±0.8766 g·m^-2, 44360±4373 J·m^-2, 6.51±0.79 g (AFDW)·m^-2, 7.71±0.96 g (AFDW)·m^-2·a^-1, and 1.18±0.07, respectively. The macrobenthic secondary productivity was the highest in middle tidal flat, followed by in high tidal flat, and the lowest in low tidal flat. With the seasonal variation of tidal flat, the biomass and energy of the macrobenthos had the same variation trend in high and low tidal flats, but not in middle tidal flat. Season and tidal flat were the most important factors affecting the spatiotemporal variations of the macrobenthic secondary productivity. Because of the individual action and the interaction of these two factors, the macrobenthic secondary productivity in the Tianhe tidal flat showed complex patterns.

Seasonal dissimilarity of Engraulis japonicus spatiotemporal distribution in Yellow Sea.

NIU Ming-xiang1,2**, WANG Jun1, YUAN Wei1, ZHU Jian-cheng1, DAI Fang-qun1

2013, 32(1):  114-121. 

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Based on the bottom trawl survey data in 1986-2010, and by using the techniques of GIS spatial analysis and geostatistics, this paper studied the spatiotemporal distribution and its seasonal dissimilarity of anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) stock density in Yellow Sea under the double stress of fishing pressure and climate change. There existed obvious variations in the spatial distribution of the anchovy in different seasons. In winter, the stock density of the anchovy decreased gradually from the north-eastern waters to the shore and southern waters; in spring, the stock density decreased gradually from the shore to the eastern waters; in summer, the stock density had a trend of decreased from the northern waters to the southern waters, but the high value points scattered; in autumn, similar to that in winter, the stock density decreased from the eastern waters to the shore, but the variation gradient was smaller than that in winter. The stock density center of the anchovy had an obvious seasonal variation, but the variation pattern differed with years. From 1986 to 2010, the stock density center of the anchovy moved northward in spring, summer and autumn, and had an obvious yearly transformation but no overall migration trend in winter. In different seasons, the aggregation areas of the anchovy’s high stock density differed spatially.

Effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on the antioxidant enzyme activities of Lutjanus argentimaculatus mantle membrane.

ZHANG Zhe1, MA Sheng-wei1, WANG He-wei1,2, HUANG Zhi-fei1,3, GONG Xiu-yu1,3, WANG Tao4, CAI Wen-gui1, JIA Xiao-ping1**

2013, 32(1):  122-128. 

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A semistatic experiment was conducted to study the effects of different concentrations (low, 32 μg·L^-1; medium, 160 μg·L^-1; and high, 800 μg·L^-1) decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on the SOD, CAT and POD activities and GSH and MDA contents of Ruditapes philippinarum mantle membrane. Under the effects of BDE-209, the SOD, CAT, and POD activities decreased after an initial increase. After 2 days exposure to low concentration BDE-209, the SOD activity reached the maximum (56.61 U·mg^-1 prot), being significantly higher than the control. No significant difference was observed in the SOD activity between the control and the exposure groups after 7 days recovery in distilled water. After exposure to different concentrations BDE-209 for 2-15 days, the CAT activity was significantly higher than the control, being the highest on the 7th day when exposed to medium and high concentrations BDE-209. The POD activity reached its maximum on the 1st day exposed to medium concentration BDE-209, being 1.33 times of the control, while the POD activity exposed to high concentration BDE-209 was constantly significantly lower till the end of the experiment. With the increasing time of BDE-209 exposure, the MDA content increased after an initial decrease, and had less difference with the control after 3 days recovery in distilled water. The variation trend of GSH was contrary to that of MDA. The GSH content increased significantly at the beginning of the experiment, but decreased with time elapsed, being the lowest at the 3rd day of exposure (P<0.05). The results of this study indicated that BDE-209 could induce the oxidative stress response of R. philippinarum, the CAT, SOD, and POD played an important role in removing oxygen free radical, and the GSH could be regard as a sensitive index for BDE-209 stress.

Lead removal from aqueous solution by the shell of golden apple snail and related mechanisms. 

ZHAO Ben-liang1,2,3, PENG Hui1, ZHANG Jia-en1,2,3**, DAI Xiao-yan1, PENG Li1

2013, 32(1):  129-134. 

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Golden apple snail is one of the 100 pernicious alien invasive species in the world.  In this study, the shell powder of golden apple snail was used as the adsorbent to approach its characteristics and mechanisms of lead (Pb²⁺) removal from aqueous solution under laboratory condition. It was found that the removal rate of Pb²⁺ by the shell powder was related to the shell powder amount, initial Pb²⁺ concentration, solution pH, and reaction time, while solution temperature had lesser effects. The fitting of Langumir model indicated that the Pb²⁺ adsorption capacity of the shell powder was 89.29 mg·g^-1. The analysis of scanning electron microscopy showed that the Pb²⁺ removal process was mainly happened at the surface of the powder, and small particle was more active. The X-ray diffraction indicated that the adsorbed Pb²⁺ was in the form of PbCO₃ existing on the powder. The mechanisms of the Pb²⁺ removal could be the ion exchange and precipitation on the aragonite and calcite in the powder. It was suggested that the shell of golden apple snail could be used as an effective bio- adsorbent for Pb²⁺ removal.

Population dynamics of aphids in potato fields in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. 

BU Qing-guo1, PANG Bao-ping1**, ZHANG Ruo-fang2, SUN Qing-hua2

2013, 32(1):  135-141. 

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A field survey was conducted on the population dynamics of aphids in potato fields in Hohhot, aimed to provide indispensable foundation for the monitoring and control of the aphids in potato fields. The main aphids in the potato fields in Hohhot were green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), and their spatial patterns were of aggregated. The basic components of the aggregated distribution were colonies, and the aggregation intensity decreased with the increase of the population density. By using the optimal segmentation method, the population dynamics could be divided into four periods: (1) colonization period: in earlymiddle June, with the increasing of air temperature and the growth of potato seedlings, alate aphids began to immigrate into potato fields, and the aphids only distributed on seldom plants, with lower quantity but higher aggregation intensity. (2) slowincrease period: from late June to middle July, with the reproduction of aphids, the aphid density had a slow increase, and the aphids diffused gradually with a higher aggregation intensity. (3) quick increase period: from late July to middle August, due to the rapid reproduction of aphids, the aphid density increased sharply, and the aphids distributed over the whole field with a decrease of aggregation intensity, and (4) eclipse period: after late August, with the decreasing of air temperature and the aging and withering of potato plants, many alate aphids emigrated from potato fields, the aphid density declined quickly, and the aphids only distributed on seldom remained living plants with the aggregation intensity somewhat increased again.

EAG and behavioral responses of Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to plant volatiles.

FAN Li-qing1,2, YAN Shan-chun1**, SUN Zong-hua3, MENG Zhao-jun1

2013, 32(1):  142-148. 

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By using EAG instrument and “Y” pipe, this study examined the EAG responses of Anoplophora glabripennis adults to 12 kinds of plant volatiles, including ci-3-hexen-1-ol, β-myrcene, phellandrene, 3-carene, S-αpinene, camphene, R-αpinene, S-βpinene, D-limonene, ocimene, ethyl acetate, and hexane at 5 concentrations, and the behavioral responses of the adults to 9 kinds of the volatiles, aimed to provide basic information for the development of attractants and repellents to A. glabripennsis. The antennae of the female and male adults had obvious EAG responses to 12 kinds of the volatiles (except for the male adults to S-αpinene), especially at the concentrations of 0.4 and 2 mol·L^-1. There exited significant differences (P<0.05 or
P<0.01) in the feeling strength of the antennae to the volatiles between female and male adults. The results of behavior test showed that higher concentrations ocimene and β-myrcene had obvious repellent effect (P<0.01) (except myrcene to the female adults), S-αpinene, S-βpinene, ethyl acetate, R-αpinene, phellandrene, and camphene had obvious attracting effect (P<0.01) (except S-αpinene to the male adults and camphene to the female adults), whereas D-limonene had no obvious repellent and attracting effect on the male and female adults.

Spatiotemporal patterns of shorebirds during their migration period at Sheyang estuary of Yancheng Nature Reserve, East China.

HOU Sen-lin1,2, YU Xiao-yun2, LU Chang-hu2**

2013, 32(1):  149-155. 

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In September-November 2008 and March-May 2009, an investigation was made on the spatiotemporal patterns of shorebirds during their migration period at Sheyang estuary of Yancheng Nature Reserve. A total of 22 shorebird species were recorded, all found in spring and 13 of them found in autumn. The dominant species in spring were Dunlin (Calidris alpina) and Red-necked stint (C. ruficollis), and those in autumn were Dunlin, Red-necked stint, and Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus). The shorebirds number was obviously greater in spring than in autumn, with a ratio about 3:1. The shorebirds were mostly at natural mudflat, also at artificial wetland (aquaculture ponds), and most of them inhabited there. No significant differences were observed in the species number of the shorebirds among six habitats in the two seasons, but the density of the shorebirds had significant differences among the habitats. The density of dominant species Dunlin had significant differences among the habitats in the two seasons, while the density of Red-ecked stint had not. The density of Kentish plover had significant differences among the habitats in autumn. The Shannon-Wiener index of the shorebirds showed significant differences among the habitats in spring, but not in autumn.

An assessment of agricultural non-noint source pollution in Ningxia irrigation region, Northwest China.

ZHANG Ai-ping**

2013, 32(1):  156-163. 

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In order to clarify the agricultural non-point source pollution in Yellow River irrigation region of Ningxia and to take relevant reasonable pollution prevention measures, an improved export coefficient method was used to estimate the agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads in the region. Meanwhile, the equal standard pollution load and the effluent load ratio were adopted to evaluate the agricultural non-point source pollution in the irrigation region from the aspects of total pollution load and pollution structural features. According to the pollution load of total nitrogen, the irrigation region could be divided into three areas, i.e., Litong District of Wuzhong City with a pollution load over 2500 t, Pingluo County, Helan County, Yinchuan City, Yongning County, Qingtongxia City, Zhongning County, and Zhongwei City with a pollution load of 1500-2500 t, and Shizuishan City and Lingwu City with a pollution load below 1500 t. According to the pollution load of total phosphorous, the irrigation region could be classified into three areas, i.e., Zhongwei City and Zhongning County with a pollution load over 130 t, Pingluo County, Helan County, Yinchuan City, Yongning County, Qingtongxia City, Litong District of Wuzhong City, and Lingwu City with a pollution load of 70-130 t, and Shizuishan City with a pollution load below 70 t. Based on the structural features of pollution, the irrigation region could be categorized into three types. Types I and Ⅱ were of comprehensive pollution, whereas type Ⅲ was of single pollution. Type I was mainly in central Zhongwei City, in which, crop farming, livestock, and residential pollution took up a certain proportion of pollution load, and had similar pollution structure. Type Ⅱ included Yinchuan City, Yongning County, Helan County, Lingwu City, Shizuishan City, Qingtongxia City, and Zhongning County, in which, the pollution was mainly caused by livestock and less caused by residents. Type Ⅲ mainly included Pingluo County and Litong County, with the pollution load of crop farming in Pingluo County occupied 52% and that of livestock in Litong County reached 58%.

An evaluation of intensified bio-disposal of oily sludge by composting it with cattle dung.

WANG Fei1, TANG Jing-chun1**, LIN Da-ming2, CHENG Xiu2

2013, 32(1):  164-170. 

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A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of agricultural waste cattle dung on the bio-disposal of oily sludge by composting the cattle dung with oily sludge at a ratio of 1:1 in small (1 m×0.5 m×0.35 m) and large (3 m×3 m×0.35 m) piles. During the 115 days experiment of composting, the C/N ratio, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content, TPH fractions, bio-toxicity, and microbial diversity of the compost were analyzed. The initial C/N ratio of the compost was 26.4. With the increasing time of composting, the C/N ratio of the compost in small and large piles decreased to 18.4 and 18.5, respectively, suggesting that the composed material was matured. On the 115 day of composting, the degradation rate of the TPH in small compost pile reached 22.96%, being higher than that in large compost pile. Throughout the composting process, the saturated fraction of the TPH presented a decreasing trend, and the aromatic hydrocarbons in small composting pile decreased after an initial increase while those in large compost file showed an increasing trend. The relative germination index (GI) of wheat seeds indicated that the compost at the beginning of composting had a higher phytotoxicity, which was decreased during composting, and the two piles got matured by the end of composting. The detection with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed that with the increasing time of composting, the microbial community structure of the compost also had a greater change. It was suggested that the differences in the TPH degradation between small and large composting piles could be resulted from the difference of the microbial community in different volumes of composting piles.

Landscape pattern change of vegetation coverage in hilly area of central Sichuan, Southwest China based on MODIS NDVI.

YANG Lei, ZHANG Mei, LUO Ming-liang**, ZHOU Xu

2013, 32(1):  171-177. 

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Based on the MODIS NDVI data of 2000, 2005 and 2010, and by using ArcGIS 9.3 and Fragstas 3.3, this study investigated the vegetation landscape change in hilly area of central Sichuan. At a scale of 10 years, the regional vegetation was dominated by mid-high and high coverage. Overall, from 2000 to 2005, the vegetation coverage had less change; while since 2005, the area of high vegetation coverage decreased sharply, and most of it converted to mid-high vegetation coverage. In terms of landscape characteristics, the patches since 2005 had become more fragmented and more confounding, with the largest patch index reduced to 28%. Spatially, the areas with reduced vegetation coverage concentrated in traffic trunk lines, new cities, large project construction lands and their surrounding areas. In the past 10 years, due to the effects of accelerated urbanization, massively increased towns and transportation construction lands, superimposed rural land abandonment, and other interference factors, the vegetation coverage in the hilly area of central Sichuan presented a decreasing trend.

 

Spatiotemporal pattern of urban heat island in Lanzhou of Northwest China based on fractal net evolution approach and spectral mixture analysis.

PAN Jing-hu1**, YANG Wang-ming2

2013, 32(1):  178-185. 

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By using the Landsat TM/ETM⁺ thermal infrared remote sensing data of 1993, 2001, and 2011 to retrieve the ground temperature in the urban area of Lanzhou City, and by adopting objectoriented fractal net evolution approach (FNEA) to make image segmentation of the ground temperature, the urban heat island (UHI) elements were extracted. The G^* index spatial aggregation analysis was made to calculate the urban heat island ratio index (URI), and the landscape metrics were used at landscape level to quantify the changes of the spatial pattern of the UHI from the aspects of quantity, shape, and structure. The impervious surface distribution and vegetation coverage were extracted by a constrained linear spectral mixture model to explore the relationships of the impervious surface distribution and vegetation coverage with the UHI. In recent 20 years, the UHI effect in Lanzhou City was strengthened, with the URI increased by 1.4 times. The urban expansion had a spatiotemporal consistency with the UHI expansion. The patch number and density of the UHI landscape were increased, the patch shape and the whole landscape tended to be complex, the landscape became more fragmented, and the landscape connectivity was decreased. The conversion of the UHI mainly occurred from low temperature grade patch type to high temperature grade patch type. The heat island strength had a negative linear correlation with the urban vegetation coverage, and a positive logarithmic correlation with the urban impervious surface coverage.

Runoff response to land use change in Baimahe basin of China based on SWAT model.

WANG Xue1，2，5, ZHANG Zu-lu2,3**, NING Ji-cai4

2013, 32(1):  186-194. 

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By using 3S technology, and based on the analysis and prediction of the land use change in Baimahe basin, a SWAT model was established to study the runoff response of the basin under the scenarios of different land use. In the meantime, the contribution coefficients of the main land use types in the basin to the runoff depth were calculated. From 1987 to 2017, the main land use types in the basin were farmland, construction land, forestland, and shrub land, occupying 96% or more of the total land area, while the grassland, waters, and unused land only had a smaller proportion. The four main land use types had different effects on the runoff depth. The contribution coefficient of forestland, shrub land and construction land to the runoff depth was 2.61, 0.38, and 0.34 mm·km^-2, respectively, implying that these three land use types had positive effects on the runoff depth in this basin. On the contrary, the contribution coefficient of farmland was -0.11 mm·km^-2, implying that farmland had negative effect on the runoff depth.

Nutrient flow and phosphorus cycle in sea-land interface in the Antarctica.

QIN Xian-yan, HUANG Tao, SUN Li-guang**

2013, 32(1):  195-203. 

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The Antarctica is very cold and infertile, where the organisms such as seals and penguins can transfer nutrients from sea to land, and these nutrients are crucial to support the ecosystems in the ice-free areas of the Antarctica. This paper reviewed the ways by which the nutrients were transferred from the sea to the ice-free areas of the Antarctica, with the focus on the effects of the nutrients transferred by the organisms on the composition, structure, and function of the ecosystems in the ice-free areas, as well as the pathways of  nutrient translocation from the ice-free areas to the sea and their impacts on the marine ecosystems. Taking the Fildes Peninsula in West Antarctica as an example, the data of the phosphorus transferred by penguins and seals to the terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems were compiled and analyzed, the mechanisms of the phosphorus biogeochemical cycle in the Antarctica were discussed, and the flux of the phosphorus was estimated. Our results indicated that in the Ardley Island of the Antarctica, there were three ways of foreign phosphorus input, including physical transport, bio-transport, and atmospheric deposition. Remarkably, the phosphorus transported by penguins in the form of guano accounted for 94.34%-99.74% of the total foreign phosphorus input, being a key contributor to the phosphorus cycle in the Antarctic ecosystems.

Litterfall production and its fates in mangrove forest: A review.

CHEN Ya-ping, YE Yong**

2013, 32(1):  204-209. 

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Mangrove forest has high productivity of litterfall, which is affected by latitude, tide, seawater salinity, and meteorological parameters, and presents an obvious seasonal variation pattern. The mangrove litterfall has four fates, i.e., (1) ingested by benthic fauna, mainly crabs and gastropods, (2) directly decomposed by microorganisms, (3) exported to other adjacent ecosystems in the forms of dissoluble organic matter or fresh plant parts such as leaves or propagules, and (4) deposited into mangrove sediments in the forms of less soluble or synthesized materials. The previous studies on the mangrove litterfall in China were mostly qualitative rather than quantificational, and thus, lacked in well understanding the relative importance of the each fate. Furthermore, some of the previous studies ignored the roles of benthic fauna. It was proposed that in the future studies, more attention should be paid to the openness and dynamic natures of mangrove ecosystem, the quantificational tracing of the fates of mangrove litterfall, and the roles of benthic fauna in the turnover of mangrove litterfall.

Morphological characteristics and eco-physiological adaptability of Atriplex canescens: A review.

KONG Dong-sheng**

2013, 32(1):  210-216. 

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Atriplex canescens (Nutt.) has been introduced from America into China to control desertification and salinification for more than twenty years. From the view of morphological characteristics and physiological ecology, this paper reviewed the research achievements in the introduction of A. conescens at home and abroad, with the focus on the regional distribution, proper areas division, morphological classification, external morphological characteristics, leaf anatomical structure, seed salt resistance, variations of physiological and biochemical indices under different degrees of abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, and low temperature, resistant mechanisms, biological interference, natural succession, and biological diversity. The issues needed to be further studied were also analyzed. The aim of this review was to provide references for the rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems.

Lake aquatic ecosystem models: A review.

NIU Zhi-guang, WANG Xiu-jun**, CHEN Yan-xi

2013, 32(1):  217-225. 

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With the rapid development of urbanization, a large amount of contaminants are discharged into lakes, and break the ecological balance of the lakes. Lake aquatic ecosystem model can not only analyze the lake eutrophication, but also simulate the impacts of industrial poisons on lake aquatic ecosystem, being a useful tool of lake management. This paper analyzed the current status and tendency of lake pollution, introduced the research progress on the lake aquatic ecosystem models, and classified them based on the simulation objects and the spatial modeling capabilities. Some widely used simulation software of the aquatic ecosystem, such as AQUATOX, PAMOLARE, CAEDYM, WASP, and OOMAS were introduced, and their generation, development, characteristics, and applications were expatiated. The existing problems of the lake aquatic ecosystem models in modeling process were summarized, and the development trends of the models were predicted. Some suggestions for the selection of lake aquatic ecosystem models were proposed.

Simplified assessment method of natural resource damage from oil spill in Washington State of United States and the application of this method in Xiamen Bay of East China.

MA Li1, LU Zhi-qiang2**, WANG Cui1, LI Ji-peng2

2013, 32(1):  226-231. 

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Marine oil spill incidents are mostly small in size,  it is quite necessary to have a simplified method to assess the natural resource damage from such small oil spills in a manner of faster, less costly, and less information intensive. Based on the Washington State’s simplified oil spill compensation schedule method of the United States,  a modification was made in this paper, according to the characteristics of marine environment and the distribution of ecological sensitive targets in Xiamen Bay of China. The oil effects, including acute toxicity, mechanical injury and persistence, as well as the vulnerability of marine and estuarine habitats, birds, Chinese white dolphin, lancelet, shellfish, and recreation were determinate to evaluate the nature resource damages from the simulated small oil spill incident in Xiamen Bay. Suppose there was a spill of 2.4 m³ of Bunker C from a construction ship in eastern area of Xiamen Bay. Of the area covered by the spill, 90% was open water, 8% was marine intertidal exposed sandy beach, and 2% was marine subtidal sand. The calculated monetary damage from the spill was 93500 RMB, based on the oil effects scores and the habitat vulnerability scores.

Using regression tree to analyze the fertility characteristics of paddy soil in double-rice cropping region.

WANG Li-sha1,2, LI Yong2**, SHEN Jian-lin2, LIU Xin-liang2, FU Xiao-qing2, SHI Hui1, HUANG Tie-ping3

2013, 32(1):  232-240. 

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Soil fertility evaluation plays an important guidance role in promoting agricultural reconstruction, improving soil productivity, and recommending proper fertilization. Based on the investigation and evaluation of arable land fertility in Changsha County of Hunan Province, Southcentral China in 2007-2010, this paper analyzed and modeled the determining factors of paddy soil fertility in the doublerice cropping region of Changsha by using the statistical analysis method of classificationregression tree (CRT). A total of 22 independent variables associated with paddy soil fertility, such as site condition, soil physical and chemical properties, and farmland basic facilities were selected, and the ratio of surveyed yield to potential yield for eliminating the rice variety impact was treated as the dependent variable for representing the paddy soil fertility level. Our results suggested that elevation, topographic position, field surface slope, drainage capacity, water transport mode, soil parent material, soil texture, soil plow layer depth, soil organic mater content, and soil available nitrogen concentration were the main factors affecting the fertility characteristics of paddy soil in the double-rice cropping region of Changsha, and these 10 factors could be used to construct a regression tree model to well predict the paddy soil fertility level. Considering its good performance in analyzing complicated relationships of numerous variables and in handling large volume of data set, the CRT method was recommended to be used in the arable land fertility evaluation in other places of China.