Table of Content

10 June 2009, Volume 28 Issue 06

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Articles

Effects of species diversity and functional diversity on primary productivity of alpine meadow.

ZANG Yue-ming¹;ZHU Zhi-hong¹;LI Ying-nian²;WANG Wen-juan¹;XI Bo¹

2009, 28(06):  999-1005 . 

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Whether the species diversity (SD) in natural ecosystem varies wit h functional diversity (FD) and consequently affects the primary productivit y is still an open question. In this paper, a field grazing experiment was condu cted on an alpine Kobresia humilis meadow to study the effects of SD and FD on t he primary productivity of the ecosystem. Four habitats with different grazing i ntensity and soil nutrient availability were selected, i.e., pen pasture with he avy grazing intensity and highest nutrient availability, pass pasture with moder ate grazing intensity and moderate nutrient availability, artificial pasture wit h light-moderate grazing intensity and lower nutrient availability, and un-gra zed pasture with null grazing intensity and lowest nutrient availability. Among the test habitats, pass pasture had the highest SD, which fitted intermediat e disturbance hypothesis. Artificial pasture had low SD but the highest FD , while un-grazed pasture had higher SD and FD. There was a positive relationship between SD and primary productivity but a negative relationship between FD and primary productivity, suggesting that FD didn’t vary wi th SD, and, to a definite extent, both SD and FD could affect the pr imary productivity independently. Habitat resources, species charact eristics, grazing history, and grazing intensity affected the community’s prima ry productivity and biodiversity in an integrative way.

Change characteristics of thermal factors in tropical mountain rainforest area of Jianfengling, Hainan Island in 1980-2005.

ZHOU Zhang;LI Yi-de;LIN Ming-xian;CHEN De-xiang;XU Han;LUO Tu-shou;QIU Jian-li

2009, 28(06):  1006-1012 . 

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The tropical mountain rainforest in Jianfengling of Hainan Island is o ne of the typical tropical forest ecosystems in China. To study the long term cl imatic dynamics in this forest area is significance in global change research . By using the meteorological data from the National Research Station of Tropica l Forest Ecosystem in Jianfengling, this paper analyzed the variation tendency o f the thermal factors in the tropical mountain rainforest area of Jianfengling i n 1980〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2005. In this period of time, the mean annual air/groun d temperature, me an annual maximum and minimum air/ground temperature, extreme maximum and minimu m air/ground temperature, difference between ground- and air temperature, and a nnual accumulated temperature in the area all had an increasing trend, and the i ncrease of mean annual air temperature, mean annual ground temperature, differen ce between ground- and air temperature, mean annual minimum air temperature, ex treme maximum ground temperature, and extreme minimum ground temperature was mor e obvious, being 032 ℃, 059 ℃, 027 ℃, 039 ℃, 203 ℃, 162 ℃ per 10 years, respectively. The increase of minimum temperature was higher than the i ncreasing rate of maximum temperature, illustrating that the main contributor of climate warming in Jianfengling tropical mountain rainforest area was the increasing minimum temperature.

Growth dynamics and quantitative population characteristics of young trees in coastal Pinus thunbergii windbreak forest in northern Shandong Peninsula.

HAN Guang-xuan;ZHANG Zhi-dong;WANG Guang-mei;MAO Pei-li;LIU Su-jing;XUE Qin-zhao

2009, 28(06):  1013-1020 . 

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Coastal Pinus thunbergii windbreak forest is a typical ecosystem in th e coastal zone of northern Shandong Peninsula, and plays a key role in regional ecological security. To study the natural regeneration pattern of the forest, th e growth dynamics and quantitative characteristics of regenerated P. thunbergi i trees were investigated in three plots. The tree ages were determined by cou nting tree branches, and the growth dynamics, age structure, and spatial distrib ution of regenerated young trees were studied by the method of spatial series su bstituting for time series. Based on the life table of population and the theory of survival analysis, the life tables of regenerated young P. thunbergii tr ees were established, and the survivorship curves were drawn with field data. Th e results showed that in the three plots, the height and basal diameter growth o f regenerated young P. thunbergii trees had exponential, linear, and quadrat ic functional relations with age, and the age structure was of spindle, discrete , and pyramid types, respectively. Most of the regenerated young trees were dist ributed at 03〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗12 m from their nearest standing trees, and the individuals of the young trees decreased near to or far from the nearest sta nding trees. In plots Ⅰ and Ⅲ, the expected average life of regenerated young P. thunbergii trees had a decreasing trend with their increasing age, and th e survival number of the population also decreased with increasing population ag e. The survivorship curves of regenerated young P. thunbergii trees in the t wo plots approximated to the type of Deevey Ⅱ, indicating that the young P. t hunbergii populations in the plots were at stable development stage. The popul ation structure of regenerated young P. thunbergii trees in plot Ⅱ was less er integral, suggesting that the population was of declining type, being related to human disturbance, slope and other environmental factors.

Spring phenophase changes of dominant plants in Zhengzhou and their responses to air temperature change.

WU Rong-jun¹;ZHENG You-fei¹;ZHAO Guo-qiang²;WANG Min¹

2009, 28(06):  1049-1054 . 

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Based on the 1983〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2004 observation data of phenophas e and air temperature in Zhengzhou, the spring phenophase changes of four tree s pecies and two herb species in the City as well as their relationships with air temperature change were studied. Since 1983, there had been an advancing tendenc y of the spring phenophase of the dominant plants in Zhengzhou, with the charact eristics of synchronization and sequentiality. There was a significant correlati on between the first flowering dates of dominant plants and the mean air tempera ture from March to April, and for Populus tomentosa and Salix babylonica , their first flowering dates also had significant correlations with the mean ai r temperature in winter. The first flowering dates of the dominant plants advanc ed with increasing mean air temperature from March to April. With an increase of 1 ℃, the first flowering dates of Robinia pseudoacacia, S. babylonica, Tar axacum mongolicum, and Plantago asiatica advanced 417, 369, 816, and 130 days, respectively. The 4 ten-days before first flowering of the dominan t plants were the most sensitive period of time to air temperature change.

Photosynthetic and morphological traits of different Jatropha curcas populations.

ZHENG Yu-long;LEI Yan-bao;LI Yang-ping;YANG Cheng-yuan;LIAO Zhi-yong; ZHANG Ru

2009, 28(06):  1021-1027 . 

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With socio-economic development, energy crisis has become a serious p roblem in the world. As a potential substitute plant for fossil fuel and a renew able energy, Jatropha curcas has been attracted particular attention. In thi s paper, a comparative study was made on the leaf nitrogen allocation, photosynt hesis, biomass accumulation and allocation, and seed yield of nine J. curcas populations, aimed to provide references for enlarging the planting of this spe cies and for breeding new varieties. The results showed there was a significant positive relationship between the photosynthesis and the fraction of leaf nitrog en allocated to photosynthetic apparatus. The final biomass of J. curcas was co-affected by photosynthetic and morphological traits, but biomass had no nec essary correlation with seed yield. Most of the photosynthetic and morphological parameters were significantly different among different J. curcas populatio ns, suggesting that there existed genetic difference among the populations. Howe ver, the difference in adaptability to growth environment was not the main reaso n for the genetic difference. Among the test populations, the population from Ru ili had better performances in physiology, biomass, and seed yield, being the pr eferable source for enlarging the planting of J. curcas and for the cross br eeding of new varieties. The appropriate growth environment and the stress-tole rant capability of this population needed to be studied further.

Land use/cover change in Yancheng coastal wetland.

ZHAI Ke¹;LIU Mao-song¹;XU Chi¹;CUI Li-juan²;XU Hui-qiang³

2009, 28(06):  1081-1086 . 

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Yancheng coastal wetland is one of the biggest inter-tidal ecosystems in China, and plays important roles in supporting regional biodiversity and mai ntaining offshore water quality. Owing to the continuous exploitation in recent decades, this wetland has experienced significant changes. To reveal the dynamic changes of this wetland at landscape level, the land use/cover change (LUCC) si nce 1975 was investigated, based on the Landsat remote sensing data in 1975, 199 1, 2002, and 2006. From 1975 to 2006, the natural wetland in Yancheng coastal we tland decreased by 56% (15×105 hm2), while fish pond and farmland increas ed by 892% (82×104 hm2) and 165% (59×104 hm2), respectively. Recla mation and fish pond exploitation were the main forms of LUCC, accounting for 75 % of the total changed area, and natural succession and Spartina spp. invasi on accounted for 11% and 7%, respectively. In the LUCC in Yancheng coastal wetla nd, there were three main transition processes, i.e., intertidal mudflat → Suaeda salsa community → fish pond (farmland), intertidal mudflat → Suaeda salsa  cummunity → Phragmites communis community → fish pond (farmland), and i ntertidal mudflat → Spartina anglica community → fish pond. The large scal e shrinking of natural wetland would further reduce the survival space of wildli fe and exacerbate the offshore water quality, and accordingly, reclamation contr olling and wetland conservation should be strengthened.

Temporal variation of vegetation NDVI and its relations to climate factors in Tianjin area.

GUO Jun;LI Ming-cai;LIU De-yi

2009, 28(06):  1055-1059 . 

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By using the half-month averaged NDVI data of NASA/GIMMS with 8 km×8 km spatial resolution and the climatic data from 1982 to 2003, the temporal variation of mean annual and monthly NDVI in Tianjin area was studied, with its relations to precipitation and temperature analyzed. In 1982〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2003, the mean annual NDVI in study area had a slight decreasing trend. A month-dependent inter-annual variation of NDVI was observed during growth season. The NDVI had an increasing trend in spring and autumn, being significant in October (P<005), whereas a decrease in summer, being significant in June (P<001). The mean monthly NDVI was non-linearly and positively correlated with mean monthly temperature and monthly precipitation (P<0001), indicating that the effects of temperature and precipitation on NDVI were season-dependent. There was an obvious difference in the effects of temperature and precipitation on NDVI among different months in growth season, and a lagged response of NDVI to the climate factors was observed.

Interactions between vegetation cover change and precipitation in Poyang Lake region.

GU Ting-ting;ZHOU Suo-quan;SHAO Bu-fen;LI Qiang

2009, 28(06):  1060-1066 . 

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Based on the 8 km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI datasets and the daily precipitation data from 87 meteorological observation stations in 1982〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗1999, the interactions between NDVI and precipitation in Poyang Lake region were analyzed at annual and inter-annual scales by applying inter-decadal variations, empirical orthogonal function (EOF), and correlation analysis. There was a good spatial coincidence between the variations of NDVI a nd precipitation. In multi-year average, the NDVI variation lagged behind preci pitation change, and the inter-annual variation of NDVI had definite effects on the later precipitation. The correlation coefficients of NDVI and precipitation reached the peak with the time lags of 60, 70, and 80 days, being 0564, 057 1, and 0549, respectively. At seasonal scale, the correlation between NDVI and precipitation was significant, and the precipitation in spring and autumn was p articularly important for vegetation growth.

Responses of different life-form plants in Garbantunggut Desert to small rainfall events.

WANG Ya-ting^1,2,3;TANG Li-song^1,3

2009, 28(06):  1028-1034 . 

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This paper studied the size characters of rainfall in south edge of Ga rbantunggut Desert and the responses of different life-form plants there to sma ll rainfall events. Based on the analysis of the precipitation data in 1998〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2007, the study area had a high frequency but low amount of precipitation. Rainfall events occurred every 6 days averagely, and most (898%) of the events were ≤5 mm. Sixteen representative plant species were selected and their leaf relative water content (RWC) was used as the parameter to investigate the respon ses of different life-form plants in the area to small rainfall events (1, 2, 3 , 4, and 5 mm). The results showed that all 11 herb species had different degr ees of responses to 2〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗5 mm rainfall, and only one shrub species Ceratoides late ens responded to 4 mm rainfall significantly. The leaf RWC of the 12 species inc reased significantly after one day of rainfall, suggesting that these species ha d significant responses to small rainfall events (≤5 mm). Sub-shrub (Seriphi dium santolinum), shrub (Haloxylon ammodendron, Tamarix ramosissima), and small tree (Haloxylon persicum) did not respond to the rainfall events ≤5 mm. Small rainfall events mainly benefited herb species, and the hi gh frequency but low amount of rainfall partially explained the relatively high vegetation cover in this area.

Photosynthetic characteristics and photo-adaptability of four Melilotoides ruthenica ecotypes.

WANG Zhao-lan^1,2;YANG Chi¹;DU Jian-cai^2,3;HU Hui-fang²;ZHAO Li-li³;MAO Xiao-tao²

2009, 28(06):  1035-1040 . 

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A comparative study was made on the photosynthetic characteristics and photo-adaptability of four Melilotoides ruthenica ecotypes by using Li-64 00 p ortable photosynthesis system and attached chlorophyll fluorescence chamber. Amo ng the test ecotypes, ecotype 00-61 from Tumetezuoqi of Inner Mongolia and ecot ype 93-21 from Songneng grassland of Heilongjiang had higher maximum net photos ynthetic rate (Pmax), photochemical efficiency (ΦPSⅡ), pho tochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and dark respiration rate but lower non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN), indicating their higher pot ential to produce more biomass. Ecotype 00-61 also had higher light saturation point, and thus, had higher photo-adaptability to strong light, being adaptable to plant in relatively high-light environment. Ecotype 90-36 from Hunshandake desert area in Zhenglanqi of Inner Mongolia belongs to Melilotoides ruthenica var. oblongifolia, which had lower qP and higher qN, and thus, had hi gher defensive capability to light-inhibition damage than other three ecotypes. Ecotype 00-81 from the typical grassland of Xilinghot in Xilinguole League of Inner Mongolia had lower light compensation point and light saturation point, ex hibiting stronger shade tolerance and higher adaptability to weak light, compari ng with the other three ecotypes.

Responses of vegetation NDVI in Northeast China to climate change.

WANG Zong-ming¹;GUO Zhi-xing²;SONG Kai-shan¹;LUO Ling¹;ZHANG Bai¹;LIU Dian-wei¹;HUANG Ni¹; REN Chun-ying¹

2009, 28(06):  1041-1048 . 

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With the combination of 1982〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2003 GIMMS-NDVI datase ts and GIS technology, and applying correlation analysis based on each pixel, th e responses of the vegetation NDVI in Northeast China to climate change were ana lyzed. In 1982〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2003, the mean annual air temperature in study area had an increasing trend, while the annual precipitation was in adverse. The pixels whose NDVI had significant positive correlations with mean annual temper ature occupied 1284% of the total, mainly distributed in south Songnen Plain, central Sanjiang Plain, and west Liaohe Plain. Their vegetation types were cropl and, broadleaf forest, and steppe, and the NDVI had less negative correlation wi th mean annual air temperature. The pixels whose NDVI significantly positively c orrelated with annual precipitation occupied 455%, and their main vegetation t ypes were steppe and cropland. The pixels whose NDVI significantly negatively co rrelated with annual precipitation occupied 752%, and the main vegetation type s were coniferous forest and broadleaf forest. The vegetations significantly pos itively and negatively correlated with the air temperature in growth season occu pied 396% and 435% of the all, while those having significant positive and n egative correlations with the precipitation in growth season occupied 881% and 854%, respectively. There were 5821% pixels whose NDVI significantly correl ated with the air temperature in spring, mainly distributed in central Great Xin gan Mountains, Small Xingan Mountains, Changbai Mountains, and Wanda-Zhangguang cai Mountains. Their main vegetation types were broadleaf forest, cropland, coni ferous forest and meadow, and the NDVI had less negative correlation with the ai r temperature in spring. The pixels whose NDVI significantly positively and nega tively correlated with the precipitation in spring was 481% and 167%, while those whose NDVI having significant positive correlation with the air temperatur e in summer and negative correlation with the precipitation in summer were 716 % and 629%, respectively. The air temperature and precipitation in autumn had smaller effects on the vegetation NDVI. There were 605% of pixels whose NDVI s ignificantly positively correlated with the air temperature in autumn, and few h ad significant negative correlation with it. The proportion of the pixels whose NDVI significantly negatively correlated with the p recipitation in autumn was 543%, and hardly any pixels whose NDVI had signific ant positive correlation with autumn precipitation.

Soil dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, and enzyme activity of urban green lands in Fuzhou.

TONG Chuan¹;DONG Yan²;YANG Hong-yu¹

2009, 28(06):  1093-1101 . 

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With the expansion of urban area and the conversion of non-urbanized landscape to urbanized one, more attention was paid on the urban ecosystem carbo n cycle. Taking the natural and manually managed urban green lands in Fuzhou Cit y as test objectives, this paper studied the profile distributions of soil disso lved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, and catalase and urease activitie s. Comparing with natural green lands, the manually managed urban green lands ha d obviously higher soil dissolved organic carbon content but lower soil microbia l biomass carbon content and lower urease activity. The soil dissolved organic c arbon, microbial biomass carbon, and enzyme activities of the two kinds of green lands all decreased with increasing soil depth. A significant positive correlat ion was observed between soil catalase activity and dissolved organic carbon in 0〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗10 cm layer, and between soil urease activity and microbial biomass carbon in 10〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗20 cm layer.

Condensation water on different size sand gravels at fringe of desert oasis.

FANG Jing;DING Yong-jian

2009, 28(06):  1102-1106 . 

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Based on the measurement of condensation water on different size sand gravels at the fringe of desert oasis in Linze County from July to October 2006, the relationships between the grain size of sand gravels and the amount of cond ensation water were analyzed. During the period of July-October, the sand grave ls with grain size <002 mm had the highest average amount of condensation wate r (0097±0032 mm·d-1), followed by those of <2 mm (0072±0026 mm· d-1), 02〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗002 mm (0059±0016 mm·d-1), 2〖K G-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗02 mm (0057±0018 mm·d-1), and 5〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗 2 mm (0052±0021 mm·d-1). In a word, the amount of condensation w ater on the sand gravels decreased with their increasing grain size. The effect of sand-mulching in decreasing farmland soil evaporation in dry season was discussed.

Allelopathic effects of different crop stalks on pepper growth.

HOU Yong-xia¹;ZHOU Bao-li²;WU Xiao-ling²

2009, 28(06):  1107-1111 . 

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By the methods of bioassay and pot experiment, this paper studied the allelopathic effects of water extracts, decayed materials’ liquids, and decayed materials themselves of different crop stalks (corn, rice, and soybean) on the growth of pepper. An inhibitory effect of the water extracts of test stalks, esp ecially for that of soybean stalk, was observed on the germination of pepper see ds, and, with increasing concentration of the extracts, the seed germination rat e and the radicle length decreased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The liquids of the decayed materials of test stalks had an overall stimulation effect on th e seed germination, and the decayed materials of the stalks all had promotion ef fects on the seedling’s height, stem diameter, fresh mass, and root vigor. Th e promotion effect of the decayed materials was in the order of corn stalk > ric e stalk > soybean stalk, and increased with their addition amount.

Phytoplankton diversity in Futian mangrove wetland of Shenzhen: Composition and distribution.

WANG Yu^1,2;LIN Mao¹;LU Chang-yi²;TAM NORE Fung-Yee³

2009, 28(06):  1067-1072 . 

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Based on the field survey in 2005〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2006, the composit ion and spatiotemporal distribution of phytoplankton diversity in Futian mangrov e wetland of Shenzhen were studied, and the water body’s trophic state of the we tland was assessed by using Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness ind ex, Margalef abundance index, and dominance index. A total of 51 species (includ ing 1 variety and 9 unidentified species) belonging to 28 genera in 5 phyta were identified. The phytoplankton density in each season all reached 106 ind·L -1 or more. In terms of species number and quantity, diatom was dominant in th e phytoplankton community. Cyclotella caspia and Thalassiosira nordenskil di were the dominant species, while the other pollution-tolerance species suc h as Oscillatoria minima and Euglena pisciformis became dominant in some stations in summer and autumn. In contrast to the remarkable spatiotemporal var iation of species composition, a greater spatial but little temporal variation o f phytoplankton quantity was observed. Dominant species had remarkable spatiotem poral variation, but the simplicity was obvious. The four diversity indices pres ented more spatial variation, and the assessment with these indices showed that the water body’s trophic state of the wetland was at meso-eutrophic, and tende d to be eutrophicated. It was necessary to strictly control the wastewater disch arging and inland runoff into the mangrove wetland.

Lagoonal wetland flora in whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) nature reserve in Rongcheng of Shandong.

ZHANG Xu-liang¹;GU Dong-qi²;YE Si-yuan³;YIN Ping³; ZHANG Zhao-hui²

2009, 28(06):  1073-1080 . 

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Based on four field investigations in July-September from 2004 to 200 7 and reference data, the characteristics of wetland flora in whooper swan natur e reserve in Rongcheng of Shandong were analyzed. There were 192 species and 59 genera of single-celled phytoplankton, 74 species and 58 genera of large benthi c multicellular marine algae, and 194 species, 134 genera and 55 families of vas cular plant. The single-celled phytoplankton included 116 inshore wide distribu tion species, 31 inshore warm-water species and 26 inshore temperate species, a nd the vascular plants were of 6 ecological groups, i.e., halophtes (24 species) , hydrophtes (22 species), amphiphytes (35 species), mesophytes (103 species), z erophytes (6 species), and psammons (4 species). Halophtes, hydrophtes, and amph iphytes were the edificators and dominants, reflecting the azonal feature of the wetland vegetations. The vascular plants were divided into 5 life-forms, inclu ding 20 phaenerophytes, 4 chamaephytes, 54 hemicryptophytes, 48 geophytes and 68 therophytes, among which, hemicryptophytes and geophytes accounted for 5258%, reflecting the relatively important function of cold and wet climate and local water-accumulated bottomland environment on the vascular flora formation. The 1 34 genera of vascular plants had 14 areal-types, including 42 cosmopolitans, 55 temperate types, 30 tropic types, 2 Mediterranean-types, 2 East Asia types, an d 1 endemic species. The cosmopolitan and temperate type accounted for 3134% a nd 4104% of all the genera, respectively, revealing the azonal feature of the wetland vegetations and the influences of cold and wet climate on the formation and distribution of the vegetations.

Dynamic assessment of steppe community health in loess hilly and gully region.

XIAO Yun-li¹;WEN Zhong-ming^1,2;LI Ri^1,2;WEI Zhen-rong³

2009, 28(06):  1087-1092 . 

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Vegetation restoration and rehabilitation is one of the effective meas ures in controlling soil erosion. To study the process of vegetation restoration and rehabilitation and to assess vegetation community health are of great pract ical significance in speeding up vegetation construction. Based on the character istics of loess hilly and gully region, a relevant index system for vegetation c ommunity health assessment was built to assess the health status of the steppe c ommunity at different stages of vegetation restoration and rehabilitation. Durin g the process of vegetation restoration and rehabilitation, the vigor of steppe community changed in parabolic, the organizing force of the community was basica lly in fluctuation, and the restoring force changed in opposite way to the vigor . When the vigor index reached to the maximum, the restoring index dropped to th e minimum. Soil health presented a fluctuated improving trend. The comprehensive assessment indicated that with the succession of vegetation, the steppe communi ty health in loess hilly and gully region had a fluctuated ascending trend.

Effects of different algae on the survival and reproduction of Daphnia magna.

SHI Wen;LIU Qi-gen;WU Jing;YU Yuan-long;LIU Guo-dong

2009, 28(06):  1128-1133 . 

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By using life table analysis technology, the survival and reproduction of Daphnia magna fed with Cyclotella meneghinana, Microcystis aerugionosa 905, M. aerugionosa 469, and Scenedesmus obliquus were observed in laboratory under constant temperature condition (25 ℃), aimed to investigate the effects of different algae on the life history of D. magna. Among the test algae, C. meneghinana and M. aerugionosa 469 improved the growth of D. magna, S. obliquus had the similar effect as C. meneghinana and M. aerugionosa 469, while M. aeruginosa 905 gave negative impact on the growth and survival of D. magna. The net reproductive rate (R0), generation time (T), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), and survival rate of D. magna were 4435, 1186, 032, and 5% when fed with C. meneghinana, 4820, 1425, 027, and 30% when fed with M. aerugionosa 469, 810, 1247, 017, and 15% when fed with S. obliquus, and 0, 0, 0, 0 when fed with M. aerugionosa 905.

Enrichment characteristics of heavy metals in main crops in Chongqing.

MAO Ling-feng;PENG Pei-hao;CHEN Wen-de

2009, 28(06):  1117-1122 . 

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The edible parts of six main crops (Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Ipomoe a aquatica, Ipomoea batatas, Solanum tuberosum, and Cucurbita moschata) an d corresponding root-zoning soil samples in Chongqing were collected to measure their Pb, Cr, Zn, As, Hg, Cu, Ni, and Cd contents, with the enrichment levels of and the synergistic/exclusion relationships between these metals in test crops were discussed. The heavy metals content in the edible parts of the crops was in the order of grain>rootstalk>melon and fruit, and the enrichment level of the metal s was the highest in O. sativa and the lowest in C. moschata. The enrich ment level of Cr in I. batatas and I. aquatica and of Cd in O. sativa depend ed on the soil Cr and Cd contents, respectively, while the enrichment level of A s in S. tuberosum had a significant negative relationship with soil As content. Both the synergistic and exclusion relationships between the metals in test crop s were observed, but in general, synergistic relationship was more existed than exclusion relationship. In most cases, the relationships between Zn and Cu, betw een Cd and Ni, and between Cr and Ni were synergistic, being available for the p hytoremediation of the regions with multiple heavy metals pollution.

Effects of Cu stress on Alternanthera philoxeroides growth and reactive oxygen species metabolism.

HUANG Yong-jie^1,2;YANG Hong-fei³;YANG Ji-hui¹;WANG Xiao-lan¹;ZHOU Shou-biao¹

2009, 28(06):  1112-1116 . 

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The study on the growth and physiological traits of Alternanthera ph iloxeroides in a water culture under stress of different concentration Cu show ed that Cu stress inhibited the normal growth of A. philoxeroides. When the Cu concentration was <5 mg·L-1, the plant cellular SOD, POD, and CAT acti vities increased; when the Cu concentration was >5 mg·L-1, the plant grow th slowed down, the biomass, chlorophyll content, and SOD, POD and CAT activitie s decreased, and in addition, the cell membrane permeability increased and MDA h ad a higher accumulation, giving adverse impact on the plant normal growth and m etabolism; when the Cu concentration was 10 mg·L-1, a severe apparent dam age to the plant was observed.

Spatial pattern of ecosystems in Haihe River Basin based on MODIS data.

ZHUANG Chang-wei;OUYANG Zhi-yun;XU Wei-hua;ZHENG Hua;WANG Xiao-ke;Bai Yang

2009, 28(06):  1149-1154 . 

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Based on the multiple-temporal MODIS EVI data in 2007, and by using d ecision tree classifier, the ecosystems in Haihe River Basin were classified, an d their spatial pattern as well as its relationship to topography was analyzed. The classification based on the MODIS EVI data had an overall accuracy of 856% and a Kappa coefficient of 082. Different ecosystems distributed at different elevations. Cropland, urban, and wetland ecosystems mainly distributed on the p lains below 200 m, occupying 538%, 10%, and 13% of the total area, respect ively, forest ecosystem mainly located on the low mountains between 500 m and 10 00 m, accounting for 225%, while grassland ecosystem mainly distributed at the elevations above 1000 m, accounting for 214%. Different ecosystems showed dif ferent distribution trend to slope. Cropland, urban, and wetland ecosystems main ly distributed on the slopes <2°, while forest and grassland ecosystems were ma inly on the slopes between 5° and 15°. With increasing slope, the percentages of cropland, wetland, and urban ecosystems decreased, that of forest ecosystem i ncreased, while grassland ecosystem had a decreased percentage after an increasi ng to a peak.

Research advances on crop canopy temperature.

DENG Qiang-hui;PAN Xiao-hua;SHI Qing-hua

2009, 28(06):  1162-1165 . 

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Crop canopy temperature is the outcome of the interactions of crop’s g enetic characteristics and environmental conditions, which not only affects leaf functional period, transpiration rate, and photosynthetic capacity, but also af fects grain protein content and starch synthesis. Crop yield is strongly affecte d by the canopy temperature after flowering, especially at mid-late grain-fill in g stage. This paper reviewed the research advances on the effects of canopy temp erature on crop yield, related mechanisms, and the factors affecting canopy temp erature, and pointed out that to breed superior genotypes and to implement reasonable agronomic practices should be the effective ways for improving crop yields and reducing canopy temperature.

Detection of soil petroleum-degrading bacteria with fluorescence in situ hybridization technique.

ZHANG Ling-yan^1,2;BAI Yu-xing³;YANG Xue-lian⁴; LI Feng-mei^1,2;GUO Shu-hai¹

2009, 28(06):  1123-1127 . 

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A bacterial strain with high efficiency of degrading petroleum was scr eened from Liaohe oil field, and identified as Bacillus licheniformis. Oligo nucleotide probe was specifically designed for the 16S rRNA of B. licheniformi s, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique was applied for the microbial detection in bioslurry. The optimal FISH test conditions for the B. licheniformis in bioslurry were fixation time 17 h, hybridization temperature 46 ℃, formamide concentration in hybridization buffer 35%, and NaCl concentrat ion in washing buffer 88 mmol·L-1. The quantitative changes of B. licheniformis in bioslurry reactor were monitored by FISH on different sa mpling days, and the changes of oil concentration in bioslurry were measured on the same sampling days. The two test results represented good consistency with t he trend of petroleum biodegradation, suggesting the feasibility of using FISH t echnique for monitoring the changes of microorganisms in oil-containing sludge.

Landscape pattern gradient dynamics and desakota region features of three mega-cities in Asia-Pacific developing countries.

HUANG Jia-sheng¹;LI Xin-yi²;LI Jian-long¹;GAN Xiao-yu¹;ZHOU Yin¹;YANG Qi¹;XUE Feng¹

2009, 28(06):  1134-1142 . 

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With the support of 3S (GIS, GPS and RS) technology and based on recen t 20 years remote-sensing data, the landscape pattern dynamics and desakota reg ion features related with the urbanization of three mega-cities in Asia-Pacifi c Region, i.e., Shanghai (China), Metro Manila (the Philippines), and Hanoi (Vie tnam), were studied by gradient analysis with six landscape matrix indices inclu ding contagion index, largest patch index, landscape shape index, perimeter-are a fractal dimension, patch density, and Shannon diversity index. In the process of urbanization, the regional landscape pattern of the three cities changed mark edly, with an increase of patch density and fragmentation. In land use transects , the patch density and Shannon diversity index had higher correlations with the absolute distance to city center. Landscape index could detect the gradient and the direction of urbanization. The desakota regions of the three cities had dif ferent development features, and the urbanization process of the cities was at d ifferent stages. Metro Manila was found at the highest stage of urbanization, an d with the earliest suburb urbanization and obvious desakota region. Shanghai wa s demonstrated a high degree of urbanization, and an obvious suburb urbanization and desakota region. In contrast, Hanoi had lower level of urbanization and uno bvious suburb urbanization and desakota region. Ecological environment protectio n for the desakota regions should be strengthened.

Future scenarios analysis of social-ecological system in semiarid areas of Northwest China: A case study of northern highlands in Yuzhong County of Gansu Province.

WANG Jun^1,2;ZHANG Xiang-long¹;YANG Xin-jun¹;LIU Wen-zhao²;WANG Xing-yu¹

2009, 28(06):  1143-1148 . 

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With the northern highlands in Yuzhong County of Gansu Province as a case, the f uture scenarios of the social-ecological system in semiarid areas of N orthwest China were analyzed by the method of scenario analysis. On the basis of in situ interviews with farmers, government officials, and academic experts, th e scenario logistic framework were identified by analyzing the driving forces to the system. The key factors and key events representing the system’s future wer e selected, and the future scenarios and their probabilities were constructed an d calculated by using cross-impact analysis. Three scenarios of the social-eco logical system with the maximum probability were congruent with the logical fram ework, and some decision-making suggestions for the ideal scenarios development of the social-ecological system in the semiarid areas in 2020 were put forward.

Hyperspectral remote sensing estimation models for aboveground fresh biomass of spring wheat on Loess Plateau.

ZHANG Kai^1,2;WANG Run-yuan¹;WANG Xiao-ping¹;ZHAO Hong¹;HAN Hai-tao³

2009, 28(06):  1155-1161 . 

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A field plot experiment was conducted to measure the canopy spectral r eflectance and aboveground fresh biomass of four spring wheat varieties (Dingxi 24, Longchun 8139, Gaoyuan 602 and Dingxi 38) at their different growth stages a nd under different planting densities. The variations of the aboveground fresh b iomass with growth stages as well as the correlations of the aboveground fresh b iomass with canopy reflective spectrum and first derivative spectrum were analyz ed, and based on these, hyperspectral remote sensing estimation models for sprin g wheat aboveground fresh biomass were established, with the characteristic band s and their combinations strongly correlated with the aboveground fresh biomass as the variables. The tests with experimental data showed that models y=3 9498 ln F780+70596 and y=51299 D71910174 had the h ighest estimation level, with the root mean square error, relative error, and co rrelation coefficient between estimated and measured values being 02173, 104 5% and 0854, and 02188, 996%, and 0853, respectively. These two models c ould be used as the best models for the estimation of spring wheat aboveground f resh biomass on Longzhong Loess Plateau.

Mycorrhizal fungi in bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil: A review.

CHEN Mei-mei¹;CHEN Bao-dong²;XU Yu¹;TIAN Hui-ying¹;DENG Hao¹

2009, 28(06):  1171-1177 . 

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Bioremediation is one of the most effective strategies for the remedia tion of petroleum-contaminated soil. This paper summarized the environmental im pacts of soil petroleum contamination, and introduced several remediation techno logies, with the emphasis on mycorrhizal remediation technology. The mechanisms of petroleum biodegradation in soil by mycorrhizal fungi include enzyme catalysi s, mycorrhizosphere, co-metabolism, and genetic control. The perspectiv es in mycorrhizal bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil were also discussed.

Research progress and application prospect of Deinococcus radiodurans.

SHU Hai-yan;TIAN Bao-ming

2009, 28(06):  1166-1170 . 

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Deinococcus radiodurans is concerned with by the researchers for its high resistance to ionizing radiation, UV, and other mutagenic agents. These phenotypic characters of D. radiodurans are mainly attributed to its ability to protect proteins from being damaged by reactive oxygen species in adverse circumstances. Environmental restoration, breeding drought-resistant crops and virus-resistant animals, and tumor control will all benefit from the researches of D. radiodurans. Restoring the environments polluted by radioactive wastes is the most possible field where this bacterium can be applied. Engineering D. radiodurans for restoring radiomaterial-polluted environment is much cheaper than common physicochemical methods. The high drought-resistance of D. radiodurans suggests the existence of drought-resistant genes in D. radiodurans genome, and looking for these genes has potential prospect for breeding drought-resistant crops.

Minimum sampling area for desert riparian forest community in lower reaches of Tarim River.

NIU Jun-yong^1,2;XU Hai-liang¹;LI Ji-mei^1,2;YANG Hong-mei^1,2

2009, 28(06):  1182-1187 . 

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Three typical sections with different vegetation degradation degrees i n the lower reaches of Tarim River were selected to investigate the species-are a relationship of desert riparian forest community by the grid method of contigu ous quadrats, and to determine the minimum sampling area of the community by fit ting with species-area saturation curve equation. At the precision leve1 of 60% 〖KG-*4〗-〖KG-*7〗80%, the minimum sampling areas of the three sections could b e set as 1500, 2000, and 2500 m2; while at 90% precision level, the minimum sa mpling areas could be set as 2500, 3600 and 4500 m2, respectively. The minimum sampling area increased with aggravating vegetation degradation. Groundwater le vel had less effect on the minimum sampling area. For the desert riparian forest s in the lower reaches of Tarim River, species-area saturation curve equation c ould better fit the minimum sampling area.

Error correction for tree disc measurement.

LIU Qi-jing

2009, 28(06):  1194-1200 . 

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The errors caused by traditional methods in stem analysis can be signi ficant, but these methods are still used in forest measuration. Annual diameter, for instance, is averaged from those of two magnetic directions (south-north a nd east-west) pass through the pith, which is generally smaller than the actual value. In contrast, the sectional area of bark is overestimated, since it is ca lculated by subtracting the area of wood section from over-bark area without co nsidering bark splits. In this paper, new approaches were attempted to improve t he accuracy in the measurements of both tree ring width and the sectional area o f bark. To accurately measure annual diameter, two options were suggested. The f irst one was to measure the standard diameter which is identical to the real val ue, and the second one was to calculate the correction coefficient to modify the measured annual diameters which are inconsistent with those of the real values. For calculating the bark section area excluding splits, assuming there is no in ner bark which is free of crack, the present in-bark radius was interpreted as over-bark radius, rather than by subtracting the wood area from that of the ent ire disc section.

Inhibitory effects of Bacillus subtilis Tpb55 strain on Alternaria alternata growth and the colonization of the strain on tobacco leaf.

ZHANG Cheng-sheng¹;KONG Fan-yu¹;LIU Chao-ke²;DU Wei-min³;LI Wen-gang³;WANG Jing¹

2009, 28(06):  1178-1181 . 

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By the methods of determining mycelial growth rate and conidial spore germination, the effects of Bacillus subtilis Tpb55 strain on Alternaria a lternata growth were studied, and the colonization of the strain on tobacco le af was examined under greenhouse and field conditions. It was shown that the ant ifungal substance secreted by strain Tpb55 inhibited the mycelial growth and the conidial spore germination of A. alternata, and damaged the pathogen’s mor phology. The protoplasm of hyphal and conidia cells shrunk, the cells swelled, a nd the cell wall damaged, inducing the leak-out of protoplasm. Within the 0〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗30 days of inoculation, the colonization rate of strain Tpb5 5 on tobacco leaf was 23×106〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗189×106 cfu·g-1 fresh mass in greenhouse and 187×106〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗17933×106 cfu·g-1 fresh mass in field, being maintained a t a high and stable level in the first 3〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗8 days of inoculation and decreased rapidly thereafter.

Two-dimensional model of Populus euphratica root water uptake in extremely arid region of China.

LI Jian-lin^1,2;FENG Qi²;SI Jian-hua²;CHANG Zong-qiang²;JU Deng-san³;GUO Qiao-ling²

2009, 28(06):  1188-1193 . 

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To study the water uptake by Populus euphratica root is of signifi cance for the maintenance and regeneration of P. euphratica and other plants in extremely arid region. Based on the measurements at Ejina Banner, Inner Mong olia of North China, the root system distribution of P. euphratica and the s oil moisture content in P. euphratica root zone were analyzed, and a two-di mensional model of P. euphratica root water uptake was built. The mean relat ive error value between measured and simulated values was 902%, and the maximu m relative error value was 1784%, suggesting that the built model better refle cted the water uptake by P. euphratica root, being available in further stud ying the SPAC of P. euphratica.

Grass yield meteorological prediction method for main natural grasslands in China.

QIAN Shuan

2009, 28(06):  1201-1205 . 

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Natural grassland in China is mainly distributed in North China drought and semi -drought regions and in high altitude and cold Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Its grass growth is greatly influenced by meteorological conditions. In this pap er, a meteorological condition index reflecting the influences of precipitation, air temperature and sunlight on the grass growth were developed, and its relatio nship with the grass yield of main natural grasslands in China was analyzed, bas ed on the grass biomass observation data from animal husbandry meteorological st ations in 1994〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗2005. For the main natural grasslands in China, there was a clos e relationship between the meteorological condition index and the grass yield du ring the growth period from March to September. The fresh and dry grass yields o f North China natural grasslands had close correlations with the meteorological condition index from March to August, and a high correlation coefficient was obt ained in the periods of time from March to May and from August to September in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau natural grasslands, with a higher correlation coeffi c ient between the fresh and dry grass yields and the meteorological condition ind ex from August to September than from March to May. Comparing with dry grass yie ld, the fresh grass yield in the two main grassland regions had a higher correla tion with the meteorological condition index. Historical simulation and extensiv e prediction examination showed that using this meteorological condition index t o predict grass yield had a higher accuracy, being available in operational pred iction.

Methodology for rapid assessment and prioritization of protected area management and its application.

QUAN Jia;OUYANG Zhi-yun;XU Wei-hua

2009, 28(06):  1206-1212 . 

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Management effectiveness assessment of protected area has become a maj or environmental concern, being an effective way to guarantee the management qua lity and to achieve the management targets of protected areas. Rapid assessment and prioritization of protected area management (RAPPAM) methodology is one of t he most popular methodologies. Based on the researches on the assessment indices and assessment characteristics of RAPPAM, and on the results of 8 executions of national level, this paper analyzed the evaluation scope, targets, results, and related suggestions. The RAPPAM methodology could rapidly confirm the threats and functions of protected area system, make next steps and recommendations, and pr ovide foundations for policy makers. To understand and apply this methodology wo uld be very necessary for realizing and improving the management status of natur e reserves in China.