Table of Content

10 May 2003, Volume 22 Issue 5

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Dissimilarity of plant communities with changes in altitudes on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain

YU Deyong, HAO Zhanqing, JI Lanzhu, LI Yang, XIONG Zaiping, YIE Ji

2003, (5):  1-5. 

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From altitude of 700m to 2600m on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain, twenty plots were investigated with an interval of 100 m in altitude.With community dissimilarity index, the dissimilarity among sampling plots at different altitudes was analyzed. The results indicated that dissimilarity between communities showed the same law under different sampling areas when it was over 16m². Several summit values of community dissimilarity index at the altitudes between 700～800m, 1000～1100,1700～1800 and 1900～2000m were exactly the boundary of different vegetation types. The average value of community dissimilarity index linearly decreased with the increasng sampling areas. Dissimilarity Index between communities varied with the altitude difference. When sampling area was 1m² or 4m², Communities dissimilarity index was close to 1 as the altitude difference was over 800m; so was the case when the sampling area was over 16m² as altitude difference was over 1200m. The rate of community dissimilarity index increased with the increasing the altitude difference.

Eco-toxicity effects of phenanthrene and pyrene on the inhibition of root elongation of plants in soils

SONG Yufang, ZHOU Qixing, SONG Xueying, GONG Ping, SUN Tieheng

2003, (5):  6-9. 

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The inhibition rates of phenanthrene, pyrene on wheat, Chinese cabbages and tomatoes were determined in the meadow brown soils. The toxicity effects of combined pollution were tested. Results indicated that there was a significant line or logarithmic relationship between the concentration of phenanthrene and pyrene, and the inhibition rates of plants(P =0.05). Inhibition of these two chemicals on plant elongation was phenanthrene >pyrene, which was closely related with the water solubility of these chemicals tested. For the toxicity of phenthanthrene and pyrene, root elongation was more sensitive than the activeness of soil dehydrogen and the MCN. Wheat was found to be the most sensible indicative plant. When phenanthrene and pyrene were combined, an obvious synergism effect was observed.

Analysis of soil anti-erodibility in western Liaoning

YU Dapao, LIU Mingguo, DENG Hongbing, DAI Limin, WANG Qingli

2003, (5):  10-14. 

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Sampling the soil under Pinus tabulaeformis conifer ous forest, P. tabulaeformis and broadleaveved mixed forest, and broadleaf forest distributed in semi-arid western Liaoning, with principal components analysis(PCA), this article divided 9 soil anti-erodibility indexes into 3 classes inorganic colloid factor,organic colloid factor, and anti-dispersing factor. Results reveal the soil anti-erodibility value of up slope was lower than down slope; dry slope was lower than mesic slope; broadleaved forest was higher than mixed forest and conifer forest, and with the increase of slope gradient the value of soil anti-erositility decreased.

Component species and flora of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata community in Mt. Qinling

ZHAO Yonghua, LEI Ruide, JIA Xia, HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei

2003, (5):  15-19. 

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There were 495 species,227 genera, and 82 families of vascular plants, including 123 species of arbor, 100 species,of shrubs, 240 species of herbs and 32 species,of strata plants and 15 families 19 genera 19 species of non-vascular bundle plants inchuding 13 species 13 genera 9 familiesof mass and pteridophyte 6 species, 6 genera and 6 families of pteridophyte in the community of Mt. Qingling. Proportion of occasional species or rare species was high, which indicated habitat heterogeneity of the community with abundant species. In Qinling Mountains, flora composition of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata, stands was from several geographical elements. Accounting for 53.99% of the total, the temperate components with 115 genera were in the first position, and the north temperate with 92 genera accounting for 43.19% of the total were predominant in the temperate elements. These north temperate plants were common in each layer of the community, as well as in the main edificators and companion plants. This showed that flora of the community had affinities with the temperate zone. Proportion of the tropic elements was fairly high indicating a relationship between this community and the tropical flora. At the same time, its species were complicated and various, and connection in geography was widespread. All these indicated the transitional character of the community flora in consistent with its geographical position and climate character.

Community characteristics of mixed grassland with perennial grasses in Alpine Region of Tibetan Plateau

DONG Shikui, HU Zizhi, LONG Ruijun, KANG Muyi, JIANG Yuan

2003, (5):  20-25. 

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The community characteristics of mixed grassland with 3-year old perennial grasses were studied in Jingqianghe region, one of the alpine regions on Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that cultivated grasses turned green on the 20th of April, 15d earlier than natural grasses, and became mature on the 15th of September, 10d later than the natural grasses, thus the growing period of the cultivated grasses was prolonged 25d compared with the natural grasses. The coverage, photomass and the basal conditions of the alpine grasslands were improved by establishing mixture grassland of perennial grasses in this region. In 9 combinations of the grasses, Elymus nutans and/or Clinelymus nutans dominated the communities. All the grass communties can be assorted as E. nutans or C. nutans single dominated communitires, and E. nutans and C. nutans co-dominated communities. The growth rate dynamics of the communities followed reversed "V" or "U" patterns, with average growth rate of the communties varied from 0.55～0.70 cm·d^-1 in growing season. With increasing numbers of the grass compositions, the diversity and abundance of the cultivated community increased, although the eveness decreased. The similarity of different communities increased with the overlap extent of the grass compositions of the communities.

Diversities of arthropod community in transgenic Bt cotton and nontransgenic cotton agroecosystems

MEN Xingyuan, GE Feng, YIN Xinming, CAI Dongzhang

2003, (5):  26-29. 

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In the first, middle and late stage of cotton growth, diversities of arthropod community, pest sub-community and natural enemy sub-community in the transgenic Bt cotton(GK-12)and nontransgenic cotton(SI Cotton 3)agroecosystems were studied. The treatments included:(i)GK-12 with no insecticide treatment,(ii)GK-12 with insecticide treatments,(iii)SI cotton with no insecticide treatment and(iv)SI cotton with insecticide treatments. The results indicated that in the first stage and late stage of cotton growth, diversity indexes of arthropod community and pest sub-community in the GK-12 with out insecticide treatment were higher than those in the SI cotton with out insecticide treatment. In the late stage of cotton growth, diversity index of natural enemy sub-community in the GK-12 with out insecticide treatment were higher than those in the SI cotton with not insecticide treatment. The F-test indicated that varieties譱nsecticide-treatment was the main factor influencing the diversity of arthropod community and natural enemy sub-community in cotton agroecosystem.

Model of vegetation restoration under natural regeneration and human interference in the burned area of northern Daxinganling

WANG Xugao, LI Xiuzhen, KONG Fanhua, LI Yuehui, SHI Binglu, GAO Zhenling

2003, (5):  30-34. 

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This paper studied the vegetation in the burned area of different severities and ages of Northern Daxinganling. The result showed that natural vegetation regeneration in lightly burned area restores well. In moderately burned area, human-promoted regeneration develops faster than natural regeneration. In severely burned area, human reforested area will span several succession phases and approach climax community rather sooner than natural regeneration.

Spatial pattern and size structure of Castanopsis castanopsis population in Wuyun Mountain

XIE Jiayan, DENG Zhiping

2003, (5):  35-39. 

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The size structure and spatial pattern of seedlings of Castanopsis carlesii Hayata, were studied with the contiguous grid quadrat method. The causes and dynamics of the mortality of different grade of seedlings were analysed. The spatial pattern of each grade of seedlings was tested with"v/m ratio"," Morisita’s dispersion index", and "Lloyd’s patchiness index" etc. The variation of the spatial pattern sampled with different quadrats is discussed.It showed that the seedling bank of C.carlesii(Hemsl.)Hayata population in this area was abundant, with 3.3 seedlings per m^-2, and the size structure was a typical pyramid shape, which indicated a developing population. Each grade of seedlings had respective mortality. From gradeⅠto grade Ⅴ, the curve of mortality had two peaks. Analysis of the seedlings sampled with different quadrats showed an aggregated distribution pattern. The C.carlesii(Hemsl)Hayata seedling population’s aggregated distribution pattern was primarily due to the dispersion character of the seeds.The differences among all size grade of seedlings were due to the interspecific competition.

Pollution and formation of mercury elements in the soil in Taiyuan

WANG Yinggang, XIN Xiaoyun, GUO Cuihua

2003, (5):  40-42. 

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Due to long term mercury waste drainage from industrial and domestic sludge,more and more mercury has been accumulated in the soil of urban area.In this study,the soil mercury content was monitored at different sites of Taiyuan city, and the distribution trend and formation factors were analyzed. The result provided scientific basis for prevention and control of mercury pollution in the soil of Taiyuan.

Soil-vegetation system surround the fairy ring in steppe

ZHAO Ji, SHAO Yuqin, BAO Qinghai

2003, (5):  43-46. 

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In the steppe of Inner Mongolia, China, a comparative study on soil-vegetation system of different zones surrounding the fairy ring fomed by a kind mushroom fungus- Tricholoma mongolium(Imai.)was carried out. These zones included the inside, green zone, scorched zone and outside of the fairy ring. The results showed that plant biomass aboveground in green zone was increassed than in normal vegetation of outside ring, and content of nutrient elements and chorophyll in Leymus chinensis was also increased in the green zone. But plant growth was restrained in the scorched zone. Plant specties composition was changed on the fairy ring. Soil nutrient, especialy available N and P in different zones of fairy ring had a significant variance. Effect of T. mongolium mycelia growth on physical and chemicd characteristics and biological activities in soil caused the ecological phenomena of fairy ring. There was a close relationship between beneficial microbe and T. mongolium fungus.

Comparison of plant species diversity of four forest types in over-logged forest area in Northeastern China

LEI Xiangdong, ZHANG Huiru, LI Donglan, LIANG Yuzhao

2003, (5):  47-50. 

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Four forest types, which include mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests, mixed broad-leaved forests, Mongolian oak forests and larch plantations, were investigated in Wangqing forestry bureau, Jilin Province, an over-logged forest area in Northeastern China. Plant species diversity was studied by Detrended Correspondence Aanalysis(DCA), community intrinsic diversity ordering and variance analysis. Results showed that species diversity index of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests was the highest, that of mixed broad-leaved forests and Larix plantations the next, and that of Mongolian oak forests the smallest. The paper put forward silvicultural practice suggestions for maintaining and conserving diversity of these forests.

Degradation process and integrated treatment of "black soil beach" grassland in the source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers

ZHOU Huakun, ZHOU Li, ZHAO Xinquan, LIU Wei, YAN Zuoliang, SHI Yan

2003, (5):  51-55. 

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The degradation situation of grassland is serious in the source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. Over-grazing is the main reason and rodent destruction is the key reason to this situation. Climate change accelerates the grassland degradation. The degraded trend of "black soil beach" grassland is no-degradation, lightly degradation, medium degradation, heavy degradation, and extremely degradation. The degraded grassland should begin to lighten stocking rate to prevent more degradation. Different treatments have been carried out to different degraded grassland with control strategies such as fencing way, weed control and fertilizing. At the same time, "Grassland Law" and "Responsibility System of Repaying Contract of Grassland" should be carried out drastically in alpine pasturing area. The grassland should be utilized and constructed well, especially in Winter-Spring grassland. Enough fund should be increased to degraded grassland. The cultural level of herdsman should be improved and person with ability also should be trained. All these will contribute to restoration and treatment of "black soil beach" grassland and to the sustainable development of grassland husbandry in the source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers.

Forest landscape pattern and fragmentation:a case study on Xishui Natural Reserve in Qilian mountain

YANG Guojing, XIAO Duning

2003, (5):  56-61. 

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Based on the forest distribution map(data from the year of 2001 and scale 1∶50000), using the geography information system program ArcGIS and the landscape analysis program FRAGSTATS, we analyzed the spatial pattern and evaluated the degree of fragmentation primarily from the overall landscape properties, the area properties, the perimeter properties, the numbers of patches of landscape elements and the double-logged fractal dimension(DLFD)of Xishui Natural Reserve. The results showed that grassland was the most important landscape type with the biggest area in this region. The mixed forest of poplar and birch, the mixed forest of conifer and broadleaf, the sparse forest, the Farmland and the unforested-land were all distributed fragmentarily in the landscape. The forest of spruce had a large area and perimeter, but its verge density was much larger than grassland and shrub, which indicatesd a high degree of fragmentation. As a whole, the DLFD of landscape elements in this region was low, ranging from 1 and 2, but inclined to 1. Therefore the edges of the landscape were relatively smooth.

Allelopathic potential of Mikania micrantha

SHAO Hua, PENG Shaolin, ZHANG Chi, XIANG Yanci, NAN Peng

2003, (5):  62-65. 

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The allelopathic potential of Mikania micrantha was investigated. The bioactivity of the aqueous extract(branches and leaves, roots, litters and soils), organic extracts(branches and leaves)were evaluated on the growth of the following plants : radish(Raphanus sativus), rye grass(Lolium multiforum), white clover(Trifolium repens L. ). The results showed that the aqueous extract of the branches and leaves inhibited the growth of the receptor plants obviously, and the aqueous extract of the roots also influenced the growth of the plants but less significant. The litters had no obvious effect. The petroleum ether and ethanol extract inhibited the growth of the plants,too. However, the ethyl acetate extract had much more impact. The ethyl acetate extract retarded the germination of the seeds, and the height of the plants decreased to 10%, which implied the existence of the allelochemicals.

Effects of phenolics solution with different pH on the growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Raphanus sativus seedlings

HUANG Zhiqun, WANG Silong, HE Zongmin

2003, (5):  66-69. 

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Using rotational quadratic regression design,effects of pH,cinnamic acid,p-hydrobenzoic,and vallic acids on the growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Raphanus sativus seedlings were examined. Results showed that the growth of C. lanceolata seedlings decreased as the pH value of solutions decreased,while the growth of C. lanctolata seedlings increased as the concentration of cinnamic acid,p-hydrobenzoic,and vallic acids in solutions decreased. As far as the effects of phenolics on the growth of C. lanctolata seedlings are concerned,cinnamic acid was the most obvious,p-hydrobenzoic acid was less,and vallic acid was the least. Significant interaction was observed between the pH value and cinnamic acid,and between cinnamic acid and vallic acid,and between p-hydrobenzoic acid and vallic acid. The effects on the growth of R. sativus seedlings were similar to the C. lanctolata seedlings. However,the effect of p-hydrobenzoic acid on the growth of R. sativus seedlings was the most oboious,cinnamic acid was less,and vallic acid was the least. Significant interaction was detected between pH and all three phenolics,and between cinnamic acid and vallic acid when the target plant was R. sativus seedlings.

From introduced species to invasive species-a case study on the Italian bee Apis mellifera L.

JI Rong, XIE Baoyu, YANG Guanhuang, LI Dianmo

2003, (5):  70-73. 

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The Italian bee Apis mellifera L. is native to Europe and Africa, and was introduced into South America, North America and Asiaa few centuries ago. The alien species outcompeted with native bees and has caused serious consequences. The impacts of the introduced A. mellifera L. on the A. cerana Fab., native to China, were described in this paper. Native bees have sharply cut down in number, even are in danger of becoming extinct in some areas. Plant community structure has changed and plant diversity declined in local areas.

Development of ecotourism sense and its application

LIU Jingyan, YANG Liang, PENG Shaolin

2003, (5):  74-77. 

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Ecotourism has been growing rapidly over the last decades.Yet,while ecotourism has the potential to create positive environmental and social impacts, it can unfortunately be as damaging as mass tourism if not done properly. This article revews the existing literature on ecotourism definitions. The content of the naive sense of ecotourism and the negative compacts to the environment are analyzed. Ecotourism is a sub-component of the field of sustainable tourism.It implies that the tour operator and the visitors will have some responsibility towards the destination,reducing or avoiding impacts on the areas visited.Ecotourism should contribute to conservation of the natural areas,and contribute local economic benefits,as well as generating awareness of conservation among residents and visitors.It’s improtant that transferring the ecotourism from the descirption to the sense,especially to the ecotour operators.

Phytoremediation techniques of heavy metal in sewage sludge

HE Chiquan, LI Lei, GU Chao

2003, (5):  78-81. 

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Phytoremediation techniques are showing prospects for the environmental pollution. Phytostabilization and phytoextration of heavy metal in polluted soil by wetland plant were reviewed. Bio-accumulation, bio-transform and bioremediation of the heavy metal by microbe were analyzed. In this paper, the biological mechanism, research progress, the condition for improving accumulation efficiency, and the characteristics of phytoremediation on heavy metal in wetlands were doscussed.

Sustainable management model of shelterbelts/windbreaks in the shelternets systemⅠ.——Model contruction

FAN Zhiping, ZENG Dehui, ZHU Jiaojun, JIANG Fengqi, TANG Qinsong, NIU Jixiang

2003, (5):  82-87. 

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On the basis of analyzing the definition and aims of sustainable management of shelterbelts,the ideal structure of sustainable management of shelterbelts/windbreaks was put forward firstly.Then,taking square sheltemets as a studying object, some essential conditions for constructing sustainable management model of shelterbelts/windbreaks were presented after analyzing elements of spatio-temporal structure state of sheltemets such as management scale,regeneration ability,regeneration age of shelterbelt and regeneration pattem. In addition,according to the relationship between networks ring and belt quantity,spatial position and age distribution of shelterbelts were demarcated and quantified,and the distance function among belts to be removed was defined, to give expression to the seperation degree of belts to be regenerated.Furthermore,a sustainable management model of shelterbelts/windbreaks was constructed to arrange the large area shelterbelts in the temporal and spatial scale by the even degree of regenerated belts distributed in the shelternets system,and determine the transition of distribution state and dynamic process of age structure.

Mechanism of heavy metal bio-stabilization in the soil and its application to agricultural product security

CHANG Xuexiu, SHI Xiaodong, WANG Huanxiao

2003, (5):  88-93. 

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Heavy metal pollution in soil is one of the most significant causes to decrease the food security and injure people’s health. Bio-stability is an important technology to prevent agricultural production from heavy metals contamination because they are difficult to be cleared away. There are three bio-stabilizing methods including using soil microorganism, root exudation of plants and plant-microorganism system to stabilize heavy metals in soil. This paper dealt with the mechanism of heavy metal bio-stabilization in the soil and its application to agricultural product security.

Protection and utilization of nationally preserved emphasis wild plants in Gansu Province

CHAI Faxi, ZOU Tianfu, CHEN Xiaoni

2003, (5):  94-97. 

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There are 28 species of nationally preserved wild plants in Gansu Province,Northwestern China. Among them, 7 species(Cycas revoluta,Ginkgo biloba,Taxus chinensis,Metasequoia glyptos teoboides,Dabidia irvolucrata,Dabidia irvolucrata var. vilmoriaiana,and Kingdonia uniflora)belong to first class nationally protected plants, accounting for 13.73% the list. The rest 21 species(Gupressus chengiana,Abies chensiensis,Picea neoveitchii,Tarreya fargesii,Cercidiphyllum japonicum,Cinnamomum longepaniculatum,Ormosia hosimei,Glycine soja,Toona ciliata,Liriodendron chinense,Magnolia officinalis,Magnolia officinalis sub. Biloba,Magnolia wilsonii,Fraximus mandschurica, Emmenopterys henryi,Frankenia pulverulenta,Zelkova schneideriana,Tetracentron sinensis,Camptother acuminata,Nostoc flagelliforme,and Cardyceps sinensis), account for 10.40% of the 202 second class nationally protected plant species. The study on biodiversity and distribution of nationally preserved plants in Gansu will provide scientific basis for their protection and utilization.

Succession of sulfur forms in acid sulfate soils

ZHONG Jihong

2003, (5):  98-101. 

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Based on the systematic analysis results of sulfur in acid sulfate soil(ASS)samples collected from their key distribution regions in Guangdong Province, the characteristics and succession of sulfur forms in ASS in different development processes were investigated. The results showed that the content of total sulfur was very high in ASS in the region, and the sulfur in ASS was mostly in inorganic form. The content of element S and organic S was relatively low. It could be found there was a good relative relationship between accumulation and succession of sulfur forms with development and formation of ASS. In acid sulfate paddy soils, sulfur forms was characterized by higher content in the jarosite([KFe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆])and lower content in the pyrite(FeS₂). The total S in surface horizon was much lower compared with potential ASS.More jarosite presented in oxic horizons with lower pH values and more pyrite presented in reduction horizon. For the sustainable utilization of ASS, the acid hazards should be considered as the key problem to be solved.

Study method and research advance in forest CO₂ flux

WANG Wenjie, Yu Jinghua, MAO Zizjun, ZU Yuangang

2003, (5):  102-107. 

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Micrometeorological methods and enclosures/chamber methods for estimating the forest CO₂ flux were introduced in this paper. Eddy covariance method, relaxed eddy accumulation method, energy balance method and aerodynamic method were introduced in the micrometeorological methods. In case of enclosures/chamber methods, the principles of this method and data modeling analysis were given. Finally, the research advances on forest CO₂ flux estimation in Europe and America were proposed.

Review on study of the "slow" soil organic carbon pool

SHI Yi, CHEN Xin, YANG Xuelian, WEN Dazhong

2003, (5):  108-112. 

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Slow" soil organic carbon pool which intervenes between "active" and "inertia" pool,is an important middle decomposing stage of rapid litter loss. This paper summarized characteristics and significance of particulate organic matter(POM), which represented a high proportion of "slow" soil organic carbon pool, primary factors of the influencing POM turnover, and distribution and dynamic change of POM in aggregates and soil profile.

Current and future study about effects of acid deposition on forest ecosystems

LIU Juxiu

2003, (5):  113-117. 

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This paper introduced the effect of acid deposition on forest ecosystems from the following aspects:the effects of acid deposition on element cycling and nutrient imbalance;the effects of acid deposition on the soil physical and chemical properties;the study on the forest water chemistry;the study on the activation of heavy elements affected by acid deposition;the study on the plant growth affected by acid deposition;the joint effects of acid deposition and climate on forests;the effects of simulated acid rain on soil physical and chemical properties and plant growth;the study on the soil weathering;the modeling of problems brought by acid deposition; soil anthropic and natural acidification in the forests; the study on critical charge of acid deposition; the joint effects of acid deposition and other pollutants on plants; and the study on the restoration of acid soil. It also clarified the future study direction and the problems that attention must be paid to.

Review and prospect of urban ecological planning

LIU Jie, WU Renhai

2003, (5):  118-122. 

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The paper outlined the course of urban eco-planning evolution and its prospect in the future. Since 19^th century, the theory and method of urban eco-planning had grown up gradually with the planning practices, from E.Howard’s "Garden Cities" to MacHarg’s eco-planning of land utilization, and to the urban ecological decision planning based on the ecosystem theory. The acceleration of global-scale urbanization had resulted in great problems of our ecological environment and the urban ecological planning had become more and more important to sustainable development in urban areas. The urban eco-planning must advance towards eco-city.

Constructing ecocity of Shenyang

Chen Tao

2003, (5):  123-124. 

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Ecocity is a concentrated reflection of human ecocivilization. In this paper, the sustainable development idea and ecological principal were proposed to take as a guiding thoughtfor construction of ecocity at the same time.Some of the measurements for controling environment of Shenyang were put forward in this paper.They are as follows: ①Regional management for environmental problems. ②Tree planting and afforestation, and controling pollution of coal and smoke in winter. ③Pushing on the construction of small town, and managing environment in the combined area between town and countryside. ④Promoting ecoconsciousness of citizens.

Assessment of water pollution using population structure of floating diatom in Nanwan Reservoir in Henan

XIN Xiaoyun

2003, (5):  125-126. 

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An analysis of six samples in Nanwan Reservior indicated that there were 61 taxa of diatom.According to the Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H′).Lloyd-Ghelardi evenness index(E)and saprobiem spectrum analysis of dominant diatom species, the water quality of Nanwan Reservior was clean to slightly polluted.

Line transect methods in avian census

XU Long, ZHANG Zhengwang, DING Changqing

2003, (5):  127-130. 

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The line transect methods are widely used in wildlife population census. The history of development, fundamental concepts and general types of the methods were introduced in this paper. The estimation of densities of bird populations for the line transect methods, including the Merikallio’s, Gates’s, Fourier-series estimator and distance sampling, was discussed. We concluded that the latter of above was advantageous over the three others, if the distances of birds to transect were available, convenient and precise.

Culture independent methods for studies on microbial ecology of soils

ZHANG Hanbo, DUAN Changqun, QU Lianghu

2003, (5):  131-136. 

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Since most species of microorganisms in soils are not cultivable in the laboratory, the investigation of their communities is a time-consuming and hard work by traditional culture procedure. Moreover, some wrong conclusions may be drawn. In the past decades, three kinds of culture-independent methods have been developed so that great progress has been made in this field. The biochemical method is to determinate the microbial communities by analysis of phospholipid fatty acids(PLFA)of cell membrane. The metabolism-based approach, through observations of the utilization patterns of 95 single-carbon sources performed on the BIOLOG microplates, can provide a lot of information about the microbial functional groups in the soils. The third method, molecular techniques, is most prevalently used to explore the microbial communities. Briefly, the molecular approach was started with the extraction and purification of total DNA from sample soils, followed by PCR-amplification of 16SrRNA gene with universal or special primers. As the analysis procedure of PCR products is different, a variety of approaches, for example, DGGE, RFLP and T-RFLP, have been established since 1990s. Among them, T-RFLP was developed based on the RFLP in 1997. This method combined ribosomal database project(RDP)into the analysis of microbial communities, and the number and constituents of species within a community were inferred just according to the number and intensity of the terminal restriction fragments of 16S rRNA gene. Performing T-RFLP is simple, with high resolution, and can be carried out automatically. Therefove it will play more and more important role in future research in microbial ecology of soils.

Speculation on the spatial management system of China’s forestry

XIE Jianbin, CHEN Fen

2003, (5):  137-141. 

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Forest divisions system, forestry divisions system and forest site types system are three main spatial management systems of China’s forestry sector, which have played key roles in the sector management traditionally focused on timber production. Forest divisions system is the most important system of organizing forestry production. The function of forestry divisions system, in essence, is to guide the production of China’ five-forest-category in different administrative zones. And, forest site types system is designed for evaluation purpose on the basis of topographic and soil factors. However, through analyzing the features and problems of the systems, the authors concluded that these systems can not effectively guide China’s future forest management that will focus more on sustainable and ecological use of forest resource instead of pure timber use, because these systems were basically timber-use-orientated and were not set up on explicit and scientific ecological principles when first designed. Innovation in this regard is very necessary and landscape approach of land classification(also used by other terms such as ecological land classification or just ecological classification system, the meaning of which are the same)was a good alternative. The alternative approach will be a bottom-up system, taking ecological system perception, applying landscape ecology principles and having clear ecological implications. The fixed cost of establishing such a new frame is very high. But in the long run, marginal cost of forestry sector management, especailly when taking all kinds of ecological factors into account, will be much lower than that of using old systems.

Ecological benefits of soil and water conservation in the project area of Yikezhaomeng

KANG Lingling, LI Jinmin, WANG Yunzhang, WANG Xiaoxing, ZENG Guangxin

2003, (5):  142-145. 

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Based on partial observation data, the ecological benefits of soil and water conservation in Yikezhaomeng were discussed after implementing the project supported by World Bank’s Loan. The results showed that soil physical and chemical properties were improved,and soil fertility was increased, and the same time, the local grass and forest coverage was increased, the local climate was improved, the recovery and protection of biodiversities were promoted.

Concept discussion and analysis of urban forest

LIU Changfu, LI Haimei, HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei, XU Wenduo, ZHAO Guiling, NING Zhuhua

2003, (5):  146-149. 

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This paper discussed the contents of urban forest and related concepts, and defined the urban forest. Urban forest can be defined as a syntheses between organism and abiotic environment, which should reach big enough scale and coverage with tree as the main body, considerably influence surrounding environment, and provide ecological values and human landscape values. The range of urban forest was argued, and urban forest between landscape architecture and urban green area were compared, and some opinions and advices were put forward on the development of urban forest.

Discriminant model of urban zonal vegetation in Northeast China and its model of urban forest construction

XU Wenduo, LI Haimei, LIU Changfu, JIN Yingshan, SUN Yu, SU Daoyan

2003, (5):  150-156. 

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Discriminant model of urban zonal vegetation types in Northeast China was established with principal component analysis(PCA)and multiple group discriminant analysis(MGDA). The results showed that 210?7 matrix was established with variables of 210 cities(towns)and 7 climate factors. According to classification and ordination from principal component analysis, there were obviously 7 city(town)zonal vegetation types.Temperature, moisture and their integrate situation the main climate factor influencing distribution of city(town)zonal vegetation types. Discriminant function model of urban zonal vegetation types in Northeastern China was established with multiple group discriminant analysis, and predicted urban zonal vegetation types. Urban zonal vegetation types were validated, and 3 urban forest ecological construction models were put forward.The study provided scientific basis for urban forest ecological construction.

Selection and configuration of street tree species in Shenyang

LI Haimei, LIU Changfu, HE Xingyuan, HU Zhibin, JIN Yingshan, ZHANG Yue

2003, (5):  157-160. 

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Systematic community investigation into street trees in Shenyang was carried out using typical sampling method. Results showed that there were 2291 trees in the investigated area, belonging to 13 families, and 24 genera. The forest coverage was 15.13%. Trees with DBH(diameter at breast height)<0.25m and DBH between 0.25～0.5m accounted for 43.0% and 17.9% of the total, respectively. Trees with height <4.6 m accounted for 49.8% of total, and trees with height between 4.6～10.7m accounted for 43.3%. The healthy status of the trees was above middle level. These demonstrated that street trees in Shenyang were in a stable phase. However, the diversity index of the trees was not very high and structure of the trees was simple. Some suggestions and strategies were put forward for street tree species selection and configuration, based on current natural condition in Shenyang and the criteria for the selection of street tree species.