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    10 December 2004, Volume 23 Issue 06
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    Density regulation of explosive population growth in Oxalis corymbosa
    YANG Juan, ZHONG Zhangcheng
    2004, (6):  1-5. 
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    Ecological invasion is one of the most popular ecological focuses around the world.Ecological calamities caused by introducing exotic species were concerned recently.The mechanism of population regulation of Oxalis corymbosa,a non-indigenous species,was studied in 1999 Density regulation was determined by characteristics of morphology,dynamics and production.Modular populations could regulate their quantities and biomass.Although varied in module,leaves number and biomass were the most flexible and sensitive.Density regulation displayed on the levels of individual and module.Regulation on the level of leaf population caused that peak number of leaves per individual was different among populations.Regulation and self-thinning on the level of individual only happened in high-density population.Biomass and bulb production were influenced significantly by density.The relationship between biomass per ramet and population density conforms to -3/2-power law.Similar relationship happened between bulbs production and population density.
    Carbon emission from soil in Xi'an Loess regron
    ZHANG Xiaolong, MA Runhua, ZHAO Jingbo, LI Peiying
    2004, (6):  6-10. 
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    With alkali aqua absorption method,CO2 emission from the loess soil in Xi'an area was studied from Sep.1999 to Sep.2001.The results showed that the amount of CO2 emission during the daytime was lower than that during the night,which tended to keep pace with the temperature change.The amount of CO2 emission also changed with the seasons,which was the highest in summer,next in autumn,and lowest in winter.There was significantly positive correlation between the amount of CO2 emission and temperature.The amount of CO2 emission varied under different vegetation conditions,which was generally much higher on the bare ground than that of the others.Moreover,the emission of CO2 in the soil was sensitive to the texture and structure of soil and CO2 was emitted from loose layers more than solid ones.
    Comparison of foliage caloric values of garden plants in Wuhan and Tianjin,China
    XU Yongrong, FENG Zongwei, ZHU Jingen
    2004, (6):  11-14. 
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    Gross caloric values (GCV),ash contents and ash free caloric values (AFCV) of some garden plants in Spring were measured in Wuhan and Tianjin.Adecrease in average GCVwas observed from the trees to the herbs in Wuhan and Tianjin; values were 20334 J穏-1 (trees),18226 J穏-1 (shrubs) and 16656 J穏-1 (herbs) in Wuhan,and 19531 J穏-1 (trees),17777 J穏-1 (shrubs),and 17457 J穏-1 (herbs) in Tianjin,respectively.On the contrary,ash contents shawed an increace from the trees to the herbs in both cities.Average AFCVshowed the same trend with GCVin Wuhan (the trees>the shrubs>the herbs),but difference in Tianjin, as follow:the trees >the herbs >the shrubs.When caloric values and ash contents were compared between plants in Wuhan and Tianjin,results shnoed that,GCVand AFCVof the plants in Tianjin were lower than results showed that those in Wuhan except for the herbs.Among 7 common plant species in the two cities,GCVand AFCVof five species in Tianjin were lower than those in Wuhan.
    Allocation,circulation and purification effect of nutrient pollutant N in synthetic wastewater in Avicennia marina simulated wetland system
    CHEN Guikui, CHEN Guizhu
    2004, (6):  15-18. 
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    By setting-up simulated mangrove wetland in a greenhouse,the behavior of total nitrogen in Avicennia marina simulated wetland system was studied.Three different concentrations of synthetic wastewater,namely C1,C5 and C10 and artificial seawater (control) of 1.5% salinity were discharged into the wetland in fixed quantity twice a week for a year.C1 had the characteristics similar to normal municipal sewage and C5 and C10 were five and ten times of nutrients and heavy metals as that in C1 respectively.The results indicated that sewage irrigation could increase the content of nitrogen in tidal water and soil.The order of nitrogen content in plant was leaf>stem>root.The circulation period of nitrogen up-taken by plants was about 5 years.The simulated wetland system had significant purifying effect on nitrogen in synthetic wastewater.
    Response of net primary productivity (NPP) of Sichuan vegetations to global climate changes
    XU Xiao
    2004, (6):  19-24. 
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    According to the trend of global climate changes and in combination with the elevation factor,the authors simulated the changes of spatial distribution pattern for net primary productivity (NPP) of Sichuan vegetations under 5 combinations of thermal and hydrological conditions using Ecologicol Information System ( EIS ) and the vegetations net primary productivity model.The result indicated that the net primary productivity (NPP)-values of natural vegetation in Sichuan decreases gradually from southeast to northwest.The NPP-values was positively related to precipitation,while negatively related to the PER-values.The relationship between the NPP-values and the elevation is very complicated.The NPP-values were mainly decided by precipitation in the basin,but by the potential evaporating rate (PER) in the transitional region and the plateau.With changes of the global climate,the values and distribution area of NPPwill move from southeast to northwest of Sichuan Province.When the temperature and the precipitation increase by 2.5℃ and 10%,respectively,the NPP-values will increase by 13.76%.When the precipitation increases to 20%,the NPP-values will increase continually to 10.922 TDM·hm-2·yr-1.When the temperature increases by 4℃ and precipitation increases by 10%,the NPP-values will increase by 18.29%.With the decrease of precipitation to P-10%,NPPwill decrease gradually to 9.530 TDM·hm-2·yr-1.
    Effects of nitrogen supply and demand status of soil and herbage system on vegetation succession and grassland degradation in alpine meadow
    CAO Guangmin, WU Qin, LI Dong, HU Qiwu, LI Yuemei, WANG Xi
    2004, (6):  25-28. 
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    Four typical pastures which represented different degradation stage of alpine meadow were selected at Haibei station of alpine meadow ecosystem.Thus,the studies on soil nitrogen supply ability due to its mineralization and herbages' demand for nitrogen were conducted.Consequently,effects of nitrogen supply and demand status of soil and herbage system on vegetation succession and grassland degradation in alpine meadow was discussed.The results showed that during the herbages growing period from May to August,through nitrogen mineralization,soil supplied 15.86 g穖-2.However,with the aggravation of grassland degradation,the dominate population in the communities was succeessed fromGramineae to Gramineae and Cyperaceae,and then to Kobresia,and forb.During the process of succession,the herbages' total demands for nitrogen were 22.86,24.87,37.3 and 14.96g穖-2,respectively.Only at the stage of soil nitrogen supply can meet the demands of herbage's growth.Therefore,nutrient is one of the most important driving factors that lead to vegetation succession and pasture degradation in alpine meadow region.
    Landscape pattern changes in small watershed on the basis of policies of land withdrawing from cultivation
    DONG Youfu, ZHAO Yonghua, QUAN Zhijie
    2004, (6):  29-32. 
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    Landscape pattern changes of Zhifanggou watershed during the late 20th century in North Shaanxi Province were studied.The results showed that grassland and forest were the main landscape tgres in the watershed,because of the policies of land withdrawing from cultivation.The landscape structure tended to be simplified,and the complexity of landscape were reduced,and spatial relationships among landscape elements were intensified.The whole ecological environment has been greatly improved.
    Effects of nitrogen and silicon applications on the growth and yield of rice and soil fertility
    GUO Bin, LOU Yunsheng, LIANG Yongchao, ZHANG Jie, HUA Haixia, XI Yunlong
    2004, (6):  33-36. 
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    Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) application combined with silicon (Si) on the yield and growth of rice and soil nutrient status.The results showed that either nitrogen or silicon application could increase the yield and growth of rice,with the effect of nitrogen being better than that of silicon.Compared to nitrogen or silicon fertilization,the combined application could significantly increase the effective ear number per plant,filled grain number per ear,1000-grain weight,green-leaf number and yield at mature stage.The ratio of N to Si was significantly declined with the increase of silicon fertilizer during mature stage.Combined application of nitrogen with silicon could increase soil available nitrogen and silicon contents,decrease soil available potassium content,but had no significant effects on soil available phosphorus,organic matter,pHvalue and total nitrogen.
    Preliminary study on dynamics of water supply and demands in Xizhuang watershed of Yunnan
    MA Xing, LI Jinghong, XU Jianchu
    2004, (6):  37-41. 
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    Sustainable utilization of water resources is the key issue of ecological construction and conservation in western China.Xizhuang watershed,located in Nujiang valley,is a typical mountain watershed.Although it is rich in potential water resource,water scarcity is still a problem for irrigation and domestic drink.Taking Xizhuang watershed for instance,the study applied by quantitative monitoring and participatory approach for assessing the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources and explored the sustainable use and conservation of water resources in mountainous watersheds.
    Meteorological factors on grasshopper bloom in Hami Area
    YANG Lianmei, WANG Jianzhong
    2004, (6):  42-46. 
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    Grasshopper is one of the most serious pests in Xinjiang.There is a close relationship between the grasshopper infection and meteorological conditions.Higher temperature and less precipitation from previous year's autumn to present year's summer would benefit the outbreak of grasshopper,with the temperature periodic variation from May to August. The weather condition in winter had little effect on grasshopper infection.One of the most effective methods that controls and protects the grassland is to contruct the system of monitoring and forecasting for grasshopper disaster.
    Seasonal dynamics and structures of insect communities in wheat fields
    GAO Shujing, PANG Baoping, YU Yang, LU Hui
    2004, (6):  47-50. 
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    Systematic investigation and analysis of insect communities in wheat fields was carried out from April to July,2003.The results indicated that there were 11 orders,23 families,36 species of insects including 4 orders,5 families,12 species of predators; 2 orders,3 families,4 species of parasitoids; 5 orders,12 families,15 species of phytophagous insects ,and 1 order,3 families,5 species of others.Ladybird beetles were the most abundant in species and quantity among the predators,and green lacewings and syrphid flies were secondly.Among the parasitoids,the aphid parasitoid was the most dominant and then the larvaevorids.The English grain aphid Macrosiphum avenae was the most dominant,and the rice leaf bud Trigonotylus ruficornis,the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus and the rice phloeothrips Haplothrips aculeatus were the next.Natural enemies occurred after pest insects and could not control the English wheat aphid efficiently.Based on the component structure of insect communities and wheat developmental period,the seasonal dynamics of insect communities in the wheat fields was divided into five periods using the best division method of sequent samples,and the community characteristics and control strategies in different periods were given.
    Influence of plant extracts on the pupation rate and pupal weight of Plutella xylostella
    WEI Hui, YOU Minsheng, WANG Qianliang, HOU Youming, LIN Zeyan
    2004, (6):  51-54. 
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    After treated respectively with ethanol extracts (Etho Exts) of 35 kinds of non-host plants,leaves were used to feed Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) and revealled the influence of plant extracts on the pupation rate and pupal weight.The results showed that the Etho Exts of Camellia oleifera,Psidium guajava,Euphorbia hirta,Albizia falcataria,Mentha haplocalyx,Ricinus communis,Duranta repens could significantly (P<0.01,DMRT) reduce pupation rate of P.xylostella,which were responsible for the lower pupation rates under 30%.The pupal weight of P.xylostella was significantly (P<0.01,DMRT) inhibited by the Etho Exts of Centella asiatica,Mangifera indica,Broussonetia papyrifera and Eucalyptus tereticornis,which resulted in ten pupal weight of P.xylostella was less than 0.0300g.
    Food and feeding habits of big mouth buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus in fish pond
    LI Kuanyi, LIU Zhengwen, WANG Chunzhong
    2004, (6):  55-58. 
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    Big mouth buffalo,Ictiobus cyprinellus ,is endemic to North America.As an important species for aquaculture,it was introduced to China in 1994.The researches on this fish species mostly focused on fish culture and diseases.The food and feeding habits of big mouth buffalo fingerlings was studied from May to October 2000.The results showed that big mouth buffalo fingerlings had clear food selectivity in feeding,and preferred to bigger zooplankton species.With the growth of the fish,the selected food size would also increase.It was not evident that zooplankton species and their escape ability had influence on the food and feeding habits of big mouth buffalo fingerlings.The food relations among Ictiobus cyprinellus,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis were also discussed.
    Discussion on the agricultural ecological security and its management countermeasures
    ZHANG Jia'en, LUO Shiming
    2004, (6):  59-62. 
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    The basic concepts and contents of ecological security and agroecological security were discussed in this paper.Ecological security could be defined as a dynamic state or degree of harmony,health and stability in quantity,quality and relationships for different scales of ecosystems including biological,environmental and resource factors.Agroecological security consists of agricultural environmental security,resource security,biological security and food security.Aseries of management countermeasures for agroecological security were put forward,such as to strengthen agroecological management,to develop eco-industries,to reasonably protect and exploit natural resources,ecosystems and biodiversity,to improve hazard-defense systems and to establish monitoring systems,laws and regulations for agroecological security.
    Metapopulation theory and its application to ecological restoration
    LU Qingbin, WANG Xiaoming, DING Youzhong
    2004, (6):  63-70. 
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    To solve the environmental problems is one of the challenges for ecologists and environmentalists.These problems mainly include destroyed stability and equilibrium of biosystem,habitat loss and fragmentation.The origin of metapopulation theory was discussed in this paper,and the latest advance and applied scope were summarized as well.Some fundamental principles were proposed,including the metapopulation equilibrium,the minimum viable metapopulation (MVM),the fittest patchy density and the high quality patch,which could guide the conservation and restoration strategy when the metapopulation theory was applied.
    Application of 3S technologies in urban green space ecology
    XIAO Rongbo, ZHOU Zhixiang, WANG Pengcheng, YE Zhenqin,g GUO Erxiang, JI Guang Chao
    2004, (6):  71-76. 
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    The characteristics of remote sensing applied to urban green space ecology were introduced at first.Then the applications of 3S technologies were discussed,such as investigating urban green space cover,estimating its 3-dimensional vegetable quantity,monitoring its ecological quality,analyzing its spatial pattern and its dynamic change,assessing its suitability,and planning urban green space etc.Some problems were brought forward and the future on applications of 3S technologies were discussed.
    Key factors of forest litter decomposition and research progress
    LI Zhi'an, ZOU Bi, DING Yongzhen, CAO Yusong
    2004, (6):  77-83. 
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    This paper reviews the research advance in litter decomposition of forest ecosystem,with special attention to nutrient processes and the factors regulating the decomposition.Traditionally,litter decomposition has been studied on the background of nutrient cycle in forest ecosystem.But modern work is associated with the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystem on the background of global change.Lots of documents have addressed such factors regulating the decomposition as litter quality,biological contribution and physical factors.Nutrient release from the litter is related to the stage of decomposition.About 2 years or 50% of decay are often the time when litter begins to release nutrients for many litter types,while during the initial period,decomposition often results in immobilization of nutrient from the environment.This occurs mainly for N and P,but not for metal elements.Litter quality is the key factor governing the nutrient release,with which C/N ratio is highly correlated.Litter quality is also a key factor determining the decomposition rate.Litter of high nutrient content (especially of N and P) decomposes fast.This quality controlled process mainly happens in the initial stage of decomposition.Some organic components such as lignin and cellulose in litter are also important factors governing the decomposition.Lignin/N,lignin/P and other ratios of recalcitrant substance to inorganic nutrient are widely used indicators of litter decomposability.Biological and physical-chemical factors contribute to the litter decomposition.Reference data of contribution are 7.2% (only physical-chemical),8% (only microbiological) and 14.2% (only soil animals) in a total decomposition of 29.4%.Litter quality results in the difference of soil fauna and microbes,which in return influences the decomposition rate.Abundance of soil fauna and microbes as a result of better quality of broadleaf litter accounts for the accelerated decomposition of pine needles when they are mixed together.Rise of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere enhances the primary productivity of forest ecosystem,but the quality of litter decrease,as a result,with higher C/N.Lower quality litter decomposes more slowly.High CO2 seems no direct impact on the decomposition.In general,high CO2 as a consequence of global change is expected to strengthen the role of soil as a sink of carbon.However,more investigation is needed in this context.
    Prospect of the study on rock desertification and its restoration in southwest Karst mountains
    LI Yangbing, WANG Shijie, RONG Li
    2004, (6):  84-88. 
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    In this paper,the study on rock desertification and its restoration in southwest Karst mountain area was briefly reviewed.With reference to the trends in related scientific fields and pressing demand in restoring existing degraded lands,several key aspects,including vegetation processes,eco-hydrological processes,landscape processes and assessment of regional environmental state,prediction of rock desertification trends and exploration of restoration measures for the Karst mountain areas in southwest China were stated in order to discover mechanisms leading to rock desertification and to restore desertification lands.
    Effects of imposex on reproduction and population of gastropods
    SHI Huahong, YU Xiujuan, ZHU Sixi, HUANG Changjiang
    2004, (6):  89-93. 
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    Imposex in gastropods can be induced by tributyltin,which acts as endocrine disrupting chemicals.In the development of imposex,female will become sterile and even dead when the vulva is replaced by the prostate or blocked by the vas deferens,the bursa compulatrix or the capsule gland opens,the capsule gland is blocked interiorly,and the ovary becomes testis.Subsequently,the ratio of female to male and the juveniles to the adults decreases,and the population declines.The population with planktonic larva can sustain by immigrating,while one without planktonic larva will extinct locally due to the limited dispersal of juvenile snails.The functional effect of imposex is revelatory to the research of ecological effect for other endocrine disrupting chemicals.
    Abandoned cultivation succession and restoration ecology
    ZHU Guilin, SHAN Lun, LIU Guobin
    2004, (6):  94-96. 
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    Abandoned cultivation succession is an important succession pattern.It can provide guidance for restoration projects.Abandoned cultivation succession is an advancing succession.It takes a very long time to restore an ecological system to a sustainable equilibrium one,which depends on inherent law of succession.Appropriate human intervention could change and shorten the succession process greatly.Research on abandoned cultivation succession was the basis for restoration ecology,which is established and developed with the research on abandoned cultivation succession.
    Approach for water resource utilization and protection-watershed management
    LI Wanhui, PAN Wenbin, DENG Hongbin
    2004, (6):  97-101. 
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    In order to promote water resource utilization and protection,the Amcrican scientists put forward watershed management firstly.Nowadays it has become the major management model for water resource management and been applied widely in the world.Based on the description of the origin,development,goal and essential idea of watershed management,some successful examples of foreign watershed management were recommended,such as American Watershed Protection Programming and Total Catchment Management in Australia.The status of water resource quality in our country indicates the lack of management and watershed management has not been carried through the whole process of water resource management.Strengthening non-point source pollution management,assessing watershed ecological environment,program land use and intensifying the relative laws play important roles,at sustainable utilization of water resource.
    A review on key species study in ecology
    GE Baoming, BAO Yixin, ZHENG Xiang
    2004, (6):  102-106. 
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    Study on key species is the focus of the ecological research,especially in the study of conservation biology.Key species can be the precedent target of the biodiversity conservation.But the identification of key species in a community or an ecosystem is much difficult.In this paper,the previous studies about the key species were reviewed,emphasizing upon the application and the limitation of the key species during the research works.Some experimental methods and quantitative measurements on the determination of the key species were given and evaluated.
    Dispersal ecology and its significance
    XIAO Zhishu, ZHANG Zhibin
    2004, (6):  107-110. 
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    Dispersal is one of the hottest fields in ecological research,while dispersal ecology has become a new discipline in biological sciences.This paper reviewed some basically theoretical problems about dispersal ecology,such as the definitions of dispersal,research scopes and its relationships with other disciplines in biology,and the significance of dispersal was also summerized.The research scopes of dispersal ecology are very wide and covers from microbes to vertebrates,involving not only ecological theories (e.g.metapopulation,diversity,complex and stability of community and ecosystem) and evolutionary theories (e.g.speciation),but also the application for species protection,biodiversity conservation,pest control (inclusive invading species),epidemic prevention,environmental protection,and demographic management.It is essential to study dispersal for the biological theories and practical problems.
    Advaneces in study on ecological and environmental water requirement and discussion on its theory
    WANG Shanlin, CONG peitong, WANG Ruilan, JIN Jiongqiu, MA Zhenxing
    2004, (6):  111-115. 
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    The concept of ecological and environmental water requirement was introduced and reviewed.In-channel,out-channel and entertainment required water constitute the ecological and environmental water requirement.The concept was discussed from the aspects of spatial-temporal distribution,priority of nature and sustainable utilization.The characteristic was analyzed with the dynamics,controlability and limit.The methods on calculating and evaluating ecological and environmental water requirement was summerized and the development trends in this domain were prospected.
    Case study on clean production and recycle economy in heavy industrial city (Fushun)
    YUAN Junbin, WANG Ende, YE Yongheng
    2004, (6):  116-118. 
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    In this paper,the relationship between clean production and recycle economy were discussed in detail.The importance,necessity and practical significance of developing recycle economy were argued as well.Practicable countermeasures were also put forward,which might lay a theoretical foundation for the sustainable development of resources cities.According to analysis of Fushun's industry layout,structure and economy development scale,the best way of heavy industry cities to develop clean production was brought forward.
    Relationship between eco-environment construction and urban forestry in Shanghai
    HUANG Guozhen, XU Dongxin, SU Ping
    2004, (6):  119-124. 
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    Shanghais environment is hot suitable for the aims of building an international city,advancing its competition and sustainable development.It needs to define the request of environment construction for urban forestry and to realize a new development in quality and structure,to build a basic urban forestry frame which takes the coast defend forest as the front and natural forest reserve and corridors forest as the hinterland.Land is so rare in Shanghai that the increase of land use as forestry has to be planned by all means.
    Status and prospects of allelopathy in molecular level and soil ecosystem
    WANG Jinchuang, PAN Kaiwen, LI Fuhua
    2004, (6):  125-130. 
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    Allelopathy is one of the hottest research domains in ecology.In this paper,current advances of studies on allelopathy from molecular level to soil ecosystem level were reviewed.Effects of environmental stresses on allelopathy and impacts of allelopathy on plant cells and tissues were discussed.Recent progresses of the studies at molecular level were summarized in regard to locating gene controlling allelopathic effects,influencing protein and nucleic acid formation,gene expression and regulation,physiological and biochemical mechanism.Three aspects of the allelopathic effect on soil ecosystem perspective were also reviewed,which included soil quality,soil microorganism and soil fauna.Some problems and the further development on allelopathic research were put forward as well.
    Effects of long-term fertilization on soil nutrient pool
    GUAN Yan, YU Wantai, LI Jiandong
    2004, (6):  131-137. 
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    This paper reviewed the research on dynamic and balance of soil nutrient pool under long-term fertilization conditions,mainly about some active aspects which included dynamic variations of total nitrogen(N),available N,total phosphorus(P),available P,total potassium(K),available K,and organic carbon in soil; dynamic variations of ammonium N,amino acid N,amino sugar N,unknown N,non hydrolyzable Nand microbiomass Nin soil nutrient pool; changes of Ca2-P,Ca8-P,Al-P,Fe-P,O-P,labile organic P,moderately labile organic P,moderately stable P,highly stable Pand microbiomass Pin soil; changes of loosely,stably and tightly combined humus,humic and fulvic acids in soil carbon pool; effects of long-term fertilization on organic-mineral complex status in soil; nutrients cycling and balance of agricultural soil nutrients pool. Currently the problems were pointed out,and some key points for research in future were emphasized.
    Discuss on the flexibility of ecological industry chain
    WANG Yi, LU Yongsen
    2004, (6):  138-142. 
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    The recent global economy development had ignored the essential ecological principle.People have been turning the economic development from linear mode to circular economy for the needs of survival and development.Circular economy is the economy mode following ecological laws.The main part of circular economy in industry is the construction of ecological industry chain ,which is based on the imitation of the high efficient use of material and energy in natural ecological system.The flexibility of industry chain is very important,which can be illustrated by some elementary ecological industry chain from field servey.The importance of flexibility in terms of risk was dissussed, such as the management risk,maintenance risk and contingent risk. Illustration of flexibility is of great importance for the industry chain to recover from the risk.
    Binding of metal-ions with humic substances in aquatic environments: A review
    FU Pingqing, LIU Congqiang, WU Fengchang
    2004, (6):  143-148. 
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    Humic substances are present in most of the surface and ground waters.They are important with respect to the chemical speciation,mobility,and bioavailability of trace metals.In this paper,we summarized the basic properties of humic substances (mainly humic acids and fulvic acids) and discussed the binding mechanism of proton and metal ions onto humic substances,which indicates the influential role of humic substances in controlling the environmental behaviors of metal ions in aquatic environmental systems.Short description of the developing history of modern physio-chemical models was given.Especially we recommended the lately emerged models: ModelⅥ and NICA-Donnan model.They showed encouraging success in modeling metal-humic interactions over a wide range of conditions.The effects of aquatic humic substances on the geochemical behaviors of metal ions in aquatic environments were also discussed.However,it was also suggested that if inorganic colloids or biota in aquatic environments are to be included in metal speciation and transportation codes,a full understanding of the ternary interactions of HSwith toxic metals and inorganic colloids or biota must be gained.
    Biodiversity of AM fungi in China
    WANG Fayuan, LIN Xiangui, ZHOU Jianmin
    2004, (6):  149-154. 
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    In the symbiotic association of plant and fungi,arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM),which is formed between plants and Glomales fungi,has the widest distribution in the nature.AM fungi inhabit a variety of ecosystems including farmland,forests and many stressed environments and colonize the roots of most plants,including bryophyte,pteridophyte,gymnosperm and angiosperm.Atotal of 99 AM fungi species within 7 genera have been reported in the rhizosphere of different plants in various environments of China since 1980s.Advances in the past 20 years in AM fungal biodiversity,including species diversity,habitat diversity and host diversity,were reviewed in this paper.Some prospects in the biodiversity of AMfungi were also given in the article.
    Analyses on grassland ecosystem services and its indexes for assessment
    ZHAO Tongqian, OUYANG Zhiyun, ZHENG Hua, WANG Xiaoke，MIAO Hong
    2004, (6):  155-160. 
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    Grassland ecosystem services imply the natural environmental conditions and their effectiveness formed and sustained by grassland ecosystem and its ecological processes,on which,human life relies for existence.Grassland ecosystem services can be divided into four groups: provisioning,regulating,cultural,and supporting services based on new study reports.Provisioning services consist of the products from livestock and vegetation in grassland.Regulating services imply the benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes,including weather regulation,soil C fixation,water storage,erosion control,air quality purification,waste treatment,and nutrients cycle.Cultural services include the nonmaterial benefits people obtained through spiritual enrichment,cognitive development,recreation,and aesthetic experiences,such as cultural diversity,recreation and ecotourism.Supporting services are foundation of the production of all other ecosystem services,including sand dune fixation,soil improvement and providing of habitat.Based on the above analyses,an index system of assessment of grassland ecosystem services,which consists of 13 function indexes,was established.
    Extinction-prone attributes and conservation priorities of animals
    LIU Xuecong, LI Yiming
    2004, (6):  161-166. 
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    Many species have become endangered and extinct because of natural and factitious factors.Species endangerment and extinction does not occur at random ecologically.The species with some attributes,called extinction-prone attributes,are at high risk of extinction.The attributes can include:large body size,low reproductive capacity,low dispersal ability,high trophic level,large home range,small population size,high temporal population variability,small geographical range,low population density,high sqecialization level of habitat,specific habitat,etc.Studies on extinction-prone attributes of animals can provide proactive conservation strategies for biodiversity.Although some extinction-prone attributes of species have already been used for ranking conservation priority of species,most hypothesises need further precise and in-depth studies,because the effects that these attributes are on endangerment and extinction of species are very complicated.It is essential to probe into the extinction-prone attributes of different taxa and different regions species.The endangered patterns of animals in China may differ from those abroad for unique geographical and historical development,traditional chinese medicines (TCM),and frequent illegal wildlife trade through the national border.
    Ecological orientation and approaches for establishment of artificial vegetation in desert areas
    CHANG Zhaofeng
    2004, (6):  167-170. 
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    Water is the most important constraint factor for the establishment of vegetation in arid ecosystems.Therefore,the availability of extra water resources is the prerequisite for the establishment of artificial vegetation in desert ecosystems.It is not sagacious to establish artificial vegetation in such arid ecosystems when there are no adequate extra water resources.The improvement of desert vegetation should be realized mainly by the protection of Current plants and the establishment of semi-artificial vegetation.The general process for the inventory of plant population is to investigate: ①currently,is there any natural population of the targeted plant species? ②Historically,was there any natural population of the targeted plant species? ③Do the natural conditions meet the requirement of the recruitment of the targeted plant population? and ④What is the probability for man to provide ecological resources? Enclosure protection of current vegetation and the establishment of semi-artificial vegetation are the main approaches for the recruitment of desert vegetation,while the protection of underground water resources is a radical step.
    A primary study on turbulent fluxes over surface layer in the region of cropland to grassland conversion in southern Ningxia
    ZHANG Xiaoyu, WANG Lianxi, YUAN Haiyan
    2004, (6):  171-173. 
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    Based on the data of microclimatic observation during 2002 to 2003,and using Bowen ratio energy balance method,the characteristics of net radiation flux,sensible heat flux,latent heat flux and heat flux in soil over surface in the region of cropland to grassland conversion in southern Ningxia were analyzed respectively.The results showed that the fluxes changed regularly during day time.Sensible heat flux was up to 50% of net radiation and generally reached 80%～100%.The latent fluxes were positive in all day in summer and daytime in autumn,and those in the morning of spring and evening of autumn were negative.The budget of heat fluxes in soil in spring and winter were greater than that in summer and autumn.
    Temporal-spatial change characteristics of main pollutants in Zhuozhang river
    LIU Ruixiang, CHANG Huili, REN Jiahong
    2004, (6):  174-177. 
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    Sampling from 21 monitoring sites in low-flow period (May),high-flow period (August) and mean-flow period (October) from 1996 to 2000,the temporal-spatial change characteristics of main pollutants (COD,BOD5,NH3-N,NO2-N and volatile hydroxybenzene) in the surface water of Zhuozhang river were studied.The results showed that seasonal change of pollutant concentration was relatively diversified.Order of these change characteristics was: low-flow period > mean-flow period > high-flow period.The change characteristics of main pollutants along the river was mainly related to the difference of source pollutants.
    Ecological footprint of urban residents' living consumption in Jinan City
    ZHAO Huixia, JIANG Luguang
    2004, (6):  178-181. 
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    City is the production and output center of commodities,information and services for the local area.On the other hand,it is the input center and net consumer of primary production and ecological service of ecosystem.The urban inhabitants must rely on corn,water,coal and other natural resources from the outside ecologically productive lands.The outside ecosystem also provides clean air and assimilates waste from the cities.Ecological footprint analysis is an effective method for evaluating the Cities' appropriation on ecosystem.Using EFanalysis,the ecological footprint of urban residents' living consumption in Jinan City is estimated.Based on conservative estimation,the per capita ecological footprint of urban residents' living consumption is 1.0169 hm2.The gross ecological footprint of urban living consumption of Jinan City is 2.715?106 hm2,which is 154 times larger than the built-up area.For the sustainable and healthy development of the city,the productive ability and resources utilization ratio should be enhanced by science and technology innovation.The resources-saving consumption concept and pattern should be advocated in order to attain high quality life by definite resources appropriation.
    Problems in the process of sand fixing vegetation restoration and resource utilization in Ulanbuhe desert
    LI Huiqing
    2004, (6):  182-185. 
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    Ulanbuhe desert is one of the eight largest deserts in China. It is located on the transitional zone between semi-drought and drought area,and could be easily desertified further. The paper analyzed the problems existed in the process of sand fixing vegetation restoration and resource utilization, which mainly included species selection and stabilization, natural vegetation being destroyed around oasis,and the possible effect of oasis scale.
    Contruction of eco-tourism routes in western Zhejiang Province
    LI Jian, YU Yiwu, FANG Gongyong, TONG Chai
    2004, (6):  186-190. 
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    Through analysis of tourism resources,geographical position and market,and the necessity to construct some eco-tourism routes in western Zhejiang Province was put forward.Three strategies should be adopted during the construction process,which includes space,image and product.The space strategy,based on the brand beauty spot,ought to develop the location whose tourism resources are rich and get in touch with the adjacent traveling route.In the image strategy, an appropriate slogan and propagate was put forward.As for the product strategy,unique traveling products could be developed based on the local characteristics.
    Socioeconomic and environmental impacts of mining activities in Zambia
    Enock sakala, LU Zhibo, LU Yongsen
    2004, (6):  191-194. 
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    Mining is a very significant industry in Zambia. Mining and processing activities creates a number of environmental problems in the mining area called the Copperbelt. The open pit mining activities deforms the land surface and creates waste materials containing dangerous substances that pollute water, soil and the atmosphere, and cause harm to human health. This paper studies the socioeconomic and the ecological impacts of mining related activities on the Copperbelt of Zambia and discusses alternative countermeasures for a sustainable development approach.