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Table of Content

    10 May 2012, Volume 31 Issue 5
    Articles
    Comparison on leaf functional traits of main dominant woody species in wet and dry habitats.
    DONG Ting-fa1,2, FENG Yu-long3**, LEI Yan-bao1,ZHANG Li-kun1,2
    2012, 31(5):  1043-1049. 
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    Three key leaf functional traits [leaf dry mass per area (LMA), leaf nitrogen concentration per unit mass (Nmass), and massbased maximum photosynthetic rate (Amass)] were measured in 31 woody species from tropical lowland rain forest with high rainfall and from dryhot valley savanna with low rainfall in southern Yunnan. The results indicated that LMA was 46.88-178.63 and 45.35-93.16 g·m-2, Amass was 48.12-176.65 and 71.38-265.76 nmol·g-1·s-1, and Nmass was 11.8-36.71 and 12.98-31.78 mg·g-1 in the dry savanna and the wet rain forest, respectively. At the community level,Amasswas lower but LMA was higher in the plants of dry habitat than in wet habitat. Nmasswas not significantly different between the plants from the two habitats. LMA was negatively associatedwith Nmassand  Amassin dry habitat; Amassand Nmasswere positively associated in both habitats. Our results indicated that correlations among the traits of plants from the same habitat converged although adaptive strategies were different among species. The adaptive strategies of dominant species changed from faster returns on investments in dry mass in wet habitat to slower return to high resourceuse efficiency in dry habitat.
    Biomass and its allocation in a 28-year-oldMytilaria laosensis plantation in southwest Guangxi.
    MING An-gang1, JIA Hong-yan1, TAO Yi1, LU Li-hua1, SU Jian-miao1, SHI Zuo-min2**
    2012, 31(5):  1050-1056. 
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    By the methods of plot sampling and allometric dimension, this paper studied the biomass and its allocation in a 28-year-old Mytilaria laosensis plantation in southwest Guangxi. The biomass in the plantation was 281.47 t·hm-2, and the biomass allocation was in the order of tree layer (97.89%) > litter layer (1.87%) > shrub layer (0.16%) > herb layer (0.08%). The biomass in the tree layer was 275.54 t·hm-2, and the biomass allocation was in the sequence of stem (63.01%) > root (21.01%) > branch (9.64%) > bark (4.38%) > leaf (1.72%) > fruit (0.25%). The biomass of the trees with different diameter at breast height (DBH) was approximately in normal distribution, and that of the trees with 25-29 cm DBH accounted for 48.15% of the total. The mean annual net productivity of the plantation was 15.61 t·hm-2·a-1, and the net productivity of different components of the plantation was tree layer (81.50%) > litter layer (16.82%) > shrub layer (0.98%) > herb layer (0.70%). The mean annual net productivity of the tree layer was 12.72 t·hm-2·a-1, and the relative proportion of different tree organs was stem (48.76%) > leaf (18.64%) > root (16.26%) > branch (7.46%) > fruit (5.50%) > bark (3.39%).
    Effects of planting density on the branching pattern and biomass of Moringa oleiferaplantation.
    SU Ai-zhi, ZHENG Yi-xing, WU Jiang-chong, ZHANG Yan-ping**
    2012, 31(5):  1057-1063. 
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    In order to explore the relationships between the planting density and the branching pattern and biomass of Moringa oleifera in dry and hot valley basin, and to search for a more reasonable planting density of this plant, a field survey was conducted on the branching pattern and biomass of M. oleifera plantations under different planting densities. There existed significant negative correlations between the plant height, basal diameter, crown breadth, and branch number and the planting density, and significant differences in the biomass of root, stem, and foliage, the pod number, length, and diameter, and the grains per pod under different planting densities. Planting density had significant effects on the branching pattern of M. oleifera, mainly manifesting in the significant differences in the ratios of first order branch to second order branch and of second order branch to third order branch, and the third order branch length. In different directions, the branching pattern had significant differences in the length of main and lateral branches and the angle of first order branch. For the purposes of using foliage and pod, the more reasonable spacing of M.oleiferacould be 0.9 m ×0.9 m and 1.5 m × 1.5 m, respectively. In sum, the significant differences in the branching pattern and biomass of M.oleiferaplantations under different planting densities suggested that M. oleifera had high morphological plasticity and ecological adaptability to the changing environment.
    Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on membrane lipid peroxidation and antioxidation system of Phyllostachys edulisleaves.
    ZHUANG Minghao, LI Ying-chun, GUO Zi-wu, YANG Qing-ping, LI Ying, FAN Yan-rong, CHEN Shuang-lin
    2012, 31(5):  1064-1069. 
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    In order to supply theoretical basis for the management of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) under the background of climate change, open-top chambers (OTCs) were employed to study the physiological responses of P. edulisto elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. Three treatments were installed,i.e., ambient 350 μmol CO2·mol-1 (CK), 500 μmol CO2·mol-1 (T1), and 700 μmol CO2·mol-1 (T2), with the leaf photosynthetic pigments, membrane lipid peroxidation, and anti-oxidation system determined. There were no significant differences in the test physiological parameters between treatments CK and T1 in the initial 30 days, except that the CAT activity in treatment T1 had a significant decrease. With the increasing time of treating with 500 μmol CO2·mol-1, the effects on the membrane lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidation system appeared gradually, and after 90 days, the test physiological indicators except soluble sugar content changed significantly. In treatment T2, the membrane lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidation system were more affected than in treatment T1. In the initial 30 days, the soluble sugar content and the anti-oxidation enzyme activities changed obviously; and after 90 days, all the test physiological parameters had significant change. It was concluded that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration could enhance the antioxidant capacity of P. edulis to a certain extent, but the excessive accumulation of photosynthetic products could induce the carbohydrate source-pool imbalance and the feedback inhibition of Rubisco regeneration.
    Relationships of plant species distribution in different strata of Pinus yunnanensisforest with landform and climatic factors.
    CHEN Fei1,2, WANG Jian-min1,2, SUN Bao-gang1,2, CHEN Xiao-ming1,2**, YANG Zi-xiang1,2, DUAN Zhao-yao3
    2012, 31(5):  1070-1076. 
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    Plant community is formed under the combined action of plant and environment. In the formation and development of plant community, landform and climatic factors play important roles. On the basis of plant community investigation, and by using detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA), this paper analyzed the effects of each landform and climatic factor on the plant species number, distribution structure, and diversity in different strata of Pinus yunnanensisforest. The DCCA ordination efficiency for the tree layer, shrub layer, and herb layer was very significant (P<0.01). The effects of environmental factors on the plant species diversity and distribution were in the order of mean precipitation in summer (from May to Sept.), annual temperature range, and mean annual precipitation for tree layer, mean precipitation in summer, mean annual precipitation, and frostfree days for shrub layer, and frost-free days, elevation, and mean precipitation in summer for herb layer. Human disturbances had great effects on shrub layer but little effects on tree and herb layers.
    Fruit and seed traits of endangered species Magnolia officinalis subsp.biloba.
    YANG Xu, YANG Zhi-ling**, WANG Jie, TAN Guo-yin
    2012, 31(5):  1077-1081. 
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    Magnolia officinalis subsp.bilobais an endangered plant in China. This paper studied the fruit and seed traits of different M. officinalis subsp.biloba populations, aimed to understand why this plant species is endangered. M. officinalis subsp.biloba fruited less, with the average number of fruits per plant being 3.19. There were significant differences in the fruit traits among different populations, and the variation mainly came from both among and within the individuals. The mean variance components of fruit characters were higher than those of seed characters, indicating that fruit was easily affected by the environment. The fruit characters had significant correlations with crown density and soil nutrient contents, and the seed characters including diameter, weight, and thickness had negative correlation with altitude but poor correlation with habitat and soil conditions. The low fruiting rate per plant and the low seed production rate per fruit could be the main factors causing the endangering of M. officinalis subsp. biloba.
    Responses of meadow community structure and diversity to management mode: A case study in Hongsongwa Natural Reserve.
    LIU Hai-feng1,2**, LI Lian-fang3
    2012, 31(5):  1082-1087. 
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    Management mode has important effects on the meadow community structure and diversity. Taking the National Hongsongwa Natural Reserve as test site, a comparative study was made on the responses of meadow community structure and diversity in the experimental area, buffer area, and core area to different management modes. The community coverage in the experimental area was significantly higher than that in the buffer and core areas (P<0.05), but the community height had less difference. The community density in the core area was significantly larger than that in the experimental and buffer areas (P<0.05), and the litter amount had significant differences among the three areas (P<0.05). The aboveground biomass in the experimental area was significantly lower than that in the buffer and core areas (P<0.05), while the underground biomass in the core area was significantly higher than that in the experimental and buffer areas (P<0.05). In the three areas, underground biomass was mainly distributed in the 0-10 cm soil layer, and decreased with soil depth. In the experimental and core areas, plant roots were mainly distributed in surface soil, but the relative depth differed. In the experimental and buffer areas, dominant species were more in number; while in the core area, dominant species were fewer and presented a concentrated distribution. The Shannon index was in the order of buffer area > experimental area > core area, while the Margalef index was in the sequence of buffer area > core area > experimental area.
    Decomposition and its affecting factors of Stipa baicalensis shoot tissues collected at different months.
    ZHANG Cai-hong1,2, ZHANG Lei-ming1, LIU Xing-ren1,2, XIN Xiao-ping3, LI Sheng-gong1**
    2012, 31(5):  1088-1096. 
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    The nutrient contents in plant tissues have a seasonal variation during the process of plant growth. Aiming at this feature, the shoot tisses (induding stems and leaves) of Stipa baicalensis were collected in growth season (from May to September, 2009), and their decomposition characteristics and related affecting factors were studied by using litterbags. The shoot tissues collected in different months had obvious difference in their decomposition rates, being decreased in the order of May > June > July > August > September. The decomposition rates of the substrates were significantly positively correlated with their initial nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, potassium, magnesium, and manganese contents, significantly negatively correlated with their initial carbon content and C∶N, but less correlated with their initial calcium content and N∶P. There was an obvious correlation between the soil microbial biomass nitrogen and the remaining mass of the substrates. In addition, the soil microbial biomass nitrogen had obvious correlations with the substrate carbon and nitrogen contents. The mass loss of the substrates had significant positive correlation with soil moisture content but weak correlation with soil temperature, suggesting that precipitation change could affect litter decomposition via affecting soil moisture content.
    Phytoplankton composition and its relationships with environmental factors at Zhangzhou section of western Jiulong River.
    HUANG Xu-guang1,2**, LI Shun-xin1, ZENG Xian-xin1
    2012, 31(5):  1097-1103. 
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    From the viewpoints of species composition and biomass (size-fractionated chlorophyll a), an investigation was conducted on the phytoplankton composition at Zhangzhou section of Western Jiulong River during wet, normal, and dry seasons in 2010, with the relationships between the phytoplankton composition and environmental factors analyzed and the water quality assessed. In the study area, the proportion of picoplankton biomass to the total phytoplankton biomass had significant positive correlation with water temperature (P<0.05), and the proportion of microphytoplankton biomass to the total biomass had negative correlation with water total nitrogen (P<0.05). A total of 59 species belonging to 7 phyla were identified. The phytoplankton species composition and abundance varied with seasons and sites. In wet season, the proportion of Cyanobacteria increased (P<0.05), while that of Dinoflagellates decreased (P<0.05), as compared with those in dry season. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that water temperature and nutrients contents were the main environmental factors affecting the phytoplankton community composition and biomass at the Zhangzhou section of western Jiulong River.  
    Suitable temperature and light intensity for culturing five species of freshwater microalgae.
    YAN Jia-qi, HUANG Xu-xiong, TAO Yan, WEN Wen, LIU Lin-lin, ZENG Bei-bei
    2012, 31(5):  1104-1110. 
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    In this study, five species of microalgae (Chlorococcumsp.SHOU-F3, Ankistrodesmus sp. SHOU-F33, Chlorellasp.SHOU-F46, Coelastrum sphaericumSHOU-F10, and Scenedesmus sp. SHOU-FX) were isolated from freshwater, and a culture experiment was conducted to determine the optimal water temperature and light intensity for the five microalgae. The biochemical compositions of these microalgae were also analyzed. For the Chlorococcumsp. SHOU-F3,Ankistrodesmus sp. SHOU-F33, Chlorellasp. SHOU-F46, C. sphaericum SHOU-F10, and Scenedesmus sp. SHOU-FX, the optimal water temperature was 29.8, 23.5, 31.4, 34.4, and 24.7 ℃, and the optimal light intensity was 16, 119, 42, 82, and 106 umol·m-2·s-1, respectively. Under the suitable culture conditions, Chlorococcum sp. SHOU-F3 cells had the highest contents of pigments, protein, and carbohydrates, while Ankistrodesmus sp. SHOU-F33 cells had the highest content of total lipid.
    Responses of potato planting allocation in Gansu Province of Northwest China to regional climate change.
    WANG He-ling1,2**, WANG Run-yuan1, ZHANG Qiang1, LUXiao-dong3, NIU Jun-yi2, ZHAO Hong1
    2012, 31(5):  1111-1116. 
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    Based on the 1961-2008 meteorological observation data from ground meteorological stations and the growth conditions of potato across Gansu Province, the grid series with a high resolution of 500 m ×500 m was calculated by small grids reckoning models. The climatic allocation index for potato planting was established, and, in combining with geographic information and using GIS technology, the potato planting in the Province under gradual climate change was allocated. From 1961 to 2008, due to the climate change, the highly suitable and suitable planting areas of potato in the Province decreased by 35% and 3% while the sub-suitable and fair planting areas increased by 18.5% and 6.6%, respectively, and the unsuitable planting area reduced by 2.0%. According to the regional climate characteristics, it was suggested that the allocation of potato planting should be adjusted. The date of planting potato should be properly adjusted to escape the frost in spring, the high-temperature harm at tuber-forming stage, and the drought in summer. Various agricultural measures should be adopted, the area for potato planting should be enlarged, and multi-cropping index should be increased. It was expected that with the future global warming, the potato’s growth period, tuber yield, and planting allocation in the Province would be further affected. This study could provide scientific reference for the potato production and its adaptation to climate change in Gansu Province.
    Effects of light quality on dry matter production and partitioning index of greenhouse sweet pepper.
    YANG Zai-qiang1,2**, ZHAO Xiang1, SU Tian-xing1, ZHOU Zhi-long1, ZHU Kai1, PENG Xiao-dan1
    2012, 31(5):  1117-1122. 
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    Taking sweet pepper cultivar Shujiao 13 as test material, a greenhouse experiment with different color (white, red, yellow, blue, green, and purple) plastic films was conducted in 2010 to study the effects of light quality on the cultivar’s dry matter formation and its partitioning. In all treatments, the correlation between the dry matter production per unit area (Wt) and the daily photosynthetic active radiation integral intercepted by plant canopy (PARi, MJ·m-2) was accorded with exponential function Wt=22.07×e0.0054λPARi. The plant total dry weight per unit area, fruit dry matter partitioning index (DMPI), fruit harvest index (HI), and fruit yield per unit area were the highest under red film but the lowest under purple film, the stem DMPI was the highest under blue film but the lowest under red film, the leaf DMPI was obviously higher under blue, green, and purple films than under red and yellow films, whereas the shoot DMPI had no significant difference among the treatments. It was considered that red and yellow films could promote the dry matter accumulation and fruit growth, while purple and blue films had obvious inhibitory effects. This study could provide a decision-making support for the light quality selection and environment optimization for the sweet pepper cultivation in greenhouse.
    Effects of NaCl stress on free polyamine level in vegetable-use soybean leaves at podding stage.
    WANG Cong**, YANG Heng-shan, DONG Yong-yi, JIA Jun-ying
    2012, 31(5):  1123-1128. 
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    Taking two vegetableuse soybean \[Glycine max(L.) Merr.)\] cultivars with different salt tolerance as test materials, a vermiculite culture experiment was conducted to study their dry matter accumulation, fresh pod yield per plant, and leaf free polyamine level at podding stage under the stress of 100 mmol NaCl·L-1. For the two cultivars, their dry mass and fresh pod yield per plant were decreased significantly under the NaCl stress, and the decrements for saltresistant cultivar “Lülingtezao” were lower than those for salt-susceptible cultivar “Lixianggaochan 95.1”. As compared with “Lixianggaochan 95.1”, “Lülingtezao” had relatively lower leaf H2O2 and free putrescine (Put) contents and relatively higher leaf free spermidine (Spd) content during the period of NaCl stress, and maintained relatively higher leaf free spermine (Spm) content and (Spd+Spm)/Put ratio and relatively lower leaf Put/PAs ratio in the 6-15 days of the NaCl stress. All the results suggested that “Lülingtezao” leaves possessed stronger capability for the transformation of free Put to free Spd and free Spm, and maintained lower free Put content but higher free Spd and free Spm contents, which effectively inhibited the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen.
    Effects of reduced UV-B radiation on the variation of fluecured tobacco proteome.
    CHEN Zong-yu1**, BI Ting2, WU Xiao-xiao1
    2012, 31(5):  1129-1135. 
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    To understand the effects of different UV-B radiation intensity on the physiological metabolism and its regulatory pathways of flue-cured tobacco, twodimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrum technique was adopted to study the physiological traits and protein expression profiles of Nicotina tobaccumL.cv. “K326”, a flue-tobacco cultivar commonly planted in Yunnan Province, under the covering of different transparent films to reduce UV-B radiation. Two treatments were installed, i.e., covering with polyethylene (treatment I, 75.8% UV-B radiation intensity) and Mylar (treatment II, 37.5% UV-B radiation intensity). In the two treatments, ten protein spots expressed significantly different. As compared in treatment I, five protein spots were upregulated while the other five were down-regulated in treatment II. Among the ten protein spots, three were redox-related, three were photosynthesisrelated, one was a kinase involved in energy metabolism, one was RNA-binding, and the other two were to be further identified. A preliminary research was also made on the effects of different UV-B radiation intensity on the physiological metabolism of “K326” at proteome level. During the physiological mature period, transition period, and process mature period of “K326”, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was significantly higher in treatment II than in treatment I, which was in accordance with the result mentioned above (three up-regulated proteins related with photosynthesis in treatment II). Comparatively, the “K326” in treatment I grew faster, and most of the morphological parameters such as stem girth and specific leaf mass were higher.
    Responses of signal transduction substances of Didymodon vinealis  and Bryum argenteum  in biological soil crust to gradual drought stress.
    SHI Yong1,2, YANG Xiao-ju1,2, ZHAO Xin1,2**, LI Xin-rong1
    2012, 31(5):  1136-1142. 
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    Didymodon vinealis andBryum argenteum were sampled from biological soil crusts to study the responses of their signal transduction substances to gradual drought stress. With increasing drought stress, the activities of TP H+ATPase and PM H+ATPase in D. vinealis and B. argenteum increased. As a result, the K+ content and turgor pressure increased, and the biosynthesis of drought resistance signal transduction substances were stimulated. ABA had no obvious effects on the signal transduction mechanisms of D. vinealisand B. argenteum. NO was involved in the signal transduction mechanisms of B. argenteum, but had no obvious effects on D. vinealis. Ca2+ played an important role in the signal transduction mechanisms of D. vinealis,butdid not forB. argenteum.
    Functional diversity of soil microbial communities in Stipa baicalensis steppe in Inner Mongolia as affected by different land use patterns.
    ZHANG Hai-fang1,2, LI Gang1, SONG Xiao-long1, LIU Hong-mei1, ZHANG Jing-ni1, YANG Dian-lin1**, ZHAO Shu-lan2, DUO Li-an2
    2012, 31(5):  1143-1149. 
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    By using Biolog-ECO technique, this paper studied the variations of the functional diversity of soil microbial communities in Stipa baicalensissteppe under effects of different land use patterns (grazing, mowing, and fencing). Different land use patterns changed the metabolic activities of the soil microbial communities significantly. The average well color development which directly reflected the microbial activities changed in the order of fencing > grazing > mowing. Under the effects of the land use patterns, the diversity indices of the microbial communities varied. The richness index (H), evenness index (E), and dominance index (D) were the highest under grazing, followed by under fencing and mowing. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the carbon source utilization mode and metabolic function of the microbial communities were similar under grazing and mowing, but differed from those under fencing. Carbohydrates, amino acids, intermediate metabolites, and secondary metabolites were the main carbon sources utilized by the microbial communities. This study showed that different land use patterns changed the functional diversity of the soil microbial communities in the Stipa baicalensis steppe in Inner Mongolia.
    Effect of plant diversity on nitrate removal in simulated constructed wetlands.
    XU Xi-zhen1, HUANG Cheng-cai2, XU Qing-shan3, JIANG Qin-su1, GU Bao-jing1, CHANG Jie1, GE Ying1
    2012, 31(5):  1150-1156. 
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    To study the effects of plant diversity on the nitrogen removal efficiency in constructed wetland, a simulated constructed wetland with monoculture and mixed planting of four plant species was established, and nitrate was supplied periodically to simulate the sewage nitrogen inflow. In the mixed planting system, the effluent nitrate concentration was significantly lower than that in monoculture system (P<0.05), but the substrate nitrogen and plant nitrogen had no significant difference between the monoculture and mixed planting systems. The denitrification rate in the mixed planting system was higher than that in the monoculture system. The nitrogen removal efficiency in monoculture system Coix lacrymajobi was significantly higher than that in the monoculture systems Typha angustifolia,Phragmites australis, andAcorus calamus, and no significant differences were observed between the latter three monoculture systems. This study showed that higher nitrogen removal from constructed wetlands could be achieved by mixed planting of multiple species with high nutrient removal efficiency.
    Effects of plant diversity on ammonium removal in simulated constructed wetland. 
    ZHANG Pei-li1, CHEN Zheng-xin1, QIU Zhi2, LIU Yu1, WANG Hai1, GU Bao-jing1, GE Ying1, CHANG Jie1**
    2012, 31(5):  1157-1164. 
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    To understand the effects of plant diversity on the nitrogen removal and nitrification in constructed wetlands,  simulated constructed wetlands with monoculture and mixed planting of four kinds of plants were constructed, and ammonium nitrogen was taken as the sole inflowing nitrogen loading. In the mixed planting system, both the effluent inorganic nitrogen concentration and the effluent ammonium nitrogen concentration were lower than those in the monoculture system (3.41 mg·L-1 vs. 7.20 mg·L-1, and 1.35  mg·L-1 vs. 4.11 mg·L-1, respectively;P<0.05), but the ratio of NO3-/NH4+ concentration was greater than that in the monoculture system (1.55 vs. 0.80, P<0.05), indicating that mixed planting enhanced the nitrification in the simulated constructed wetlands. The substrate inorganic nitrogen accumulation in the mixed planting system was lower than that in the monoculture system (1455 mg·m-2 vs. 2235 mg·m-2, P<0.05), suggesting that the complementary resource use might occur in the mixed planting system. Based on the mass-balance approaches, the plant nitrogen uptake in the mixed planting system had a greater contribution rate to the total inorganic nitrogen removal than in the monoculture system (48% vs. 31%, P<0.05), and the nitrogen removal by the plant aboveground parts also presented the similar trend (33% vs. 20%, P<0.05). The substrate nitrogen accumulation had an opposite trend to  the plant nitrogen uptake,  with 5% in mixed planting system and 9% in monoculture system (P<0.05). As compared with those in monoculture system, the denitrification, ammonia volatilization, and microbial nitrogen immobilization in the mixed planting system had lower contribution rates to the nitrogen removal.
    Characteristics of soil water-soluble organic carbon under four different land use patterns in coastal area of northern Jiangsu.
    WANG Ming-hui1, WANG Guo-bing1, RUAN Hong-hua1**, XIE Tao1, XU Chang-bai2, XU Ya-ming2, ZHAO Xiao-long2, XU Han-mei1
    2012, 31(5):  1165-1170. 
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    Soil water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is the most active component in soil carbon cycling. The change of land use pattern can greatly affect the composition and structure of soil organic carbon, and further, affect the exchange features between atmospheric and soil carbon. Taking the soils under four different land use patterns (cropland, poplar land, compound crop-poplar management, and meadow) in coastal area of northern Jiangsu as test objects, the variations of their WSOC were determined, and the correlations of the WSOC with soil total organic carbon (TOC), readily oxidation carbon (ROC), and some other soil physical and chemical properties were analyzed. There existed significant positive correlations between the soil WSOC and the soil TOC, total nitrogen, and ROC, and significant negative correlations between the soil WSOC and the soil C/N, pH, and bulk density. The soil WSOC content decreased with increasing depth, which had the same variation trend as soil TOC. In different soil layers, the WSOC content had little difference among the land use patterns. In cropland and meadow, the WSOC content had significant difference between 0-10 cm and 10-25 cm soil layers; under compound poplar-crop agroforestry system, the WSOC content had significant difference between 10-25 cm and 25-40 cm soil layers.  
    Seasonal variation patterns of soil labile organic carbon in poplar plantations with different ages in northern Jiangsu.
    XIE Tao1, ZHENG A-bao1,2, WANG Guo-bing1, RUAN Hong-hua1**, XU Ya-ming3, XU Chang-bai3, GE Zhi-wei1
    2012, 31(5):  1171-1178. 
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    Soil labile organic carbon is the most active and important component in the global carbon cycle. To understand the seasonal variations of soil labile organic carbon and their main controlling factors in the poplar (Populus euramericana cv. I.72) plantations in coastal area of northern Jiangsu, five poplar plantations of 4-, 8-, 12-, 15- and 20-years old were selected as study sites, with the water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), temperature, and moisture in 0-10, 10-25, and 25-40 cm soil layers determined. Overall, the soil WSOC and MBC in the plantations were higher in spring and summer, but lower in autumn and winter, especially in 0-10 cm soil layer. The WSOC was the maximum in spring and the minimum in autumn, while the MBC was the maximum in summer and the minimum in autumn or winter. The WSOC was significantly correlated with the MBC, but the WSOC and MBC had less correlation with soil temperature and soil moisture. The seasonal variations of the WSOC and MBC were not only affected by the seasonal variations of soil temperature and soil moisture, but also affected by the soil physical and chemical properties and the seasonal changes of ground-cover.
    Amelioration of soda saline-alkali soil through equidistant slotting in combining with gypsum application.
    XU Lu1,2, WANG Zhi-chun1**, ZHAO Chang-wei1, WANG Yun-he1, SUN Xiao-jing1, WEI Bo-wei1, CAO Li-li3, ZHU Ming-wei1
    2012, 31(5):  1179-1185. 
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    A field plot experiment was conducted to examine the effectiveness of equidistant slotting in combining with gypsum application on the amelioration of soda saline-alkali soil in the west Songnen Plain of Northeast China. Equidistant slotting at the soil depth 20-40 cm and 1 m apart could significantly decrease the degree of soil compaction within the slotted area, as compared with the control (un-slotting), and also, had definite effect in decreasing the soil compactness between the slotted areas. Slotting combined with gypsum application improved the soil chemical properties, with significant difference in soil pH and exchangeable sodium percentage but little difference in soil electrical conductivity between gypsum and nogypsum treatments. Slotting and subsoiling had little effects on soil chemical properties within the slotted areas. Phosphogypsum and desulfurized gypsum had little difference in ameliorating the soda saline-alkali soil. This study showed that slotting in combining with gypsum application could effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of soda saline-alkali soil and the plant growth within the slotted area, and had definite effect in ameliorating soil properties and in promoting plant growth between the slotted areas.
    Community structure and gradient distribution of macrobenthos in a riparian ecological restoration pilot area of Taihu Lake.
    SHEN Chen1, LIU Mao-song1**, XU Chi1, TANG Hao1, WANG Lei2, HUANG Cheng1
    2012, 31(5):  1186-1193. 
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    In order to understand the relationships between habitat gradient and macrobenthos composition, a field investigation was conducted on the macrobenthos community in three different habitats, i.e., riparian zone with emerged vegetation (zone Ⅰ), lakebay zone with submerged vegetation (zone Ⅱ), and open water zone outside the weir (zone Ⅲ), in a riparian ecological restoration pilot area of Gonghu Bay, Taihu Lake in 2010-2011. A total of 18 macrobenthos species were identified, of which, 7 species only existed in one habitat type, and 5 of the other 11 species had significant difference in abundance across the habitat gradient. As for the distribution of the functional feeding groups of macrobenthos, significant differences were observed among the habitat types. Scrapers had the highest relative abundance in zone Ⅰ, while gathercollectors and filtercollectors had the highest relative abundance in zone Ⅱ and zone Ⅲ, respectively. The redundancy analysis on the effects of water quality on the macrobenthos composition showed that annelids and aquatic insects were positively correlated with water DO, NO3--N, and PO43--P, while mollusks were negatively correlated with water NO3--N and PO43--P. Some mollusks were able to endure the stress from low DO, and correlated positively with water NH4+-N and COD. Overall, the differences in the hydraulic conditions, water quality, and substrates among the three habitat types had great effects on the distribution of macrobenthos, leading to the formation of three macrobenthos communities with significant differences in life form and feeding attributes.
    Fish community structure in intertidal area of Acipenser sinensis Natural Reserve in Yangtze River estuary.
    YANG Gang1,2, HONG Qiao-qiao1,3, ZHANG Tao1, HOU Jun-li1, ZHI Yu-long1,2, ZHUANG Long-zhen1**
    2012, 31(5):  1194-1201. 
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    In order to understand the utilization of intertidal water area by fishes, an investigation with fyke was conducted on the fish community structure in the intertidal area of Acipenser sinensis Natural Reserve in Yangtze River estuary in May, August and November 2010. A total of 28 fish species belonging to 16 families and 10 orders were collected, among which, Lateolabrax maculates, Liza haematocheila, and Cynoglossus gracilis were the dominant species. Cypriniformes had the largest species number, followed by Perciformes. The fish communities could be classified into 6 ecological groups, i.e., estuarine species, marine stragglers, catadromous species, anadromous species, marine migrants, and freshwater species, and the estuarine species and marine migrants took up distinct advantage. Cluster analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the fish communities in autumn and in springsummer, and L. haematocheila, L. maculates, and Acanthogobius ommaturuscontributed greatest to the seasonal difference. PCA indicated that the fish communities in summer were mainly determined by marine migrants, while those in autumn were mainly determined by estuarine species. The differences in the feeding and growth of the juveniles of the marine migrants and estuarine fishes could be the main reason for the significant seasonal difference in the fish communities in the study area.  
    Effects of foraging experience of root vole maternity on food selection of offspring.
    LI Jun-nian**, YANG Dong-mei, TAO Shuang-lun, DENG Kai-dong
    2012, 31(5):  1202-1206. 
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    Social learning is a phenotype of plastic behavior of animals, which enables the individuals to acquire adaptive behavior patterns suitable for local habitats. However, the transmission of food preference from vole maternity to its offspring has largely been ignored. Taking the root vole in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau as test object, a laboratory experiment was conducted, with the foods treated with 0.01% glucide or 0.1% fruit juice supplied to the vole maternity during its late pregnancy period and lactation, and to the offspring after weaned, aimed to observe the food preferences of the offspring. The results demonstrated that the weaned voles preferred the food  items  that their mothers had during pregnancy and lactation. Root vole lived in the environment with dramatic seasonal variation, and, for the weaned voles, learning the food preferences of their mothers was a phenotype of plastic behavior, being advantageous to acquire the adaptive behaviorpatterns suitable for local habitats.
    Characterization of riparian insect communities in Lingang New Town of Shanghai.
    YE Shui-song1,2, WANG Han-qiang1, CHEN Ying1, FANG Yan1, LI Kai1,2**
    2012, 31(5):  1207-1213. 
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    Lingang New Town is a rapidly developing coastal zone in Shanghai metropolitan region. To understand the characteristics of the riparian insect communities in the zone under effects of urbanization, an investigation was conducted in different habitats and seasons from October 2009 to September 2010. A total of 7755 insect individuals were collected, belonging to 199 species, 84 families, and 13 orders. Hemiptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera were the dominant groups, occupying 37.7%, 23.5%, and 16.5%, respectively. 11.2% of the individuals were of aquatic insects, and occupied a small portion (12.1%) of the total species. The species diversity was the highest in plantation, with a Shannon diversity index value of 1.73, followed by in secondary forest (1.69), green land (1.48), wasteland (1.46), and farmland (1.42). Seasonal variation and habitat type had great effects on the insect individual number, species number, abundance, and evenness. According to the feeding behavior, the riparian insects could be classified into 6 kinds,i.e., herbivorous, predacious, parasitic, saprophagous, flowervisiting, and polyphagous, among which, herbivorous insects were predominant in both total species number (62.8%) and total individual number (55.5%). The lower proportions of the other feeding insects could be resulted from the human disturbances and the replacement of native vegetation in the riparian zone.
    Moth community structure and diversity in three forest types in Changbai Mountains of Northeast China.
    WANG Zhen1,2, JI Lan-zhu1**, ZHANG Yue1,2, YI Xue-mei1,2
    2012, 31(5):  1214-1220. 
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    Broadleaved Korean pine forest, birch forest, and larch forest were selected to compare the moth community structure and diversity in Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. In the three forest types, the proportional allocation of moth families (subfamiles) was apparently different. In broadleaved Korean pine forest, Geometridae was absolutely dominant, occupying 47.0% of the total, followed by Notodontidae, occupying 9.3%. The dominant species was Eustroma changi, occurring at 17.2%. As for the total species number and total individual number, the moth species richness, abundance, and diversity index in birch forest were significantly higher, but the moth dominance index in this forest was the lowest, as compared with those in broadleaved Korean pine forest and larch forest. The moth dominant species in birch forest wereSerraca punctinalis conferenda, Deileptenia ribeata, and Lomographa bimaculata subnotata. In larch forest, the species abundance of Arctiidae, Thyatiridae, and Lasiocampidae was higher than that in broadleaved Korean pine forest and birch forest, and the dominant species was Bombycia ampliata.
    (1Laboratory of Insect Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; 2Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; 3Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China)
    DING Qian1, LIAO Yong-lin1,2, WU Wei-jian1**, FU Yue-guan1,3
    2012, 31(5):  1221-1224. 
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    The waxy spirals produced by female Aleurodicus dispersus during oviposition could be a chemical barrier against some herbivorous insects such as Stephanitis typica. In this paper, a laboratory leaf disc bioassay was conducted to study the antifeedant activities of aromatic esters, phenol, and hydrocarbon in the female A. dispersesecreted waxes against 5th-instar S. typica nymph. At concentration 10 mg·mL-1, the dibutyl phthalate in the secreted waxes had strong anntifeedant activity, followed by 3,5-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-benzenepropanoic acid methyl ester, di-n-octyl phthalate, and hexadecane, while 4,4′-methylenebis \[2,6-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)\] phenol had no antifeedant activity. The antifeedant activity of dibutyl phthalate increased with its increasing concentrations, and the median antifeedant concentration against theS. typica was 0.929  mg·mL-1. The results implied that the aromatic esters
     from the waxy spirals exhibited significant antifeedant activity. These findings provided a new evidence for the interspecific interactions in phytophagous insects.
    Scanning electron microscopy on antennal sensilla of yellow-spined bamboo locust Ceracris kiangsu (Orthoptera: Oedipodidae).
    TENG Ying1, SHU Jin-ping1**, LIU Jian1, LIN Yu-hong2, XU Tian-sen1, WANG Hao-jie1
    2012, 31(5):  1225-1232. 
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    Yellow-spined bamboo locust Ceracris kiangsu is an important bamboo pest in South China. To better understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of the pest ‘urine puddling’ behavior, scanning electron microscopy was employed to examine the type, number, external morphology, and distribution ofC. kiangsu adults antennal sensilla, and the differences in these aspects between male and female adults were compared. The antennae of male and female C. kiangsu were filiform in shape, and consisted of 1 scape, 1 pedicel, and 23 flagellomeres. The length and width of the antennae were similar between the males and females (P>0.05). Six types of sensilla were recorded for the males and females, including sensilla trichodea Ⅰ, sensilla trichodea Ⅱ, sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica Ⅰ, sensilla basiconica Ⅱ, and sensilla coeloconica. The sensilla basiconica had the largest number, occupying about 53% of the total, and concentrated on the 8th-21st flagellar segments. Both the males and the females had the similar distribution characteristics of each sensilla on the antennae. The total number of the males sensilla was significantly higher than that of the females sensilla (P<0.05), and the males had a significant larger number of sensilla basiconica and sensilla coeloconica, as compared with the females (P<0.05).
    Effects of arsenic speciation on the phytochelatins (PCs) synthesis by Hydrilla verticillata.
    LI Hong-mei, WANG Hong-bin, WANG Hai-juan, SONG Yan-hui, ZHONG Zheng-yan
    2012, 31(5):  1233-1240. 
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    A hydroponic experiment was conducted to study the effects of different arsenic species \[As(III), As(V), and DMA\] at five concentrations (0, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg·L-1) on the arsenic uptake and phytochelatins (PCs) synthesis by Hydrilla verticillata. The PCs contents were identified by reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). H. verticillata had an obvious arsenic uptake and accumulation. Low concentrations arsenic promoted the growth of H. verticillata, and the uptake of As(III) by H. verticillata was significantly higher than that of As(V) or DMA. As(III) and As(V) promoted the synthesis of GSH, PC2, and PC4 significantly, and the synthesis was significantly positively correlated with the arsenic concentration in H. verticillata(P<0.05). DMA had little effects on the synthesis of PCs, with a detectable synthesis only at 0.3 mg·L-1 of DMA. With increasing concentration of As(III), the synthesis of GSH and PC2 decreased after an initial increase, but the synthesis of PC4 increased. With the increasing concentration of As(V), the synthesis of GSH increased first and decreased then, while the synthesis of PC2and PC4 presented an increasing trend. Very few PC3 was synthesized in all treatments except at 0.3 mg·L-1 of the test arsenic species. This study indicated that the synthesis of PCs was sensitive to the stress of As(III) and As(V), and the PCs could be used as an biomarker indicating the stress of these two As species onH. verticillata.
    Pollution status and biogas-producing potential of livestock and poultry excrements in China.
    ZHANG Tian1, BU Mei-dong2**, GENG Wei3
    2012, 31(5):  1241-1249. 
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    In order to make clear the discharged amount, pollution status, and biogas-producing potential of the livestock and poultry excrements in China, the main parameters for estimation were ascertained based on relevant references, and the discharged amount, pollutant contents, and farmland loading of the excrements in 2009 were estimated, according to the related statistic data. The farmland loading of the excrements nitrogen and phosphorus was assessed by alarming values and classification grades, and the biogasproducing potential of the excrements was predicted. In 2009, the discharged amount of the excrements in China was 330 million tons, with 72.7 million tons of BOD and 80.4 million tons of COD, and the average farmland loading of the excrements was 26.8 kg·hm-2, with the nitrogen and phosphorus loadings being 158.42 kg·hm-2 and 47.92 kg·hm-2, respectively. The alarming and classification grading showed that the livestock and poultry breeding industry in China had little effects on the environment in pastoral areas, but the manure nitrogen caused varying degrees of environmental pollution in rural areas except those in Shanxi and Heilongjiang provinces, and the manure phosphorus pollution existed in all rural areas. The biogasproducing potential of the excrements was 1.2×1011 m3, and that in large- and medium-sized livestock and poultry breeding farms was responsible for 2.4×1010 m3, corresponding to about 1.35×1010 m3 of natural gas. To fully use the excrements for biogas production would be an important way for environmental protection and energy source structural adjustment.
    Spatiotemporal change and its ecological risk of landscape pattern in different spatial scales in Zhalong Nature Reserve.
    ZHANG Ying, LEI Guo-ping**, LIN Jia, ZHANG Hui
    2012, 31(5):  1250-1256. 
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    To study the regional ecological risk under landscape pattern change can provide important scientific basis for protecting the health of regional landscape ecosystem and realizing the reasonable and sustainable utilization of regional resources. Selecting Zhalong Nature Reserve as study area, and using remote sensing to obtain the information of landscape types, this paper quantitatively analyzed the characteristics of the spatiotemporal change of the Reserve’s landscape pattern and its evolution in different spatial scales. According to the characteristics of the landscape change, the index of the landscape ecological risk was established, and the spatiotemporal change characteristics of the landscape ecological risk under spatial scale change in different periods were analyzed. From 1995 to 2010, the overall landscape pattern and the pattern of each landscape type in the Reserve changed significantly in different scales, and showed different change characteristics. The landscape ecological risk in the study area decreased with the increase of spatial grain. The comparative analysis of the data in two different periods showed that the landscape ecological risk in the Reserve increased, and the risk’s spatial distribution presented ring and diffusion characteristics. According to the size of the study area and the complexity of the landscape pattern, an appropriate scale domain for the research on landscape pattern and landscape ecological risk was determined.  
    Landscape driving mechanism and its evolution of agricultural land change in Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province of East China.
    HUANG Tao, LIU Mao-song**, XU Chi, CHEN Hao, SHEN Chen, TANG Hao
    2012, 31(5):  1257-1264. 
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    To reveal the spatiotemporal variations of the driving factors of agricultural land reduction hotspots (ALRHs), the dynamic changes of agricultural land in Wuxi City in 1995-2010 and related driving mechanisms were studied by using multitemporal Landsat TM data, neighborhood analysis, and Logistic regression model. From 1995 to 2010, the agricultural land area in the study region decreased persistently, and the ALRHs were mainly distributed in major cities and towns, with the spatial pattern of the ALRHs being characterized by three distinct transitional phases, i.e., scattered distribution (1995-2001), relatively concentrated distribution (2001-2005), and more decentralized distribution (2005-2010). Accessibility factors presented highly consistent effects on the ALRHs across the study period. The reduction rate of agricultural land was enhanced with increasing accessibility. Socioeconomic factors had strong effects on the ALRHs, but their correlations with the ALRHs showed apparent spatial and temporal variations. In contrast, physical factors such as topography had relatively weak effects on the ALRHs, but their effects were relatively significant across different landscape locations and study periods. Overall, the primary driving forces of the ALRHs in Wuxi region changed from physical and geographical factors (e.g., accessibility and topography) to socioeconomic factors (e.g., industrial productivity and per capita income). Along with landscape ontogenesis, socioeconomic factors played an increasingly important role in the agricultural land change.
    Meteorological sensitivity and meteorological services economic benefit of regional agricultural economy.
    YU Geng-kang1, LUO Yan2, GAO Ping1, ZHAO Xiao-yan3, HUANG Liang1, XU Min1
    2012, 31(5):  1265-1271. 
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    Based on the meteorological and social-economic statistical data in 1982-2009, and by using agricultural economy-climate model (C-D-C model), this paper analyzed the meteorological sensitivity of the agricultural economy in three representative areas (Luhe District of Nanjing, Xinhua County of Taizhou, and Pizhou County of Xuzhou) of Jiangsu Province. A new model for assessing the economic benefit of agrometeorological services was developed to evaluate the agrometeorological services economic benefit in these areas. There existed somewhat differences in the key meteorological factors and crucial periods affecting the agricultural economy outputs among the three areas, but air temperature had significant positive effects on the agricultural economy outputs in all areas while precipitation had significant negative effects in Luhe District. With the newly developed assessment model, the contributions of various key meteorological factors to the agro-meteorological services were quantified, and the calculation showed that the economic benefit of agrometeorological services in Luhe, Xinhua, and Pizhou in 2009 was about 97.2, 113.0, and 84.5 million Yuan, respectively.
    Disaster characteristics of harmful algal bloom and its early warning management in Shandong coastal waters.
    2012, 31(5):  1272-1281. 
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    To understand the spatiotemporal distribution of harmful algal bloom (HAB) is the basis for the monitoring and prevention management of this disaster. In this paper, the data of 76 HAB events happened in Shandong coastal waters from 1990 to 2010 were analyzed, showing that the frequency of the disaster’s events could be evidently divided into four phases, and the peaks presented an increasing trend. The area this disaster happened appeared as periodic inverted U curve. The HAB happened frequently from May to October in each year, and the HAB events happened in August accounted for more than 30% of the total. Most of the events happened in Laizhou Bay, Qingdao coast, and Beihuangcheng waters, and the frequency of the events was the highest in Sishili Bay. The disaster caused by Noctiluca scintillans andPhaeocystis globosa occupied the largest area, and the frequency of the disaster caused by Noctiluca scintillans and Gymnodinium sanguineum was the highest. The early warning management of the HAB in Shandong Province was introduced from the aspects of monitoring system, forecasting methods, and management mechanism, and the prevention and control measures were proposed based on this study. It was suggested that the pollution control and ecological remediation could be the fundamental solution.
    Effects of wind field on spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a concentration in Taihu Lake.
    XU Xia-zhen1, QIAN Hao-zhong2, ZHAO Qiao-hua3
    2012, 31(5):  1282-1287. 
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    Chlorophyll-a concentration is an important parameter in assessing water environment. Based on the 20 times investigation data at 32 stations in Taihu Lake in 2005-2009 and the Lake wind fields simulated by meteorological data, this paper explored the effects of the wind fields on the spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a in the Lake. The results showed that the high-value center of chlorophyll-a was in the northwestern Taihu Lake, Zhunshan Bay, and Meiliang Bay, while the lower value was distributed in southeastern Taihu Lake. In whole year, the wind direction was mainly southeast, and the wind was stronger in the south but weaker in the north of the Lake. Wind field had obvious effects on the translocation of chlorophyll-a. Under the action of the wind fields, the chlorophyll-a concentration transported gradually to the northwest and north of Taihu Lake, and accordingly, the chlorophyll-a concentration in these areas was generally higher.  
    Assessment of river habitat quality in Yixing district of Taihu Lake basin.
    LIU Hua, CAI Ying, YU Meng-qiu, GONG Lei-ting, AN Shu-qing**
    2012, 31(5):  1288-1295. 
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    In this paper, an assessment system including ten indices of river habitat quality for three different habitats (channel, bank, and riparian habitats) was established to assess the habitat quality and compare its spatial difference at 42 sites of Yixing district in Taihu Lake basin, and analyzed the differences of the river habitat parameters under different land use types as well as the correlation between river habitat quality index and eutrophication. The scores of the river habitat quality index at the study sites ranged from 29 to 79. 31.0% of the sites had a poor or very poor habitat quality, and 57.1% had a fair habitat quality, indicating the obvious habitat degradation in the whole district. The river habitat quality was better in southern hilly area than in vast plain river area. There existed significant differences in the river habitat quality under different land use types, being much better in woodland than in farmland and construction land. The river habitat quality index had significant negative correlation with eutrophication, suggesting the considerable contribution of water quality to river habitat quality.
    Dynamic analysis of broadleaved forest ecosystem services values in Jiangxi Province of China.
    ZENG Wei1, XIONG Cai-yun1, XIAO Fu-ming1, YU lin1, LIN Xiao-fan1, LI Guang-yun3
    2012, 31(5):  1296-1301. 
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    According to the Specifications for Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Services in China (LY/T 1721-2008), and based on the fifth and sixth forest resource investigation data of Jiangxi Province, longterm monitoring data from Jiangxi forest ecology stations, published data, and social public data, a dynamic analysis was made on the broadleaved forest ecosystem services values in Jiangxi Province between the ninth (1996-2000) and the tenth (2001-2005) fiveyear periods. The total value of the services in the ninth and tenth five-year periods was 188 and 201 billion Yuan per year and 111 and 110 thousand Yuan per hectare, respectively, with the total value per year from the ninth to the tenth five-year periods increased by 6.91% and that per area decreased by 0.95%. In the total services value, the services values of biodiversity conservation, carbon fixation, and oxygen release as well as their proportions increased most rapidly. In the two five-year periods, the net productivity of the broadleaved forests in the Province had a slow increase, which might lead to a slight difference in the permutation order of six services values. Nevertheless, the services values of water conservation, biodiversity conservation, carbon fixation, and oxygen release composed about 95% of the total services value. At the time of guaranteeing forest quality, to increase the broadleaved forest area through the preservation and restoration of broadleaved forest, reconstruction of deteriorated forest, and conversion of farmland to forest land could be the efficient way to improve the total services value of the broadleaved forest ecosystem in the Province.
    Mechanisms of mycorrhizal fungi in promoting nitrogen uptake and utilization by plants: A review.
    SUN Qiu-ling1,2, DAI Si-lan1, ZHANG Chun-ying2**, WEI Xiang-ying2,3
    2012, 31(5):  1302-1310. 
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    Mycorrhiza is the most common symbiosis in nature, which can greatly promote the nitrogen uptake and utilization by host plants. In the
     function of the mutualistic symbiosis, mycorrhizal fungi play an important role. This paper summarized the research progress in the mechanisms of mycorrhizal fungi in promoting the nitrogen uptake and utilization by plants from the aspects of mycorrhizal anatomical structure, physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology, with the focus on the available nitrogen forms and the factors affecting their utilization, the nitrogen metabolic pathways GS-GOGAT in mycorrhzal fungi, and the ornithine cycle in mycorrhizal fungi. It was pointed out that arginine was the main nitrogen translocation form within the hyphae, and NH3 could be the main nitrogen translocation form in the interfacial apoplast.
    Estimation of forest aboveground biomass based on remote sensing data: A review.
    TANG Xu-guang1,2, LIU Dian-wei1**, WANG Zong-ming1, JIA Ming-ming1,2, DONG Zhang-yu1,2
    2012, 31(5):  1311-1318. 
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    According to the differences in the remote sensing data source adopted, this paper analyzed the present methods for estimating forest aboveground biomass (AGB) based on remote sensing techniques and the related research advances, and discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the inversion methods based on optical remote sensing image, microwave remote sensing data, and LiDAR data. A method integrating multi-sensor data to estimate the forest AGB was put forward, and, in view of the deficiencies in the present related researches, the focuses in the future research on the estimation of forest AGB were prospected, including developing mechanism model, considering scale issue, and integrating multi-sensor data.
    ISSR marker and its applications in analyzing animal genetic structure: A review.
    LIN Jie-jun, BAO Yi-xin**, LIU Jun, ZHANG Xu
    2012, 31(5):  1319-1326. 
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    Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker technology has become a hotspot in DNA molecular technology in recent years, and plays an important role in genetic research. However, this technology is still at an initial stage in animal research, compared with its applications in plant research. This paper introduced the principles and main methods of ISSR marker technology, and summarized its applications in analyzing the genetic structure of animals, such as genetic diversity, resources identification, and genetic relationship, etc. The application prospects of this technology were also discussed, aimed to provide reference for the further applications of this technology in animal research.