Table of Content

12 January 2006, Volume 25 Issue 01

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Articles

Dynamic process of liquid phase sulfur and nitrogen in forest canopy under acid deposition

ZENG Mei;ZENG Guangming;ZHANG Gong;JIANG Yimin;ZHANG Xilin

2006, 25(01):  1-6 . 

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To illustrate the effects of acid deposition in Shaoshan area on the migration of liquid phase sulfur and nitrogen in forest canopy,we monitored the rainfall,canopy throughfall and ground­fall in 2001～2002.The results showed that the ions in test objects were extremely unbalanced,and the pH values was increased in order of rainfall,canopy throughfall,and ground­fall,illustrating that vegetation, especially forest canopy,had evident effects in buffering acid rain and neutralizing acid substances.The maximum mean concentrations of SO₄^2- and NO₃^- in rainfall both appeared in spring,and the NO₃^- concentration in spring was 3.27 times of that in summer,due to the scarce rainfall in spring and the plentiful rainfall in summer.The SO₄^2-/ NO₃^- ratio in the rainfall in Shaoshan ranged from 2.66 to 15.53,indicating that SO₄^2- was the predominant ion.As a place for tourism,Shaoshan has more than 1 million tourists each year,and the NO_x from the tail gas of automobiles also gives contribution to the acid rain.Regression analyses of the pH, SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and Ca²⁺ in test objects showed that the correlation of SO₄^2- with pH was more significant than that with other ions,suggesting that the origins of H+ and SO₄^2- were identical,and both came from industrial sources.

Growth and biomass allocation of Chilopsis linearis under different soil wat

er stresses

YU Qiushi;ZHAO Ming;LI Changlong;LI Aide

2006, 25(01):  7-12 . 

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  In this paper,2­year old Chilopsis linearis introduced from western USA was pot­cu ltured under different soil moisture regime,and its growth and biomass allocation were studied.The results showed that soil water stress severely restricted the vegetative and reproductive growth of C.linearis,and induced a remarkable decrease of its individual leaf number,branch number,lateral root number,and total biomass. Compared with light water stress,medium and heavy water stress decreased the individual dry biomass of C.linearis by 40.9% and 76.4%,respectively.Under heavy soil water stress,the single leaf dry biomass,single leaf area,and the ratio of single leaf dry biomass to single leaf area decreased by 63.45%,47.39% and 27.23%,while the ratio of leaf surface area to its fresh biomass and that of root to stem increased by 22.28% and 86%,respectively,compared to light water stress.With aggravating soil water stress,there was a trend that photosynthetic matter accumulated mainly in middle and top leaves of stem,and the decrement of component biomass was in order of leaf>stem>main root>lateral root,which reflected the whole plant action to soil water stress.

Effects of water-soluble organic materials on nitrogen and phosphorus content and use efficiency in a paddy soil

WANG Genmei;ZHOU Lixiang

2006, 25(01):  13-18 . 

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With micro­plot experiment,this paper studied the effects of applying organic materials on the dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus,and their availability in paddy soil.The results showed that during rice growth period,the nitrogen (ammonia­N and nitrate­N) and phosphorus contents in soil solution were decreased with time,and significantly correlated with the dosage of chemical fertilizers and the DOC content in soil solution.Organic materials application could not only increase rice biomass,but also increase the use efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.¹⁵N tracer indicated that compared with applying chemical fertilizers,organic materials application could significantly increase the availability and maintenance of soil nitrogen,which in turn decreased soil nitrogen loss.

Pool sizes and turnover rates of farmland soil organic carbon

SHAO Yuehong ^1,2;PAN Jianjun ¹;SUN Bo ³;LI Haiying ¹

2006, 25(01):  19-23 . 

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This paper studied the pool sizes and turnover rates of organic carbon in paddy soil,upland fluvo-aquic soil and red soil in Yujiang County.According to the turnover time of soil organic carbon,the carbon pools could be clssified into active,slow­active,and inert pools,all of which complied with first order dynamic model.Based on the decomposition curves of soil organic carbon and employing this model,the sizes and decomposition rates of active and slow­active carbon pools were simulated,and the results showed that the size of active pool in different soil profiles accounted for 0.6%～3.7% of total soil organic carbon,with a mean residence time of 4～45 days,while the size and mean residence time of slow­active pool were 37.7%～81.2% and 5～24 years,respectively. As for inert pool,its size measured by using acid hydrolysis method accounted for 17.1%～48.1%.The carbon pool size of paddy soils with different moisture regime was in  order of periodically waterlogged paddy soil> glayed paddy soil> submerged paddy soil,while that of paddy soils with different parent material was in  order of Quaternary red clay >Tertiary red sandstone.Paddy soils had a larger active carbon pool than upland soils,which was reverse in slow­active carbon pool,suggesting that upland soil had a greater ability to fix carbon than paddy soil.

Effects of global warming on constructive species of Leymus chinensis grassland in Inner Mongolia of China

ZHOU Qin¹; LIU Qinpu^1,2; LIN Zhenshan² 

2006, 25(01):  24-28 . 

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Based on the 1981~1994 investigation data about the temperature and vegetation of Leymus chinensis grassland in Inner Mongolia of China,this paper analyzed the dynamics of climate and vegetation change in this area.The results showed that the minimum temperature of this area increased faster than the maximum and average temperature.The importance value and above ground net primary productivity (ANPP) of L.chinensis, the first constructive species of the grassland, decreased because of global warming during the period of 19811994,while those of Stipa grandis,the second constructive species,increased in view of competition.If these trends went ahead,there existed the possibility that S.grandis might replace L.chinensis,and gradually become the dominant constructive species,which would in turn change the structure and function of the grassland.The competition between dominant species should be paid attention in the studies on the responses of L.chinensis grassland to temperature change,which would be helpful to understand the response mechanism of individual species and ecosystem to global climate change.

Assessment of heavy metals and POPs contamination in a sewage irrigation area

SUN Libo ¹; GUO Guanlin^2,3; ZHOU Qixing ²;LIU Rui ^1,4;ZHANG Lanying¹

2006, 25(01):  29-33 . 

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Through soil profile sampling and with different evaluation methods,this paper assessed the contamination trend of heavy metals and POPs in a wastewaterirrigated area.The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals Cr,As,Hg,Cd,Cu,Pb,Ni and Zn and of POPs,BHC and DDT in soil had an increasing trend. 80% or more topsoils had a higher contaminants concentration than subsoils,and the contaminants concentration in 85% or more soil samples was surpassed their background value.The two POPs and heavy metals Cr,As,Hg,Cd and Cu could accumulate in soil,and continuous wastewater irrigation could make the accumulated contaminants migrate into groundwater and food chain,resulting in the hazard to environmental health.

Dust-retention effect of ornamental green land in urban industrial area: A case study in Wuhan Iron and Steel Company workshop area

CHEN Fang¹ ; ZHOU Zhixiang¹ ; GUO Erxiang² ; YE Zhenqing² 

2006, 25(01):  34-38 . 

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Dust-retention effect is an important ecological function of urban ornamental green land.Combining the investigation and GIS of the green land system in Wuhan Iron and Steel Company workshop area,this paper determined the dust-retention ability of different plant kinds and synusia types in this system,and quantitatively analyzed its dust-retention effect.The results showed that different ornamental plants had a greater difference in their dust-retention ability,which was mainly related to their leaf surface character,tree crown structure,and branch intensive degree.The dust-retention ability of different synusia types was in  order of deciduous broadleaved shrub>evergreen broad-leaved shrub>hedge>evergreen broad-leaved arbor>deciduous broadleaved arbor>conifer arbor>grass.The dust-retention amount of the ornamental green land in Wuhan lron and Steel Company workshop area was 9.51 t per day and 3 089.98 t per year,and the annual dust-retention amount of evergreen broad-leaved arbor was the highest,up to 991.68 t,while that of deciduous broad-leaved shrub was the minimum,only 0.0181 t.It could be concluded that the effective way to impove the dust-retention effect of ornamental green land was to choose the ornamental plants with strong dustretention ability,and to dispose the arbor,shrub and herb layer rationally to increase vegetation quantity.

Dynamic calculation and analysis of ecological footprint of Anhui Province from 1990 to 1999

ZHANG Hongxia; SU Qin; ZHANG Jinhe; WANG Qun

2006, 25(01):  39-44 . 

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With ecological footprint method,this paper made a time-sequence calculation of the ecological footprints of Anhui Province from 1990 to 1999,incorporated the dynamic characteristics of the Province’s resources utilization into ecological footprint model,and based on these,analyzed the development trend of this Province.The results showed that in 1999,the ecological footprint was not in sustainable development status on the scales of the Province and the whole country,but sustainable on the global scale.From 1990 to 1999,the per capita ecological footprint and per capita GDP of Anhui Province kept increasing,while the ecological footprint of ten thousand Yuan GDP presented downward trend,suggesting that the development status of Anhui Province from 1990 to 1999 was not optimistic.The available ways for the sustainable development of Anhui Province in the future were put forward.

Contamination discharging and its countermeasures of maize-based monosodium glutamate industry

2006, 25(01):  45-49 . 

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A case study was made on the environmental issues from the contamination discharging of a 2.0×10⁵ t·yr^-1 maize-based monosodium glutamate production in a company of Tongliao City,Inner Mongolia.The results showed that monosodium glutamate production could easily induce water pollution which was most serious at fermentationextraction phase.At this phase,the SS,COD_Cr and BOD₅ in discharged wastewater were up to 3.0×10³,2.5×10⁴ and 1.2×10⁴ mg·L^-1,respectively.The main air pollutants discharged included dust,H₂S,and the soot and SO₂ from sirocco furnaces.The concentration of discharged H₂S could be up to 7.0×10⁴ mg·m^-3.As for solid wastes pollution,the main pollutants were starch sinking dreg,fibre dreg,gluten,fine dreg,embryo dreg,and broken maize dreg.Through the systematic control of wastewater and air discharge and the comprehensive utilization of solid wastes,the contamination discharging from this company was achieved to the relevant national standards of this country.

Analysis on landscape pattern of Guigang City based on QuickBird imagery

SUN Juan^1,2;LAN Chongyu¹;XIA Hanping³;XIN Kun⁴ 

2006, 25(01):  50-54 . 

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Based on the landscape classification map interpreted by high-resolution QuickBird imagery,the landscape structure of Guigang City was analyzed.The results showed that the whole landscape was a typical mosaic of residential land,municipal public utility land,and industrial land.The Shannon diversity indices and fragmentation indices of the landscape were 5.1%～64.7% higher than those of the natural vegetation landscape,and the differences in shape complexity and fragmentation of key landscape elements were obvious.

Distribution patterns and dynamics of dominant mountaintop elfin forest populations in Shimentai Nature Reserve in Guangdong

YIN Aiguo¹,SU Zhiyao²,LI Caihong³

2006, 25(01):  55-59 . 

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Employing variance/mean ratio,χ² test,negative binomial parameter,and some indices of aggregate intensity,this paper studied the spatial distribution patterns and dynamics of dominant mountain elfin forest populations in Shimentai Nature Reserve in Guangdong.The analysis of size structure in place of age structure showed that the five dominant populations in the Reserve were distributed aggregately,and their aggregation intensity from high to low was Rapanea neriifolia,Schima remotiserrata,S.superba,Castanopsis hystrix,and Pentaphylax euryoides.Dynamic analysis suggested that in the series from seedling to sapling,the distribution patterns of these five dominant populations were of aggregate type.R.neriifolia showed an aggregative trend,while the others showed a scattered one.The big trees of R.neriifolia,S.superba and P.euryoides were missing,the saplings and midsize trees of S.superba and P.euryoides were aggregative,while the saplings and mid-size trees of R.neriifolia were aggregative and uniformly aggregative.The distribution of C.hystrix saplings,mid-size trees and big trees showed an aggregative trend,while S.remotiserrata was aggregative in sapling and mid-size tree stages but random in big tree stage.

Evaluation system of urban ecological environmental quality in Nanjing city

WANG Ping;MA Liping;LI Kai

2006, 25(01):  60-63 . 

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From the viewpoint of ecology,this paper analyzed the principal part and major points of urban ecological environmental system in Nanjing,and established the evaluation indices related to the ecological environment.By layered processing the evaluation indices,the indiecs system of urban ecological environmental quality was established,and the significance and function of this system was explained.Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to judge the weight of each evaluation index,and to calculate the comprehensive assessment values of  evaluation indices system.The urban ecological environmental quality level was graded according to the comprehensive assessment values,and the results were actually coincided with the situation of Nanjing.Overall,the ecological environmental quality of Nanjing was improved step-by-step,the environmental pollution was obviously lessened,but the natural environment was gradually worsened,especially under the influence of natural disasters.This study established an effective method for the ecological evaluation of urban environment,which would benefit to the establishment of ecological cities in China.

Investigation and assessment of public environmental awareness in  heavy chemo-industrial areas of Liaoning Province

LI Peijun¹;WANG Zhijiang^1,3,4,GONG Zongqiang¹,LI Xiantang²,SUN Ying²;HU Zengzhi²;HU Tao^1，3，4

2006, 25(01):  64-69 . 

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Public environmental awareness is of significance in formulating and implementing the policies of national environmental protection.In this study,an environmental awareness survey was made in five heavy chemo-industrial cities of Liaoning Province.The target groups included residents,policy-decision makers,teachers,students,enterprise staffs and farmers,and the main survey contents were public evaluation on the changes of environmental quality,satisfaction degree on the environment of living communities,environmental issues concerned about,types of environmental pollution,origins of environmental pollution and ecological degradation,causes of the differences in regional environmental quality,and cognition levels of environmental protection and its national development objectives.The results showed that 78.7% of the publics considered that the environmental quality was getting better during last 5 years,but 65.3% of them didn’t satisfy their living environment.The publics held that the fund use for environmental protection should be in order of garbage disposal >tree planting>waste water treatment>air quality control.The survey also demonstrated that most of the publics lacked of needful knowledge about environmental protection,and sufficient understanding on water and food contamination.The weak public environmental awareness had an adverse effect on the improvement of environmental quality,and the publics strongly called for the propaganda of environmental awareness.This study would provide bases to the administrations of Liaoning Province for regional environmental protection,ecological construction,sustainable economic development,and formulation of the policies and regulations on environmental protection.

Ecological restoration in abandoned delta of Huanghe River:A assumption

CHENG Hongquan^1,2;ZHANG Renshun²

2006, 25(01):  70-73 . 

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Ecosystem degeneration always results in the descend of human life-depended goods supply and ecosystem services,which in turn inhibits the development of economy and society.Taking the abandoned delta of Huanghe River as a case,this paper analyzed the natural and artificial driving forces of ecosystem degeneration,with the degeneration course investigated.Based on the present status of the ecosystems in the delta,the goal of ecological restoration and related countermeasures were put forward,including remedying water ecosystem and enhancing biodiversity by natural restoration and human control,and promoting harmonious development of ecology and economy.

Research review on ecological security assessment

LIU Hong¹;WANG Hui¹;ZHANG Xingwei²

2006, 25(01):  74-78 . 

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Ecological security assessment is a new research field of sustainable development,and the basis of ecological security warning system construction and environment management.This paper introduced the concepts of ecological security assessment,including ecosystem health assessment,ecological risk assessment,ecosystem service assessment and ecological carrying capacity,summarized the current assessment indicator systems,and analyzed the evaluation methods,which include mathematical model method,ecological model method,landscape ecological method,and digital terrain model method.Problems in practice were put forward,and hot topics in future were mentioned,e.g.,transition from static assessment to dynamic prediction and warning,combination of the assessment with modern science and technology,and with basic theories.

Biological characteristics of recalcitrant-type seeds and evolution of seed recalcitrance

YANG Qihe¹;YIN Xiaojuan¹;YE Wanhui²;SONG Songquan³;YIN Shouhua³

2006, 25(01):  79-86 . 

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In this paper,the general characteristics of the morphology,size,moisture content,taxonomic classification,and plant ecology of recalcitrant-type seeds were reviewed,with the adaptability of recalcitrant-type seeds to ecological environment analyzed,their possible evolution patterns discussed,and the significances and application prospects of the researches on seed recalcitrance eco-physiology described.Recalcitrant-type seeds generally have great 1000-seed weight,big size and high moisture content,germinate quickly,and have no dormancy.The plants producing recalcitrant-type seeds are distributed extensively and have no relation to their systematic status,but all originate in humid habitats.There are no sufficient evidences to prove whether seed recalcitrance is ancestral or derived,which is needed to be solved by further researches,especially by the cooperative researches of seed physiologists and ecologists.

Effects of nutrients and water level fluctuation on wetland plants

XU Zhiguo^1,2;HE Yan³;YAN Baixing¹;REN Huimin^1,2

2006, 25(01):  87-92 . 

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Nutrient elements are necessary for the sustainability of environment,while excessive nutrients have potential impacts on the stability of wetland ecosystem,especially on the dynamics of wetland plant communities.The nutrients in wetland habitat decide the growth of its plants,and the dominant species and their richness of plant communities.Accumulation of nutrients has significant effects on the primary productivity,biomass and its allocation,and species diversity of wetland plants.Water is the key factor in wetland system,and the fluctuation of water level affects wetland structure and characteristics.Species composition,species diversity,and plant community succession all show significant responses to moisture content and water level fluctuation in wetland.Nutrients and water level fluctuation are the important factors determining the composition,structure,and function of wetland ecosystem.Some research proposals in the future were put forward in the paper.

Research progress in phyto-microbial remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil

LIN Xin^1,2;LI Peijun¹;TAI Peidong¹;GONG Zongqiang¹;ZHANG Hairong¹

2006, 25(01):  93-100 . 

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Based on the related studies at home and abroad during last decade,this paper summarized the progress in the microbial,phyto-,and phyto-microbial remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil with the focus on phyto-microbial remediation,including the effects of rhizospheric microorganisms,root exudates and mycorrhiza on the degradation of petroleum.Critical issues of in situ remediation were put forward.

Effects of starvation and refeeding on biochemical compositions of Misgurnus anguillicaudatu

WU Lixin;CAI Xun;CHEN Wei

2006, 25(01):  101-104 . 

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This paper studied the dynamic changes of the biochemical compositions of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus under 20 days’starvation and subsequent 8 days’refeeding at 18±0.5 ℃.The results showed that in the first 15 days of starvation,the lipid and protein contents decreased significantly,but after then,protein decreased continuously,while lipid did not decrease any more,which suggested that M.anguillicaudatus consumed both lipid and protein firstly,but then mainly utilized protein as energy source.After refeeding,both lipid and protein contents increased rapidly,and recovered to their initial levels.The water and ash contents increased during starvation,but decreased in subsequent refeeding.After 20 days^, starvation,saturated fatty acids remained relatively stable,while mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids had a definite decrease and increase,respectively.During starvation,n-3 fatty acids increased,but n-6 fatty acids decreased slightly.

Effects of leaf-picking date and meteorological factors on peach-blossom ’s full flowering in Spring Festival in Pear River Delta

DU Yaodong¹;QIU Zhenzhong²;WANG Guanglun³;HUANG Guangmin³　

2006, 25(01):  105-107 . 

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Based on the data of the dates of picking off leaves and full flowering phase of peach-blossom and related meteorological conditions in Pear River Delta,this paper studied the effects of leafpicking off date and meteorological factors on peach-blossom’s full flowering in Spring Festival.The results showed that sectional simulation on the relationship between leafpicking off date and full flowering phase could obtain optimal fitting results,which presented linear equation of slope 0.7594 and approximately horizontal line,when the date of picking off leaves was before and after 12 December,respectively.The key meteorological factors affecting the initiatory time of full flowering were the average temperature during the mid-ten days of November to full flowering date,and the total sunlight hours of fifty days before full flowering phase.Their correlation coefficients with the days from picking off leaves to full flowering phase were -0.62 and -0.45,respectively (P<0.05).A forecasting model of suitable leaf-picking off date was established by multivariate linear regression method.The sample fitting verification of the model indicated that the errors of 79.2% samples were less than two days,and the result of test prediction in 2004 was also good.

Quantitative calculation methods for vegetative filter strips

LI Huaien;ZHANG Yaping;CAI Ming;WANG Qinghua;LI Yue

2006, 25(01):  108-112 . 

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egetative Filter Strips (VFS) is a main kind of Best Management Practices applied in USA,because of its effectiveness in stagnating runoff，depositing sediment and controlling non-point source pollution.At present,there are few studies on the quantitative design for VFS in China.This paper summarized the research and practice of VFS design,introduced and compared three typical calculation methods of VFS width,and discussed the existing problems and further research contents of VFS design.